VASANTHARAJ.A

@kitcbe.com

Associate Professor / ECE
KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology

EDUCATION

B.E., M.E., Ph.D

RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS

Signal Processing, Engineering, Computer Networks and Communications
25

Scopus Publications

110

Scholar Citations

6

Scholar h-index

4

Scholar i10-index

Scopus Publications

  • Highly sensitive dual-mode D-shaped photonic crystal fiber SPR sensor with gold–graphene hybrid interface
    N. Nandhagopal, A. Vasantharaj, M. Dharmalingam, B. Balasubramanian, Kamalraj Subramaniam, Cyril Mathew O., A. Rajaram
    Applied Physics A Materials Science and Processing, 2026
  • Mitigating Skin Tone Bias in AI Driven Melanoma Detection to Improve Diagnostic Equity Across Diverse Populations
    A.Vasantharaj, R.Preethi, B.T.Annapoorani, S. Mahalakshmi, Harishchander Anandaram, Hirald Dwaraka Praveena
    Proceedings of the 2026 International Conference on AI Driven Smart Systems and Ubiquitous Computing Icauc 2026, 2026
    This work addresses the persisting problem of skin tone bias in AI driven melanoma detection, a challenge that results from the underrepresentation of darker skin tones in widely used dermatology datasets. Using ISIC 2020 and HAM10000 images, A hybrid skin tone clustering method was designed and implemented a multi stage mitigation pipeline combining preprocessing, targeted augmentation, re sampling, fairness aware loss, and adversarial debiasing. A Vision Transformer ViT Base serves as the baseline for evaluating diagnostic performance and fairness across Light, Medium, and Dark skin groups. The experimental results show large improvements: The fairness enhanced model increases dark skin sensitivity by 7.1%, boosts overall AUC to 0.931, and reduces major fairness disparities including accuracy gap, equalized odds difference, and FST wise variance by approximately 50%. Statistical tests (McNemar's and ANOVA) further confirm significant reductions in diagnostic inequality. The results hereby indicate that the inclusion of fairness constraints not only mitigates skin tone bias but also optimizes overall clinical performance, facilitating more equitable deployment of dermatology AI in diverse populations.
  • Tailoring plasmonic effects in organic solar cells through dielectric core–shell nanoengineering
    N. Nandhagopal, A. Vasantharaj, M. Dharmalingam, B. Balasubramanian, Kamalraj Subramaniam, Cyril Mathew O, A. Rajaram
    Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 2026
  • A battery-less hybrid in-tire pressure monitoring SOC for road vehicles using adaptive bayesian system and optimized wireless communication model
    A. Vasantharaj, N. Nandhagopal, Ramya Murugesan, O. Cyril Mathew
    Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 2025
  • Development and Execution of a 32-bit Functional Unit with High Performance for RISC Architecture
    A.Vasantharaj, Bandi Janaki Ram
    4th International Conference on Automation Computing and Renewable Systems Icacrs 2025 Proceedings, 2025
    Embedded systems, signal processing, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices are the intended users of the high-performance 32-bit functional unit that has been designed and implemented for Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architectures. The Verilog-based functional unit incorporates an ALU, a multiplier based on a carry-save adder (CSA), and converters from binary to gray and gray to binary. An improved hybrid design including carry-lookahead adders (CLA) as well as CSA for decreased latency and power consumption is compared to a baseline design employing normal arithmetic operations. The two architectures are shown side by side. After extensive testing on a Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGA, the hybrid design proved to be very efficient with resources and produce considerable performance gains without sacrificing functional accuracy. Since it is both scalable and adaptable, this approach works well with current embedded systems and is ideal for real-time, low-power RISC applications. This study introduces a pipelined design to improve the efficient 32-bit functional component for RISC architectures, which in turn increases throughput and decreases critical path delays. To strike a compromise between computational accuracy and hardware economy, the proposed hybrid architecture makes use of sophisticated optimization methods. These approaches include a carry-save adder (CSA) for multiplication with carry-lookahead adders (CLA) for arithmetic operations. Full functional correctness across operations including subtraction, logical functions, shifts, addition, while code conversions is maintained, and the Xilinx FPGA shows reduced latency and power consumption compared to the baseline architecture, according to comprehensive synthesis and simulation data. This system is perfect for integration with RISC processors for high-speed signal processing, autonomous systems, the Internet of Things (IoT), and other similar applications due to its modular Verilog implementation, which has been rigorously tested and shown to provide robust performance in real-time scenarios.
  • Voice-Driven Intelligent Home Automation for Enhancing the Lives of Paralyzed Patients
    A. Vasantharaj, C. Arockia Subhiksha, N.C. Carolin Mary, S. Bhalasingham
    2025 IEEE International Conference on Modern Electronics Devices and Intelligent Communication Systems Medcom 2025, 2025
    This work presents an adaptive speech-driven automation platform for elderly people with limited mobility and those who are in need for simpler environmental control. Instead of using complicated switches or handheld remote controls, the system make use of spoken instructions to control household utilities. The user can seek help whenever they need it. In the event that equipment is accidentally left running, an automatic cut-off delay saves electricity, and a built-in light-sensing circuit dims or turns off light when there is sufficient daylight. To improve reliability, the solution makes use of a Raspberry Pi's autonomous mode, which allows continuous operation without internet access. Furthermore, a personalized voice-profiling engine captures and improves paralyzed individuals' speech patterns, improving recognition accuracy even when articulation is slurred or faint. Together, these elements form a user-centered, energy-efficient smart home ecosystem.
  • Hybrid deep learning model for spinal tumor diagnosis on MRI scans
    R Geetha, E Sathish Kumar, A Vasantharaj, A Mohamedyaseen
    Technology and Health Care, 2025
    Background Diagnosing spinal tumors (ST) has always been challenging, especially when distinguishing between benign and malignant types. Incorrect diagnosis can lead to inappropriate treatment plans for patients. Previous studies have primarily focused on detecting and classifying these tumors using MRI scans. However, further research is needed to improve diagnostic accuracy. Objective This study proposes a novel approach that incorporates both MRI images and patient age data to enhance the detection and classification of spinal tumors. The approach utilizes Inception V3 for local feature extraction and the Vision Transformer (ViT) for global feature classification, addressing long-term dependencies in tumor data. Method MRI images are pre-processed using an Average Filter (AF) and a Morphological Operator (MO) to smooth the images and convert them into binary format. The tumor detection is performed using a hybrid deep learning model, integrating age-related information to improve classification accuracy. Results The pre-processed data is passed through a Self-Attention Fusion Mechanism (SAFM) to refine the results and enhance diagnostic accuracy by filtering out irrelevant information. The model's performance is evaluated through various metrics, including accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, showing significant improvements over existing techniques. Conclusion The proposed model demonstrates superior accuracy in diagnosing spinal tumors by combining MRI imaging and patient age data. It effectively differentiates benign from malignant tumors, providing a reliable tool for clinicians. The model achieved a specificity of 96%, accuracy of 93%, and computational delay of just 10.04 s, outperforming existing diagnostic models.
  • Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting for Tire Pressure Monitoring System
    Vasantharaj A, Dharani G, Sanjay Joshua B, Muthu Siva R
    4th International Conference on Automation Computing and Renewable Systems Icacrs 2025 Proceedings, 2025
  • Smart Product Expiry Tracking System Using QR
    A. Vasantharaj, Pragatheswaran G, Manoj R, Mohanasundari P
    2025 IEEE International Conference on Modern Electronics Devices and Intelligent Communication Systems Medcom 2025, 2025
    The Smart Expiry Alert System introduces an It is an IoT-based framework that automatically executes It monitors the product expiry information. The system integrates an ESP32 Wi-Fi microcontroller, ThingSpeak Cloud, Camera module and QR-based product identification enable real-time Tracking of perishable goods. Product details, including name, Expiration date, and status are stored in the cloud and retrieved. dynamically without the need of a mobile app. The system processes expiry information and calculates the remaining shelf life, and provides real-time notifications on an LCD interface using JSON-based data exchange format. The system ensures remote access via seamless synchronization with ThingSpeak. monitoring and long-term data analysis. Experimental results validate the system's high accuracy (99.2%), energy efficiency and reliability; very minimal latency was observed during data transmission. Overall, the proposed system offers a cost-effective, A scalable and user-oriented framework for product management. expiry, helping households and small retailers reduce food Waste and guarantee safer consumption.
  • An Intelligent Deep Learning Approach for Wild Animal Detection and Alert System Using YOLOv11
    A. Vasantharaj, J. Immanuel Jebaraj, K. Kavinraj, S. Sebin
    Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems Icces 2025, 2025
  • Machine Learning-Driven Multi-Layered Nanoelectronic Architectures for Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks
    A. Vasantharaj, P. Loganathan, A.T. Priyeshkumar, R. Dhilip Kumar, E.Sathish Kumar, S.V. Saveeithaa
    Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems Icces 2025, 2025
  • Quantum-Aided Digital Twin Synchronization for Autonomous Vehicular Ecosystems over 6G-Enabled Edge Networks
    R.Preethi, A.Vasantharaj, K Sanjith Badri, B.Karthikprabu, K.Kodeeswari, C.Rohith Bhat
    Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Social Networking Icpcsn 2025, 2025
  • Integrating neural network-driven customization, scalability, and cloud computing for enhanced accuracy and responsiveness for social network modelling
    E. Aarthi, M. Sahaya Sheela, A. Vasantharaj, T. Saravanan, R. Senthil Rama, M. Sujaritha
    Social Network Analysis and Mining, 2024
  • Spatial Audio Solutions for Outdoor Mobility of the Visually Impaired
    A. Vasantharaj, R. Udhaya Narmatha, M. Kaviya, K. Jayapriya, A.Merwin Adams
    Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Intelligent Information Systems Icuis 2024, 2024
  • Investigation of ATH and SiO2 Nanofillers to Improve the Performance Characteristics of Outdoor Porcelain Insulators under Desert Environment Conditions
    Dineshkumar P, Deepak M, Samarjit Singh, Earnest Stephen Gnanadoss, VasanthaRaj A, Mohan Raj C
    2024 IEEE 1st International Conference on Green Industrial Electronics and Sustainable Technologies Giest 2024, 2024
  • Investigation of High Switching Frequency Dual Active Bridge Converter for Electric Vehicle Application
    Deepak M, Dineshkumar P, Samarjit Singh, Shailaia P Vedpathak, VasanthaRaj A, Mohan Raj C
    5th International Conference on Circuits Control Communication and Computing I4c 2024, 2024
  • Investigation of Magnet Materials for In-Wheel BLDC Motors for Low-power Electric Vehicle Applications
    VasanthaRaj A, Preethi R, Sathishkumar E, Deepak M, Dineshkumar P, Mohandass M. P
    2024 IEEE 1st International Conference on Green Industrial Electronics and Sustainable Technologies Giest 2024, 2024
  • Analysis of Performance Characteristics on TiO2 and ZrO2 Nano Fillers Coated Single Phase Transformers Through Sumpner or Regenerative Test
    M. Deepak, C. Santhakumar, A VasanthaRaj, P Dineshkumar, A. Mohamedyaseen, J. Manokaran
    2024 IEEE International Conference on Smart Power Control and Renewable Energy Icspcre 2024, 2024
  • Experimental Investigation of The Effect of Titanium And Zirconium Nanoparticles on Single-Phase Transformers
    P Dineshkumar, M Deepak, A VasanthaRaj, P Gopinath, J Manokaran, K Dhineshkumar
    Indiscon 2024 5th IEEE India Council International Subsections Conference Science Technology and Society, 2024
  • Automated Brain Imaging Diagnosis and Classification Model using Rat Swarm Optimization with Deep Learning based Capsule Network
    A. Vasantharaj, Pacha Shoba Rani, Sirajul Huque, K. S. Raghuram, R. Ganeshkumar, Sebahadin Nasir Shafi
    International Journal of Image and Graphics, 2023
  • A low-cost in-tire-pressure monitoring SoC using integer/floating-point type convolutional neural network inference engine
    A. Vasantharaj, S. Anbu Karuppusamy, N. Nandhagopal, Ayyem Pillai Vasudevan Pillai
    Microprocessors and Microsystems, 2023
  • Smart Prediction Models for Energy Efficiency in Smart Residential Buildings: A Deep Learning Approach
    A. Vasantharaj, M. Irshad Ahamed, K. Prema, Aditya Mudigonda, J. B. Sapaev, Kavitha Thandapani
    International Conference for Technological Engineering and Its Applications in Sustainable Development Icteasd 2023, 2023
  • Advancements in Energy-Autonomous Wireless Sensor Networks: Integrating Simultaneous Energy Harvesting and Ambient Light Sensing Systems
    M. Vinothkumar, Kavitha Thandapani, Rishabh Chaturvedi, Kabulov Ilyos, A. Vasantharaj, Haider Alabdeli, Aadi Nagender Babu
    International Conference for Technological Engineering and Its Applications in Sustainable Development Icteasd 2023, 2023
  • An in-tire-pressure monitoring SoC using FBAR resonator-based ZigBee transceiver and deep learning models
    A Vasantharaj, N Nandhagopal, S Anbu Karuppusamy, Kamalraj Subramaniam
    Microprocessors and Microsystems, 2022
  • Soft Computing based Machine Learning Techniques for Optical Communication Networks
    P. Malini, A. Vasantharaj, S. Preethi, S. Karpakam, U. Sasikala, S. Irfan Basha
    International Conference on Automation Computing and Renewable Systems Icacrs 2022 Proceedings, 2022

RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

  • Highly sensitive dual-mode D-shaped photonic crystal fiber SPR sensor with gold–graphene hybrid interface
    N Nandhagopal, A Vasantharaj, M Dharmalingam, B Balasubramanian, ...
    Applied Physics A 132 (4), 295 , 2026
    2026
  • Plasmonic Gold Nano disk Array Design for Enhanced Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Sensing Applications
    N Nandhagopal, A Vasantharaj, SD Vijayakumar, B Balasubramanian, ...
    Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers , 2026
    2026
  • Mitigating Skin Tone Bias in AI Driven Melanoma Detection to Improve Diagnostic Equity Across Diverse Populations
    A Vasantharaj, R Preethi, BT Annapoorani, S Mahalakshmi, ...
    2026 International Conference on AI-Driven Smart Systems and Ubiquitous … , 2026
    2026
  • Smart Product Expiry Tracking System Using QR
    A Vasantharaj, G Pragatheswaran, R Manoj, P Mohanasundari
    2025 Modern Electronics Devices and Intelligent Communication Systems … , 2025
    2025
  • Voice-Driven Intelligent Home Automation for Enhancing the Lives of Paralyzed Patients
    A Vasantharaj, CA Subhiksha, NCC Mary, S Bhalasingham
    2025 Modern Electronics Devices and Intelligent Communication Systems … , 2025
    2025
  • Development and Execution of a 32-bit Functional Unit with High Performance for RISC Architecture
    A Vasantharaj, BJ Ram
    2025 4th International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable … , 2025
    2025
  • Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting for Tire Pressure Monitoring System
    A Vasantharaj, G Dharani, B Sanjay Joshua, R Muthu Siva
    2025 4th International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable … , 2025
    2025
  • Tailoring plasmonic effects in organic solar cells through dielectric core–shell nanoengineering
    A Vasantharaj
    Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 1 - 20 , 2025
    2025
  • Hybrid deep learning model for spinal tumor diagnosis on MRI scans
    R Geetha, E Sathish Kumar, A Vasantharaj, A Mohamedyaseen
    Technology and Health Care, 09287329251385793 , 2025
    2025
  • Machine Learning-Driven Multi-Layered Nanoelectronic Architectures for Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks
    A Vasantharaj, P Loganathan, AT Priyeshkumar, RD Kumar, ES Kumar, ...
    2025 10th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems … , 2025
    2025
  • An Intelligent Deep Learning Approach for Wild Animal Detection and Alert System Using YOLOv11
    A Vasantharaj, JI Jebaraj, K Kavinraj, S Sebin
    2025 10th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems … , 2025
    2025
  • A battery‑less hybrid in‑tire pressure monitoring SOC for road vehicles using adaptive bayesian system and optimized wireless communication model
    RMOCM A. Vasantharaj, N. Nandhagopal
    Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 124 (34), 1 - 20 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 1
  • Industrial Process Monitoring and Control Interface using HMI (Human-Machine Interface)
    A Vasantharaj, B Divyabashini, C Keerthana, M Gowri
    International Conference on Sustainability Innovation in Computing and … , 2025
    2025
  • Memristor Based Subtractors and Comparators for Efficient MUX Design in In-Memory Computing Systems
    A Vasantharaj, R Vigneshwari
    International Conference on Sustainability Innovation in Computing and … , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 2
  • Quantum-Aided Digital Twin Synchronization for Autonomous Vehicular Ecosystems over 6G-Enabled Edge Networks
    R Preethi, A Vasantharaj, KS Badri, B Karthikprabu, K Kodeeswari, ...
    2025 5th International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Social … , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 6
  • Self-driving vehicle simulation using computer vision and machine learning
    P Anand, NB Murugesan, V Anand
    AIP Conference Proceedings 3137 (1), 020030 , 2025
    2025
  • Spatial Audio Solutions for Outdoor Mobility of the Visually Impaired
    A Vasantharaj, RU Narmatha, M Kaviya, K Jayapriya, AM Adams
    2024 4th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Intelligent … , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 2
  • IOT BASED SMART MONITORING AND CONTROL OF SMART CITY
    A VASANTHARAJ
    IN Patent .28/2,024 , 2024
    2024
  • Assessment of Affordable Neutron Probe Soil Moisture Sensors for Integration into IoT Networks
    A Vasantharaj, R Anbunathan, E Anitha, NR Rejin Paul, ...
    Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Optimization Techniques … , 2024
    2024
  • Enhanced lithium‐ion battery state‐of‐charge estimation for Electric Vehicles using the AOA‐DNN approach
    K Thangaraj, R Indiran, V Ananth, M Raman
    Optimal Control Applications and Methods 45 (6), 2856-2873 , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 1

MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

  • Automated brain imaging diagnosis and classification model using rat swarm optimization with deep learning based capsule network
    A Vasantharaj, PS Rani, S Huque, KS Raghuram, R Ganeshkumar, ...
    International Journal of Image and Graphics 23 (03), 2240001 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 23
  • Tire pressure monitoring system using SoC and low power design
    A Vasanthara, K Krishnamoorthy
    Circuits and Systems 7 (13), 4085-4097 , 2016
    2016
    Citations: 18
  • A low-cost in-tire-pressure monitoring SoC using integer/floating-point type convolutional neural network inference engine
    A Vasantharaj, SA Karuppusamy, N Nandhagopal, APV Pillai
    Microprocessors and Microsystems 98, 104771 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 10
  • An in-tire-pressure monitoring SoC using FBAR resonator-based ZigBee transceiver and deep learning models
    A Vasantharaj, N Nandhagopal, SA Karuppusamy, K Subramaniam
    Microprocessors and Microsystems 95, 104709 , 2022
    2022
    Citations: 10
  • Child Safety Wearable and Visually Impaired Assistive Device with Location Tracking System Using IoT
    A Vasantharaj, T Thanusri, NM Yamuna, K Elakkiya
    Mathematical Statistician and Engineering Applications 71 (3s), 343-351 , 2022
    2022
    Citations: 7
  • Quantum-Aided Digital Twin Synchronization for Autonomous Vehicular Ecosystems over 6G-Enabled Edge Networks
    R Preethi, A Vasantharaj, KS Badri, B Karthikprabu, K Kodeeswari, ...
    2025 5th International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Social … , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 6
  • Integrating neural network‐driven customization, scalability, and cloud computing for enhanced accuracy and responsiveness for social network modelling
    EAMSSAVTSRSRM Sujaritha6
    Social Network Analysis and Mining 139 (14), 1-17 , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 6
  • Soft computing based machine learning techniques for optical communication networks
    P Malini, A Vasantharaj, S Preethi, S Karpakam, U Sasikala, SI Basha
    2022 International Conference on Automation, Computing and Renewable Systems … , 2022
    2022
    Citations: 5
  • Investigation of ATH and SiO 2 Nanofillers to Improve the Performance Characteristics of Outdoor Porcelain Insulators under Desert Environment Conditions
    P Dineshkumar, M Deepak, A VasanthaRaj, C Mohan Raj
    2024 IEEE 1st International Conference on Green Industrial Electronics and … , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 3
  • Investigation of High Switching Frequency Dual Active Bridge Converter for Electric Vehicle Application
    M Deepak, P Dineshkumar, PV Shailaia, A VasanthaRaj, C Mohan Raj
    2024 5th International Conference on Circuits, Control, Communication and … , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 3
  • VLSI Design of Low-Power Edge AI Processors For IOT Devices
    A VASANTHARAJ
    International Journal on Microelectronics 9 (3), 1634-1639 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 3
  • Memristor Based Subtractors and Comparators for Efficient MUX Design in In-Memory Computing Systems
    A Vasantharaj, R Vigneshwari
    International Conference on Sustainability Innovation in Computing and … , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 2
  • Spatial Audio Solutions for Outdoor Mobility of the Visually Impaired
    A Vasantharaj, RU Narmatha, M Kaviya, K Jayapriya, AM Adams
    2024 4th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Intelligent … , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 2
  • Experimental Investigation of The Effect of Titanium And Zirconium Nanoparticles on Single-Phase Transformers
    P Dineshkumar, M Deepak, A VasanthaRaj, P Gopinath, J Manokaran, ...
    2024 IEEE 5th India Council International Subsections Conference (INDISCON) , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 2
  • Analysis of Performance Characteristics on TiO 2 and ZrO 2 Nano Fillers Coated Single Phase Transformers Through Sumpner or Regenerative Test
    M Deepak, C Santhakumar, A VasanthaRaj, P Dineshkumar, ...
    2024 IEEE International Conference on Smart Power Control and Renewable … , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 2
  • Ayyem Pillai Vasudevan Pillai,’A low-cost in-tire-pressure monitoring SoC using integer/floating-point type convolutional neural network inference engine
    A Vasantharaj, S Anbu Karuppusamy, N Nandhagopal
    Microprocessors and Microsystems 98, 104771 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 2
  • Optical properties of natural dye sensitizers for the applications of dye sensitized solar cell.
    S Ranjitha, MK Valsakumari, A Vasantharaj, R Shrivastava, ...
    2022
    Citations: 2
  • A battery‑less hybrid in‑tire pressure monitoring SOC for road vehicles using adaptive bayesian system and optimized wireless communication model
    RMOCM A. Vasantharaj, N. Nandhagopal
    Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 124 (34), 1 - 20 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 1
  • Enhanced lithium‐ion battery state‐of‐charge estimation for Electric Vehicles using the AOA‐DNN approach
    K Thangaraj, R Indiran, V Ananth, M Raman
    Optimal Control Applications and Methods 45 (6), 2856-2873 , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 1
  • Smart Prediction Models for Energy Efficiency in Smart Residential Buildings: A Deep Learning Approach
    A Vasantharaj, MI Ahamed, K Prema, A Mudigonda, JB Sapaev, ...
    2023 International Conference for Technological Engineering and its … , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 1