Prof. A. Thirugnanam

Scopus Publications

Effect of body mass index on heel pad mechanics: loading and unloading dynamics
Tharani Kumaran, Monisha Gowri Srinivasan, Mirza Khalid Baig, Thirugnanam Arunachalam
Medical Engineering Physics, 2026
Plantar heel pain (PHP) is the most predominant foot pathological condition persisting among people with obesity. Conventional techniques measure the heel pad's (HPs) thickness, stiffness, and elasticity by subjecting a known force under static conditions. However, it falls short of assessing the HP under natural physiological loading conditions. Therefore, the present study investigates the biomechanical characteristics of the HP during dynamic plantarflexion movement (body weight unloading and loading) using a 3D motion capture system and a multiaxial force plate. Participants were selected and divided into three categories based on body mass index (BMI): healthy weight (HW), overweight (OW), and obese (OB). Each category consisted of thirty male and thirty female participants. The retroreflective markers were placed on the HP, and participants were instructed to perform the plantarflexion movement on the force plate. The biomechanical output parameters, such as HP deformation and compliance, were calculated for different phases of plantarflexion movement along the vertical and horizontal directions. Statistical analysis was performed at a 95% confidence level. The study revealed that male and female participants in the OB category exhibited less HP deformation than those in the HW and OW categories. Male and female participants in the HW category showed higher HP compliance than those in the OB category. The magnitude of HP compliance was higher in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction. HP stiffness increases with higher BMI (OB > OW > HW) and leads to PHP. The study revealed that males have lower HP compliance and deformation than females. The findings provide a better understanding of HP characteristics across different weight groups, which could be used to develop customized soles that absorb shock during dynamic activity and reduce heel pain among the population with obesity.
HEEL PAD ANALYSIS DURING TERMINAL STANCE PHASE OF A GAIT CYCLE: LOADING AND UNLOADING CONDITIONS
THARANI KUMARAN, MONISHA GOWRI SRINIVASAN, MIRZA KHALID BAIG, THIRUGNANAM ARUNACHALAM
Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, 2026
Plantar heel pain (PHP) is the most common problem experienced by most individuals. The overweight and obese people are more inclined to musculoskeletal foot disorders or PHP. While conventional methods can measure stiffness and thickness to analyze heel pads (HP), they are ineffective in assessing HP under natural dynamic conditions. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the HP in real-time during dynamic plantarflexion movement (baseline, unloading, and loading) using a 3D motion capture system and an indigenous force plate. A total of fifteen healthy participants were selected based on their BMI and categorized into normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), and obese (OB) categories. The retroreflective markers were placed on the HP region, and volunteers were asked to perform plantarflexion movements. The biomechanical output measures, such as stiffness and displacement of HP, were calculated and compared between groups. Statistical analysis was performed and validated based on significant differences. The study reveals that the stiffness of HP increases with an increase in BMI, which eventually causes heel pain in OB participants. Based on the stiffness and deformation in the soft tissues of HP, the study results can be used to design a suitable sole to improve comfort and reduce heel pain.
Starch-based biodegradable films amended with nano-starch and tannic acid-coated nano-starch exhibit enhanced mechanical and functional attributes with antimicrobial activity
Biswanath Karmakar, Sayani Sarkar, Rakhi Chakraborty, Shyama Prasad Saha, Arunachalam Thirugnanam, Pranab Kumar Roy, Swarnendu Roy
Carbohydrate Polymers, 2024
Effect of grain refinement on Cp-Ti sheets via repetitive corrugation and straightening technique for implant applications
Moumita Ghosh, Arunachalam Thirugnanam
Journal of Materials Research, 2024
Automation in orthodontics and orthopedics using artificial intelligence
S. Gowri Priya, A. Thirugnanam
Advances in Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Engineering Applications in Signals and Imaging, 2024
An overview of polymer-based-bioresorbable drug-eluting stents
Rimzhim Arora, Monalisha Mohanta, Sandeep Jaiswal, A. Thirugnanam, Paramjeet Mohanta
Innovation and Emerging Technologies, 2024
Coronary artery disease treatments like coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty have several drawbacks, such as their invasive nature. Two main types of stents, bare metal stents (BMSs) and drug-eluting stents (DESs), are implemented to overcome these difficulties. The BMS offers strong mechanical support but can cause in-stent thrombosis and restenosis. Conventional DES, comprising a metal platform coated with drug-conjugated polymers, initially lowers restenosis but can cause early thrombosis and late in-stent restenosis. To overcome these limitations, biodegradable DESs are being explored to provide short-term support without long-term complications. However, biodegradable metal-based DES can trigger immunogenic reactions when degraded. The next generation of stents is shifting toward bioresorbable polymer-based DES because their degradation products are compatible with the metabolic system of the body. This review discusses the in vivo degradation mechanisms of bioresorbable polymers such as polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, and polycaprolactone (PCL) acid polymers. It was observed that these polymers primarily degrade via ester bond hydrolysis, influenced by polymer properties such as molecular weight, morphology, glass transition temperature, and composition. Additionally, this overview highlights ongoing advancements in bioresorbable polymer-based scaffolds like DESolve[Formula: see text]NX and FANTOM[Formula: see text]. These bioresorbable scaffolds are fabricated from poly-L-lactide acid and desamino tyrosine-based polymers, respectively. Polylactic-co-glycolic acid-coated platinum–chromium stents have also demonstrated effective performance, being fully absorbed within 4–6 months postimplantation. Moreover, PCL acid-based drug-eluting bifurcation stents have shown promise in treating cardiovascular diseases. However, the review emphasizes the necessity for continued research to address the existing challenges and enhance patient outcomes.
Biodegradable AZ91 magnesium alloy/sirolimus/poly D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid-based substrate for cardiovascular device application
Monalisha Mohanta, Yugesh Ramdhun, Arunachalam Thirugnanam, Ritvesh Gupta, Devendra Verma, Thirumalai Deepak, Anju R. Babu
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials, 2024
Biodegradable drug‐eluting stents (DESs) are gaining importance owing to their attractive features, such as complete drug release to the target site. Magnesium (Mg) alloys are promising materials for future biodegradable DESs. However, there are few explorations using biodegradable Mg for cardiovascular stent application. In this present study, sirolimus‐loaded poly D, L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA)‐coated/ sirolimus‐fixed/AZ91 Mg alloy‐based substrate was developed via a layer‐by‐layer approach for cardiovascular stent application. The AZ91 Mg alloy was prepared through the squeeze casting technique. The casted AZ91 Mg alloy (Mg) was alkali‐treated to provide macroporous networks to hold the sirolimus and PLGA layers. The systematic characterization was investigated via electrochemical, optical, physicochemical, and in‐vitro biological characteristics. The presence of the Mg17Al12 phase in the Mg sample was found in the x‐ray diffraction system (XRD) spectrum which influences the corrosion behavior of the developed substrate. The alkali treatment increases the substrate's hydrophilicity which was confirmed through static contact angle measurement. The anti‐corrosion characteristic of casted‐AZ91 Mg alloy (Mg) was slightly less than the sirolimus‐loaded PLGA‐coated alkali‐treated AZ91 Mg alloy (Mg/Na/S/P) substrate. However, dissolution rates for both substrates were found to be controlled at cell culture conditions. Radiographic densities of AZ91 Mg alloy substrates (Mg, Mg/Na, and Mg/Na/S/P) were measured to be 0.795 ± 0.015, 0.742 ± 0.01, and 0.712 ± 0.017, respectively. The star‐shaped structure of 12% sirolimus/PLGA ensures the bioavailability of the drugs. Sirolimus release kinetic was fitted up to 80% with the “Higuchi model” for Mg samples, whereas Mg/Na/S/P showed 45% fitting with a zero‐order mechanism. The Mg/Na/S/P substrate showed a 70% antithrombotic effect compared to control. Further, alkali treatment enhances the antibacterial characteristic of AZ91 Mg alloy. Also, the alkali‐treated sirolimus‐loaded substrates (Mg/Na/S and Mg/Na/S/P) inhibit the valvular interstitial cell's growth significantly in in‐vitro. Hence, the results imply that sirolimus‐loaded PLGA‐coated AZ91 Mg alloy‐based substrate can be a potential candidate for cardiovascular stent application.
Bromelain-loaded polyvinyl alcohol–activated charcoal-based film for wound dressing applications
Yugesh Ramdhun, Monalisha Mohanta, Thirugnanam Arunachalam, Ritvesh Gupta, Devendra Verma
Macromolecular Research, 2023
Development of Multifunctional Commercial Pure Titanium-Polyethylene Glycol Drug-Eluting Substrates with Enhanced Optical and Antithrombotic Properties
Monalisha Mohanta, A. Thirugnanam
Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology, 2023
Effect of Lifting Weight, Height and Asymmetry on Biomechanical Loading during Manual Lifting
Anurag Vijaywargiya, Mahesh K. Bhiwapurkar, A Thirugnanam
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2023
Introduction: In India, physical manual activities in asymmetrical postures overtax the human musculoskeletal system, which may exceed workers' physical limitations. Thus the purpose of this study was to examine the physical stresses experienced by the subject, based on subjective and biomechanical loading estimates while lifting weights to various heights, in an asymmetric direction and propose the safe limit for manual lifting. Methods: A laboratory experiment was conducted utilizing twelve male subjects in the age group of 20 to 25 years who lifted 5 different weights between 10 to 20 kg from below the knee to various lifting heights (below the knee to ear level). The lifting task was performed in three asymmetric angles (45, 90, and 135-degree) using free-style lifting techniques. An ANOVA technique was used to analyze the influence of three parameters (Lifting weight, lifting height and asymmetric angle) on two responses; subjective estimates and biomechanical loading. The subjective estimate was obtained using workload assessment by body discomfort chart. The biomechanical loading (loading rate) was estimated from ground reaction force data, obtained from the force plate. Results: Both the responses; subjective estimates and biomechanical loading followed a consistent pattern in predicting physical stress. The result revealed that lifting weights with higher destination heights and asymmetry angles increased the physiological workload and discomfort. Experiments have shown that the loading rate is reduced by 8 to 10% for each increase in the 45-degree angle of asymmetry. Conclusion: In general, safe lifting of 15 kg weight up to ear level and 15 kg weight up to shoulder level are recommended for 45- and 90-degree asymmetry respectively to prevent any chronic injuries. A maximum of 12.5 kg lifting weight up to shoulder level is also proposed.
Ultra-fine grained commercial pure titanium for load-bearing applications
Moumita Ghosh, S. Surekha, M. Anisha, A. Thirugnanam
Materials Today Proceedings, 2023
Responsive Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation for Management of Diabetic Foot Neuropathy
Darshan Bhor, Tharani K, Monisha Gowri, Bikash K. Mishra, Deepjyoti Kalita, A. Thirugnanam, Khalid B. Mirza
2023 IEEE 8th International Conference for Convergence in Technology I2ct 2023, 2023
Commercial pure titanium – A potential candidate for cardiovascular stent
M. Mohanta, A. Thirugnanam
Materialwissenschaft Und Werkstofftechnik, 2022
Sequential immobilization of sirolimus and polyethylene glycol on ultrafine-grained commercial pure titanium for cardiovascular stent application
Monalisha Mohanta, A. Thirugnanam
Journal of Materials Research, 2022
Investigation of optical and biocompatible properties of polyethylene glycol-aspirin loaded commercial pure titanium for cardiovascular device applications
Monalisha Mohanta, A. Thirugnanam
Journal of Polymer Engineering, 2022
Intensification of yam-starch based biodegradable bioplastic film with bentonite for food packaging application
Lopamudra Behera, Monalisha Mohanta, Arunachalam Thirugnanam
Environmental Technology and Innovation, 2022
Evolution of commercially pure titanium/heparin/poly (ethylene glycol) substrate with improved biocompatibility for cardiovascular device applications
Monalisha Mohanta, A. Thirugnanam
Materials Technology, 2022
Ergonomics Evaluation of Manual Lifting Task on Biomechanical Stress in Symmetric Posture
Anurag Vijaywargiya, Mahesh K Bhiwapurkar, A. Thirugnanam
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2022
Development of biodegradable bioplastic films from Taro starch reinforced with bentonite
Mrithula Shanmathy, Monalisha Mohanta, A. Thirugnanam
Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 2021
Recent advances and future prospects of electrochemical processes for microalgae harvesting
Nageshwari Krishnamoorthy, Yuwalee Unpaprom, Rameshprabu Ramaraj, Gaanty Pragas Maniam, Natanamurugaraj Govindan, Thirugnanam Arunachalam, Balasubramanian Paramasivan
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2021
Engineering principles and process designs for phosphorus recovery as struvite: A comprehensive review
Nageshwari Krishnamoorthy, Baishali Dey, Yuwalee Unpaprom, Rameshprabu Ramaraj, Gaanty Pragas Maniam, Natanamurugaraj Govindan, Sivaraman Jayaraman, Thirugnanam Arunachalam, Balasubramanian Paramasivan
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2021
Implementation of Multiple Regression Technique for Detection of Gait Asymmetry Using Experimental Gait Data
Shreeshan Jena, Gaurav Mohan Sakhare, Subrata Kumar Panda, A. Thirugnanam
Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 2021
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Moumita Ghosh, A. Thirugnanam
Studies in Big Data, 2021
Drug release studies of titanium-based polyethylene glycol coating as a multifunctional substrate
Monalisha Mohanta, A. Thirugnanam
Materials Today Proceedings, 2021
A comparative study of phosphorus recovery as struvite from cow and human urine
Nageshwari Krishnamoorthy, Thirugnanam Arunachalam, Balasubramanian Paramasivan
Materials Today Proceedings, 2021
Potential of keratin loaded activated carbon and aqueous extracts of Allium sativum for the development of antibacterial wound dressing
Kaviyashri Y., Mari Selvam S., Thirugnanam Arunachalam, Balasubramanian Paramasivan
Materials Today Proceedings, 2021
An experimental and numerical study for cutaneous cryotherapy
Chandrika Kumari, Amitesh Kumar, Sunil Kumar Sarangi, Arunachalam Thirugnanam
Heat and Mass Transfer Waerme Und Stoffuebertragung, 2021
Exploring the dynamics of microalgal diversity in high-rate algal ponds
Krishnamoorthy Nageshwari, Dey Baishali, Yuwalee Unpaprom, Rameshprabu Ramaraj, Gaanty Pragas Maniam, Natanamurugaraj Govindan, Arunachalam Thirugnanam, Paramasivan Balasubramanian
Future of Effluent Treatment Plants Biological Treatment Systems, 2021
Effect of storage on physicochemical characteristics of urine for phosphate and ammonium recovery as struvite
Nageshwari Krishnamoorthy, Baishali Dey, Thirugnanam Arunachalam, Balasubramanian Paramasivan
International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2020
Experimental and numerical investigation of a polypropylene orthotic device for assistance in level ground walking
Shreeshan Jena, Thirugnanam Arunachalam, Subrata Kumar Panda
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part H Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 2020
Effect of high heel gait on hip and knee-ankle-foot rollover characteristics while walking over inclined surfaces — A pilot study
Ekant Mishra, Shreeshan Jena, Chittaranjan Bhoi, Thirugnanam Arunachalam, Subrata Kumar Panda
Foot, 2019
Effects of spray parameters on skin tumour ablation volume during cryotherapy
Chandrika Kumari, Amitesh Kumar, Sunil Kumar Sarangi, Arunachalam Thirugnanam
Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 2019
Effect of adjuvant on cutaneous cryotherapy
C. Kumari, A. Kumar, S. K. Sarangi, A. Thirugnanam
Heat and Mass Transfer Waerme Und Stoffuebertragung, 2019
A study on improving the outcome of cryosurgery using low thermal conductivity emulsions
K. K. Ramajayam, A. Kumar, S. K. Sarangi, A. Thirugnanam
Heat and Mass Transfer Waerme Und Stoffuebertragung, 2018
Numerical analysis of the mechanical behavior of assistive device using gait data from experimental and statistical methods
Shreeshan Jena, Thirugnanam Arunachalam, Subrata Kumar Panda
2017 14th IEEE India Council International Conference Indicon 2017, 2018
Adjuvant-perfluorocarbon based approach for improving the effectiveness of cryosurgery in gel phantoms
K.K. Ramajayam, A. Kumar, S.K. Sarangi, A. Thirugnanam
International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2018
Pattern Recognition for Identification of Gender of Individuals from Ground Reaction Force Parameters
Shreeshan Jena, Subrata Kumar Panda, Thirugnanam Arunachalam
Ieecon 2018 6th International Electrical Engineering Congress, 2018
An experimental and numerical study on nodular gel phantom during cryotherapy
Cryo Letters, 2018
THE EFFECT of TRANSIENT LOADING on A FOOT-ORTHOTIC USING TEMPORAL PARAMETERS of GAIT
SHREESHAN JENA, PROTIMA NOMO SUDRO, PRANAY VALLURU REDDY, A. THIRUGNANAM, SUBRATA KUMAR PANDA
Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, 2017
Chitosan composite three dimensional macrospheric scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Veena Vyas, Tejinder Kaur, Arunachalam Thirugnanam
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2017
Effect of carboxylated graphene nanoplatelets on mechanical and in-vitro biological properties of polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Tejinder Kaur, Arunachalam Thirugnanam, Krishna Pramanik
Materials Today Communications, 2017
Biofunctionalization of commercially pure titanium with chitosan/hydroxyapatite biocomposite via silanization: evaluation of biological performances
Veena Vyas, Tejinder Kaur, Sumanta Kar, A. Thirugnanam
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2017
Evaluation and Prediction of Human Gait Parameters Using Univariate, Multivariate and Stepwise Statistical Methods
SHREESHAN JENA, GAURAV M. SAKHARE, SUBRATA K. PANDA, A. THIRUGNANAM
Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, 2017
Effect of Porous Activated Charcoal Reinforcement on Mechanical and In-Vitro Biological Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Scaffolds
Tejinder Kaur, Arunachalam Thirugnanam
Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2017
A numerical study on optimising the cryosurgical process for effective tumour necrosis
K. K. Ramajayam, A. Kumar, S. K. Sarangi, A. Thirugnanam
Heat and Mass Transfer Waerme Und Stoffuebertragung, 2017
Biological and mechanical evaluation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based composites reinforced with 1D, 2D and 3D carbon biomaterials for bone tissue regeneration
Tejinder Kaur, Senthilguru Kulanthaivel, Arunachalam Thirugnanam, Indranil Banerjee, Krishna Pramanik
Biomedical Materials Bristol, 2017
Nano and ultra fine grained metallic biomaterials by severe plastic deformation techniques
B. Ratna Sunil, A. Thirugnanam, Uday Chakkingal, T. S. Sampath Kumar
Materials Technology, 2016
Tailoring the in vitro characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol)-nanohydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Tejinder Kaur, Arunachalam Thirugnanam, Krishna Pramanik
Journal of Polymer Engineering, 2016
A novel adjuvant-solution layer strategy for improving the efficacy of cryosurgery
Cryo Letters, 2016
A novel method to fabricate porous tricalcium phosphate composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications
Sharanya Sankar, Krishna Kumar Ramajayam, A. Thirugnanam
Materials Technology, 2016
Dry Sliding Wear and Corrosion Behaviour of Al-Based Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Micro-Tip and Micro/Nano-Al2O3p
Shanta Mohapatra, Anil Kumar Singh Bankoti, Ashok Kumar Mondal, Arunachalam Thirugnanam
Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 2016
Utilization of sea water based media for the production and characterization of cellulase by Fusarium subglutinans MTCC 11891
Dash Indira, D. Sharmila, P. Balasubramanian, A. Thirugnanam, R. Jayabalan
Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 2016
Development of an EOG based computer aided communication support system
Biswajeet hampaty, Suraj K Nayak, Kunal Pal, A Thirugnanam
12th IEEE International Conference Electronics Energy Environment Communication Computer Control E3 C3 Indicon 2015, 2016
Tailoring in vitro biological and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol reinforced with threshold carbon nanotube concentration for improved cellular response
Tejinder Kaur, Arunachalam Thirugnanam
Rsc Advances, 2016
Microwave-assisted synthesis of porous chitosan-modified montmorillonite-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds
Sumanta Kar, Tejinder Kaur, A. Thirugnanam
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2016
The influence of silane and silane-PMMA coatings on the in vitro biodegradation behavior of AE42 magnesium alloy for cardiovascular stent applications
Omkar Majumder, Anil Kumar Singh Bankoti, Tejinder Kaur, Arunachalam Thirugnanam, Ashok Kumar Mondal
Rsc Advances, 2016
Genipin-Crosslinked Gelatin-Based Emulgels: an Insight into the Thermal, Mechanical, and Electrical Studies
Sarada P. Mallick, Sai S. Sagiri, Vinay K. Singh, Beauty Behera, A. Thirugnanam, Dillip K. Pradhan, Mrinal K. Bhattacharya, Kunal Pal
AAPS Pharmscitech, 2015
Bioactivity of chemically modified porous titanium
Reshmi Dey, Pranjali Nanda, Arunachalam Thirugnanam
Materials Science Forum, 2015
Development of EOG based human machine interface control system for motorized wheelchair
Biswajeet Champaty, Jobin Jose, Kunal Pal, A. Thirugnanam
2014 Annual International Conference on Emerging Research Areas Magnetics Machines and Drives Aicera Icmmd 2014 Proceedings, 2014
Gelatin-PEG based metronidazole-loaded vaginal delivery systems: Preparation, characterization and in vitro antimicrobial efficiency
S. M. Khade, B. Behera, S. S. Sagiri, V. K. Singh, A. Thirugnanam, K. Pal, S. S. Ray, D. K. Pradhan, M. K. Bhattacharya
Iranian Polymer Journal English Edition, 2014
Processing and bioactivity evaluation of ultrafine-grained titanium
Ceramic Transactions, 2013
Processing and Bioactivity Evaluation of Ultrafine-Grained Titanium
A. Thirugnanama, T.S. Sampath Kumar, Uday Chakkingal
Biomaterials Science Processing Properties and Applications III, 2013
Novel titanium - hydroxyapatite biocomposites by mechanical milling
Frontiers in Mechanochemistry and Mechanical Alloying, 2011
Enhanced in vitro Bioactivity and Osteoblast Response of Nanocrystalline Titanium Processed Through Ball Milling
Trends in Biomaterials and Artificial Organs, 2010
Tailoring the bioactivity of commercially pure titanium by grain refinement using groove pressing
A. Thirugnanam, T.S. Sampath Kumar, Uday Chakkingal
Materials Science and Engineering C, 2010
Bioactivity enhancement of commercial pure titanium by chemical treatments
Trends in Biomaterials and Artificial Organs, 2009
Effect of Mg on the fracture characteristics of cast Al-7Si-Mg alloys
A. Thirugnanam, K. Sukumaran, U.T.S. Pillai, K. Raghukandan, B.C. Pai
Materials Science and Engineering A, 2007
Microstructural aspects and fracture behavior of A356/357 alloys - An overview
Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 2005

Prof. A. Thirugnanam

EDUCATION

RESEARCH INTERESTS

Scopus Publications

RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS