Bashiru Garba
@udusok.edu.ng
Senior Lecturer. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto
RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS
Veterinary, Epidemiology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, General Veterinary
Scopus Publications
Scholar Citations
Scholar h-index
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Mohamed Abdelrahman Mohamed, Nuralein Yusuf Hassan, Marian Muse Osman, Saido Gedi, Bisma Abdullahi Ali Maalin, Kasim Mahdi Sultan, Bashiru Garba, Ali Abdirahman Osman, Abdinasir Yusuf Osman, and Abdifatah Diriye Ahmed
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Abstract Background Dengue has become an alarming global problem and is endemic in many countries, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries. The aim of this study was to investigate dengue fever outbreak in Banadir Region, Somalia, to understand the risk factors (time, place, personal characteristics). Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the levels of circulating anti-dengue virus antibodies and DENV NS1 antigen among Banadir Region residents, while a questionnaire survey was conducted to understand the clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients. Results A total of 735 febrile patients were studied, with 55.6% men and 44.3% women. The majority of the participants were children aged 14 years and younger. Among them, 10.8% tested positive for IgM antibodies against dengue virus (DENV), while the prevalence of DENV NS1 antigen was 11.8%. Fever and myalgia were the most common symptoms observed in the DENV-positive patients. Conclusions A dengue fever outbreak has been confirmed in Banadir region, Somalia. This study provides information on the most affected districts and identifies risk factors contributing to DF outbreaks. The study recommends improving outbreak readiness and response, particularly in surveillance and laboratory diagnostics, by fostering intersectoral collaboration and establishing regulatory frameworks for financial and operational participation.
Mohamed Hassan, Ibrahim Mohamed, Abdullahi Omar, Zakaria Adan, Bashiru Garba, and Omar Badawi
Informa UK Limited
Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a serious condition characterized by bleeding within the brain tissue. Although the use of sildenafil, a vasodilator agent for erectile dysfunction, has been associated with rare cases of ICH, the combination of sildenafil usage and smoking as risk factors for ICH has not yet been reported. This case report describes the occurrence of ICH in a patient with a history of both sildenafil usage and heavy smoking. Case Presentation A 53-year-old male, with a history of smoking and regular sildenafil use, was brought to the emergency department due to loss of consciousness with right-side weakness, he initially experienced with nausea, vomiting and dizziness after taking sildenafil 100mg tablet once. The Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) was 10 with side hemiparesis. Non-contrast CT revealed left thalamic acute hemorrhage with ventricular extension. Furthermore, a head CT angiography ruled out any vascular anomalies after that the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for conservative management. After three days on clinical and neurological improvement, the patient was transferred to the inpatient ward for further management, monitoring and physiotherapy. On day 6, the patient was discharged and planned for flow up. Conclusion This rare case highlights the need for further research and awareness regarding the potential risks associated with the combination of sildenafil and heavy smoking. Healthcare professionals should carefully evaluate the individual risk factors of patients, educate them about potential complications, and consider alternative treatments if necessary. Additionally, patients should be encouraged to quit smoking and adopt a healthy lifestyle to minimize the risk of cerebrovascular events.
OREY Fartun Abdullahi H, SHEIK MOHAMUD Kadra Hassan, ABDULLE Iftin Abdi Nor, MOHAMOUD Jamal Hassan, GARBA Bashiru, ADAM Mohamed Hussein, DAHIE Hassan Abdullahi, SH. NUR Maryan Abdullahi, and DIRIE Najib Isse
African Traditional Herbal Medicine Supporters Initiative (ATHMSI)
Background: SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a global public health crisis. During the pandemic, considerable delay was observed making it impossible for some children to receive their due vaccines on time. Like most resource-poor countries, COVID-19 pandemic is thought to have a negative impact on Somalia’s immunization coverage. Materials and methods: This study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood immunization coverage in Somalia. A retrospective comparative cross-sectional approach was employed to investigate the number of under-5-year children who got their immunization from the two major mother and child hospital, (Banadir and SOS hospitals) in Mogadishu, Somalia from October 2019 to December 2020. To do this, a total of 112, 060 data relating to the routine childhood immunization (measles, polio, whooping cough, hepatitis B, pneumonia, and tuberculosis) were collected from the monthly immunization report-data from the two hospitals. Results: The results showed that all the vaccines except birth vaccines have remarkably dropped with Penta-3 (27%), Penta-2 (11%), measles (10%) and Penta-1 (8%) respectively. However, the birth vaccines (BCG and Polio 0) were not affected as observed in this study. The reduction in children immunization rate in Somalia may be a combination of many other factors, we however recognize that the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed significantly to this outcome. Conclusion: The government needed to take proactive measures to encourage parents to present their children for immunizations, including increasing community awareness concerning the importance of these routine childhood immunizations despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemics.
F. Orey, Abdirahman Omar Sahal and B. Garba
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a chronic slow progressive neurodegenerative disease that is often associated with measles complications. The disease is characterized by seizures, behavioral changes, motor deficit and eventually death. In this case report we discuss the case of an 8-year-old male who developed SSPE and was presented to our hospital with a history of generalized tonic colonic convulsion followed by gait abnormality, episodes, abnormal behaviors, and cognitive regression. On clinical exploration, the child had a history of measles at 8 months of age and meningitis at 18 months. The electroencephalogram (EEG) investigation showed high amplitude spikes, with focal seizure and slowing, while the magnetic resonance imaging reveal signals synonymous with high fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), both of which are consistent with probable SSPE. The case was managed symptomatically; until his parents decided to take him back home, after which his condition deteriorated, and he sadly died. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first recorded case of SSPE in Mogadishu, Somalia. Hence, the need to further investigation to better understand the incidence of the disease in the population and propose better ways of managing the condition.
Fartun Abdullahi H Orey, Ali Mohamed Sodal, Jamal Hassan Mohamoud, Bashiru Garba, Ifrah Hassan Mohamed, Mohamed Hussein Adam, Hassan Abdullahi Dahie, Maryan Abdullahi Sh Nur, and Najib Isse Dirie
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Abstract Background We undertook this cross-sectional study to determine the level of circulating anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG) in children, as well as to evaluate other potential risk factors. Methods Children attending the outpatient department of the SOS and Benadir Hospitals in Mogadishu from 26 July to 8 August 2021 were selected following parental consent. The children (aged <18 y) were screened using the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapid test lateral flow immune-assay kit. Results Of the 500 children screened for COVID-19, 32 (6.4%) tested positive, out of which 26 (5.2%) had IgG antibodies, while five (1%) had IgM, with the other child (0.2%) having both circulating IgG and IgM antibodies. Also, 46.9% of the COVID-19–positive children were asymptomatic without any clinical signs of the disease. Children aged >6 y and those attending school were the most affected (p=0.002). The most common clinical features among positive children were fever (22.6%), cough (22.2%), shortness of breath (5.8%) and loss of smell (2.6%) and taste (2.2%). Similarly, not wearing a facemask as a preventive measure was found to be a significant risk factor (p=0.007). Conclusions This study shows that children are at risk of contracting COVID-19 infection. Our study also shows evidence of a high rate of IgG antibodies in school-aged children having close contact with infected adults, in those not wearing facemasks, as well as in those with a family history of comorbidities.
Agharid Ali Al-Rasheed, Bashiru Garba, Kareem Obayes Handool, Karim Alwan Al-Jashamy, Mohamed Naji Ahmed Odhah, Najib Isse Dirie, and Hassan Mohd Daud
Pan African Medical Journal
Najib Isse Dirie, Mohamed Hussein Adam, Bashiru Garba, Hassan Abdullahi Dahie, Maryan Abdullahi Sh. Nur, Fartun Yasin Mohamed, Abdirahman Khalif Mohamud, and Jihaan Hassan
Frontiers Media SA
Introduction and objectivesSomalia was predicted to be in the global stone belt with high urolithiasis prevalence. We aimed to determine the prevalence of urolithiasis and their demographic and computer tomography (CT) characteristics among subjects under CT scans in Mogadishu, Somalia. Materials and Methods: From March 2014 to November 2022, a total of 7,276 patients who underwent an abdominopelvic non-contrast CT scan for various indications were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age was 45.6 years with a standard deviation of 21.1 (range, 0.2–110 years). Patients were subdivided into two categories: adults (≥18 years) and pediatric (≤17 years).ResultsOf the 7,276 patients, 1,075 (14.8%) were diagnosed with urolithiasis. Among those with urolithiasis, 702 (65.3%) were male patients, and 373 (34.7%) were female patients. Among them, adults accounted for 92.7%, while children were 7.3%. Renal stones (nephrolithiasis) were the most common, representing 57% followed by ureteric stones at 35.5%, making upper urinary stones 92.5%. Approximately 70 patients (6.5%) had bladder stones; of these, 26 of them (37%) were accompanied by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). There were 10 urethral stones (0.9%) recorded in the study, all were found in male patients, 8 localized in prostatic urethra, and 2 in the bulbar urethra. The overall mean stone size was 13.2 mm, and 60% of them ranged from 5 to 22 mm. Only 24% of the patients were asymptomatic. Single stones were almost 70%, while staghorn calculi were 8.2%. More than 60% of the patients with urolithiasis showed some degree of hydronephrosis ranging between mild to severe.ConclusionA CT scan-based urolithiasis prevalence indicates 14.8% in Mogadishu, Somalia, and these results are consistent with the probability calculation of the weights-of-evidence (WofE) methodology based on several risk factors including temperature, climate change, mineral deposit, drinking water quality, and distribution of carbonated rocks. Considering the high prevalence of the disease, Somalia needs to invest more in prevention and treatment facilities while also training urologists that are capable of utilizing minimally invasive techniques in the country.
Mohamed Hassan, Abdullahi Omar, Ibrahim Mohamed, Bashiru Garba, Mohamed Mohamud Ali Fuje, and Sagal Omar Salad
Informa UK Limited
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is fatal neglected parasitic illness caused by Leishmania donovani. The diagnosis remains a challenge due to the non-specific clinical symptoms, especially in areas where infections like malaria and limited access to diagnostic tools coexist. Here, we describe a case of late diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using tru-cut biopsy of the spleen and malaria co-infection. Case Presentation Here case report, a 24-year-old patient from an endemic region of Somalia presented with fever, headache, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss for two months. Initially, the patient received symptomatic treatment and a blood transfusion but showed no improvement. Physical examination revealed fever, pallor, and hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory tests showed pancytopenia and positive rapid diagnostic test for plasmodium parasite antigen. Despite three days of anti-malarial treatment, the symptoms persisted, and hepatosplenomegaly worsened. Further investigations, including infectious disease tests, were conducted, ruling out HIV, viral hepatitis, Brucella, and Leishmania antibodies. Peripheral blood smear showed pancytopenia and bone marrow aspiration revealed no evidence of infection or malignancy. A tru-cut biopsy of the spleen was performed, confirming the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. The patient received a combination therapy of sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin, leading to significant improvement. After completing treatment, the patient was discharged with normal spleen biopsy results. Conclusion Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a challenging disease to diagnose, especially in areas where it coexists with other infectious diseases, such as malaria. Co-infection with malaria should also be considered in patients with fever and hepatosplenomegaly. A high index of suspicion is necessary for the timely diagnosis of VL, and a tru-cut biopsy of the spleen can be conducted in cases where other investigations are inconclusive in endemic areas. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of visceral leishmaniasis are crucial to prevent complications and reduce mortality.
Mohammed Naji Odhah, Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse, Bura Thlama Paul, Bashiru Garba, Zaid Mahmood, Eric Lim Teik Chung, and Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
ResearchersLinks Ltd
Siti Fairus Mohamed Yusoff, Annie Christianus, Yuzine Esa, Muhammad Fadhil Syukri Ismail, Bashiru Garba, Nik Siti Zaimah Safiin, and Nur Hamid Hidayahanum
ResearchersLinks Ltd
Nasteho Mohamed Sheikh Omar, Betul Erismis, Marian Muse Osman, Bashiru Garba, Mohamed Abdulahi Hassan, and Isaiah G Akuku
Informa UK Limited
Background Nosocomial infection constitutes a significant public health challenge globally, with resource-limited countries bearing the greatest burden. Sadly, the emergence of drug-resistant strains of these pathogens have worsened the already precarious situation. Methods This study aimed to determine the incidence of nosocomial infections, the causative agents, and their antimicrobial susceptibilities among patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. The study included patients who had positive cultures 48 hours after admission. Abstracted data include the patient’s demographic, infection outcome, the agents involved, and the site of infection. Results A total of 330 patients were found to have acquired nosocomial infection, comprising 100 (30%) patients from the ICU department. The median age for the patients in this study was 36 years. Patients who died of all-cause mortality were older than those discharged. Most of the bacteria were collected from sepsis/bloodstream infections (34%) dominated by Staphylococcus aureus (42.1%), Acinetobacter baumannii (14.0%), Escherichia coli (14.0%), and Klebsiella spp. (7.0%). Urinary tract infections were mainly associated with Escherichia coli (37.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (18.8%), and Klebsiella spp. 50% of all microorganisms were multidrug-resistant. Conclusion The findings of this study suggested that hospital infection control and prevention strategies need to be strengthened to improve the quality of care among hospitalized patients.
Mohammed Sani Gaddafi, , Yusuf Yakubu, Abdulkadir Usman Usman Junaidu, Muhammad Bashir Bello, Asinamai Athliamai Bitrus, Aliyu Ibrahim Musawa, Bashiru Garba, Habiba Lawal, ,et al.
Negah Scientific Publisher
Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important healthcare-associated pathogen that is also an emerging zoonosis. Objectives: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of MRSA in dairy cattle farms in Kebbi, North-Western Nigeria. Methods: A total of 200 milk samples, consisting of 50 samples each from lactating cows, were collected and used. The samples were analyzed using bacterial culture and isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Suspected MRSA isolates were identified via PCR detection of the mecA gene, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the isolates were assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Of the two hundred milk samples examined, the prevalence of MRSA was recorded at 18% (36/200) using phenotypic and genotypic characterization methods. The susceptibility to vancomycin was observed in all isolates, and they had a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of >0.4. Conclusion: This investigation showed the colonization of healthy dairy cows by multidrug-resistant MRSA.
Bashiru Garba and Najib Isse Dirie
Scienceline Publication
Leptospirosis can cause severe disease and probable death in humans. Antigenic epitopes from pathogenic strains of the bacteria have shown potential for serving as vaccine candidates and play a key role in the sensitivity and specificity of immunodiagnostic tests. This in-vitro analysis was undertaken to develop a prototype recombinant DNA vaccine using in-silico epitope prediction method. Epitope prediction software programs predicted the most antigenic linear B-cell epitopes of OmpL1, LipL32, LipL41, Loa22, and LigA. Thirteen epitopes were predicted, connected by the Gly-Ser linker, and synthesized. The purity of the concentrated recombinant multi-epitope protein was assessed by restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis. In-vitro expression on mammalian Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line indicated strong cytoplasmic fluorescence produced based on an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. The green color of the cytoplasm indicates successful transcribed and translated DNA as against the blue-stained nucleus observed in the un-transfected control group based on the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. The findings of the current study showed high antibody binding potentials of the vaccine constructs, which could be used for diagnostic applications or as polyvalent vaccine candidates.
Najib Isse Dirie, Bashiru Garba, Maryan Abdullahi Sh. Nur, Abdulkadir Isse Dirie, and Rihab Ali Albalulah
Elsevier BV
Hassan Abdullahi Dahie, Jamal Hassan Mohamoud, Mohamed Hussein Adam, Bashiru Garba, Najib Isse Dirie, Maryan Abdullahi Sh. Nur, and Fartun Yasin Mohamed
MDPI AG
Healthcare workers (HCWs) are one of the most vulnerable groups for contracting COVID-19 and dying as a result of it. Over 10,000 HCWs in Africa have been infected with COVID-19, according to the World Health Organization, making it a substantial occupational health threat for HCWs. To that end, Somalia’s Ministry of Health has ordered that all healthcare personnel obtain the COVID-19 vaccination to safeguard themselves and the community they serve. In this investigation, we aimed to assess the COVID-19 vaccination coverage and its associated factors among healthcare workers in Somalia. A cross-sectional study was employed to examine COVID-19 vaccination coverage among healthcare personnel in Somalia. The data were obtained via an online questionnaire supplied by Google forms between December 2021 and February 2022, where a total of 1281 healthcare workers from the various federal states of Somalia were recruited. A multinomial regression analysis was used to analyse the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Overall, 1281 HCWs participated (630 females, 651 males) with a mean age and standard deviation of 27.7 years ± 7.1. The overall vaccine coverage was 37.4%. Sex, age, the state of residency, education level, specialization, hospital COVID-19 policy, vaccine availability at the centre, COVID-19 treatment centre, and health facility level were the factors that influenced the COVID-19 vaccine uptake among health professionals in Somalia. Male healthcare employees were 2.2 times (odds ratio-OR = 2.2; confidence interval-CI: 1.70, 2.75, p < 0.001) more likely than female healthcare workers to be fully vaccinated. The survey discovered that the COVID-19 vaccine coverage among health professionals was quite low, with the major contributing factors being accessibility, security challenges and literary prowess. Additional efforts to enhance vaccination uptake are needed to improve the COVID-19 vaccination coverage.
Maryan Abdullahi Sh. Nur, Hassan Abdullahi Dahie, Nima Abdi Hassan, Bashiru Garba, Mohamed Hussein Adam, Jamal Hassan Mohamoud, and Najib Isse Dirie
BMJ
ObjectiveRecent investigations have revealed that COVID-19 during pregnancy substantially increases the risk of harmful outcomes for mothers and neonates, including preterm death and stillbirth as well as severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Hence, the urgent need to understand the prevalence rate and level of awareness about COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 virus infection) and the practice of preventive measures against the disease among pregnant women in Somalia. This study aims to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 among pregnant women seeking antenatal care in the Benadir region (Mogadishu) of Somalia and to assess their knowledge and preventive practices towards COVID-19.SettingA hospital-based cross-sectional study involving two major referral maternity hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia.ParticipantsPregnant women seeking antenatal services were included in our study.MethodsA total of 477 blood samples were collected from pregnant women attending the two referral hospitals in Mogadishu and screened for COVID-19. The participants were subjected to questionnaire interviews where their detailed history and practice of prevention against COVID-19 were evaluated.ResultsThe results showed that 175 (36.7%) were positive while 302 (63.3%) samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 virus antibodies. Also, out of the 141 pregnant women who had two children or less, 19.4% were positive for IgG/IgM antibodies. Participants who had close contact with patients with COVID-19 were significantly associated for testing positive with a p value 0.0001. Students, teachers, employed people and individuals reported COVID-19 like symptoms were all associated with COVID-19 seropositivity outcomes.ConclusionPregnant women and those with commorbidies should be given special preventive care and health education about COVID-19 transmission.
M.D. Salihu, A.I. Musawa, B. Garba, Y. Yakubu, M.B. Bello, A.A. Magaji, A.U. Junaidu, A.H. Jibril, F.M. Ballah, and C.R. Achi
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Fascioliasis is an important zoonotic disease endemic in many African countries, causing significant financial losses due to reduced productivity and visceral condemnation at slaughter. Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica are the main causative agents of fascioliasis in domestic animals and humans. Traditional species differentiation based on their morphometric characteristics is subjective and can be challenging. This study was undertaken to identify the Fasciola species associated with cattle infection using a molecular approach. Thirty-eight Fasciola parasite samples collected from cattle slaughtered at the Sokoto modern abattoir were characterised by PCR-RFLP analysis of ITS1 and ITS2 genes using RsaI restriction enzyme, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. The results revealed that the isolates belonged to the F. gigantica species based on RFLP patterns. Similarly, phylogenetic results showed clustering with F. gigantica when compared with sequences from neighbouring African countries obtained from the GenBank. This study affirmed that F. gigantica is the predominant Fasciola species affecting cattle in Sokoto state, Nigeria. The results also demonstrate the discriminatory potentials of RFLP and its ability to determine genetic variability among Fasciola Parasites.
Mohammed Naji Ahmed Odhah, Dhary Alewy Almashhadany, Abdullah Garallah Otaifah, Bashiru Garba, Najeeb Mohammed Salah, Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse, and Mohd Azam Khan G.K
ResearchersLinks Ltd
Mohamed Hussein Adam, Jamal Hasan Mohamoud, Abdiaziz S. Mohamood, Ahmed A. Mohamed, Bashiru Garba, and Najib Isse Dirie
MDPI AG
Only little is known about the true extent of COVID-19 in Somalia. The study aims to assess the seroprevalence of the COVID-19 pandemics in the Benadir region using SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and estimate the number of inhabitants infected with SARS-CoV-2. Population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted to measure the seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the Benadir region (Mogadishu city). In the study, we enrolled 2500 Mogadishu city residents aged ≥18 years who did not receive the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The overall seroprevalence of IgG/IgM anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 44.8%. The seropositivity in females (56.6%) was higher than in males (46.2%). The trend in seropositivity increased with age; however, the variation was only significant in the age group 38–57 with an odds ratio and p-value of 4.11 (1.475–11.47), p = 0.007. Families with >5 members (47.2%) were more likely to test positive than those with <5 members (37%). Participants who reported COVID-19 symptoms during the pandemics or who had contact with COVID-19 patients had significantly increased IgG prevalence. Participants with larger families, individuals working in the public sector, and students showed significant seropositive results. Therefore, precautionary measures should be heightened for individuals working in the public sector.
Ayan Aden MOUSSA and Bashiru GARBA
African Traditional Herbal Medicine Supporters Initiative (ATHMSI)
Background: In contrast to most developed countries, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has continued to be a serious challenge to public health in the majority of resource-limited countries in Africa. Materials and method: A comprehensive review of all available literature reporting on antimicrobial resistance patterns, antimicrobial drug usage in both human and animals, as well as national AMR regulations in Somalia was undertaken. Results: The review observed that successful AMR control and surveillance among resource-poor nations are affected by a lack of infrastructural and institutional capacities, poor investment in human and material resources, as well as non-adherence to available policies. The humanitarian crisis affecting Somalia has persisted for too long, leading to loss of lives, productivity and dilapidation of public health infrastructures. Somalia like most countries has adopted the One Health approach in developing their soon-to-be gazetted National Action Plan on AMR, which covers both human health, animal health and the environment. Although
Mohammad Aman Ahmadzai, Qiamudin Shinwari, Agharid A. Al-Rasheed, and Bashiru Garba
Veterinary World
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constitutes a serious impediment to the attainment of the World Health Organization's Sustainable Development Goals, which seek to ensure and promote healthy living among humans and animals. Studies have identified the vulnerability of conflict-affected populations to exposure to antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. Resource-limited countries like Afghanistan have suffered for long periods from armed conflicts, and this situation is exacerbated by the already poor or dilapidated healthcare delivery services. The country has suffered human and economic losses due to antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections driven by the prolonged war, as well as a limited number of antimicrobials and frequent under dosage. Most reports point to the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics as the main reason for building up resistant strains. There is a need for more efforts toward identifying the major contributors and enlightening the public on the importance of AMR. This review aimed to provide a critical appraisal regarding the current situation of AMR in Afghanistan.
Mohammed Naji Ahmed Odhah, Bashiru Garba, Chan Xin Wen, and Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan
Hindawi Limited
The clinical management and outcome of a case of caprine papillomatosis in a 2-week-old kid goat was reported. Based on the PCR result, contagious ecthyma (CE) was ruled out. Based on the history and physical examination findings, the case was diagnosed as severe clinical case of papillomatosis in a goat’s kid. The treatment procedure was administrated with flunixin meglumine (5%) 1.1 mg/kg, 0.5 ml, IM, SID, 3 days, and Penstrep (procaine penicillin, dihydrostreptomycin sulphate) 2 ml and a topical preparation for 5 days to prevent secondary bacterial infection. Also, Vitavet (multivitamin–vitamins A, D3, and B12), 1 ml/10 kg, 1 ml, IM, SID, was administered for 3 days to boost the immune system.
Zunita Zakaria, Latiffah Hassan, Zawiyah Sharif, Norazah Ahmad, Rohaya Mohd Ali, Suraya Amir Husin, Norfitriah Mohamed Sohaimi, Shafini Abu Bakar, and Bashiru Garba
MDPI AG
This study was undertaken to determine the virulence, antimicrobial resistance and molecular subtypes of Salmonella in the Central Region of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 45 Salmonella Enteritidis were detected from live chicken (cloacal swab), and chicken products (fresh and ready-to-eat meat) samples upon cultural isolation and serotyping. Similarly, an antimicrobial susceptibility test based on the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method as well as antimicrobial resistance AMR genes, virulence determinants and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) typing were conducted after the Whole Genome Sequencing and analysis of the isolates. The results indicate that sequence types ST1925 (63.7%), and ST11 (26.5%) were the predominant out of the seven sequence types identified (ST292, ST329, ST365, ST423 and ST2132). The phenotypic antimicrobial profile corresponds to the genotypic characterization in that the majority of the isolates that exhibited tetracycline, gentamycin and aminoglycoside resistance; they also possessed the tetC and blaTEM β-Lactam resistance genes. However, isolates from cloacal swabs showed the highest number of resistance genes compared to the chicken products (fresh and ready-to-eat meat) samples. Furthermore, most of the virulence genes were found to cluster in the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI). In this study, all the isolates were found to possess SPI-1, which codes for the type III secretion system, which functions as actin-binding proteins (SptP and SopE). The virulence plasmid (VP) genes (spvB, spvC) were present in all genotypes except ST365. The findings of this study, particularly with regard to the molecular subtypes and AMR profiles of the Salmonella Enteritidis serotype shows multidrug-resistance features as well as genetic characteristics indicative of high pathogenicity.