Nanotechnology-driven therapeutic strategies for lambert–eaton myasthenic syndrome: Emerging drug delivery and immunomodulatory approaches Jaghatha Therassama, Justus Oliver Jaslin Edward, Somasundaram Arumugam, Pavazhaviji Pazhani, Jose Prakash Dharmian Next Nanotechnology, 2026 Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by impaired acetylcholine release due to autoantibody-mediated targeting of presynaptic P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Although symptomatic therapies such as amifampridine and immunomodulatory agents provide clinical benefit, their efficacy is limited by short half-life, fluctuating plasma concentrations, systemic toxicity, and dose-dependent adverse effects, including seizures. These limitations highlight the need for advanced drug delivery systems. Recent advances in nanotechnology offer promising strategies to enhance therapeutic precision, bioavailability, and safety in LEMS management. Nanoparticle-based platforms including polymeric nanoparticles and lipid-based nanocarriers enable controlled drug release and improved pharmacokinetic stability, which may help maintain sustained plasma concentrations and thereby enhance drug availability at the neuromuscular junction. In addition, nanocarriers may facilitate improved transport across physiological barriers such as the Blood Nerve Barrier, potentially increasing drug accumulation at presynaptic terminals. Intranasal nanoformulations are explored as a non-invasive systemic delivery strategy, leveraging the highly vascularized nasal mucosa to enhance drug absorption and bypass hepatic first-pass metabolism, thereby improving systemic exposure rather than enabling direct central nervous system targeting. Furthermore, nano-enabled immunomodulation may allow selective suppression of pathogenic autoantibodies while minimizing systemic immunosuppression. This review provides a comprehensive overview of LEMS pathophysiology and current therapies, with a focused discussion on nanotechnology-driven approaches that may overcome existing pharmacological limitations. Future perspectives in targeted delivery, nano-immunotherapy, and biomarker-guided treatment strategies are also highlighted.
New Insights Into the Metabolic Syndrome–Cancer Nexus Teeshyo Bhattacharya, Shubham Singh Bartwal, Indrajit Bhattacharya, Murali Dhanasekaran, Remya Sreedhar, Somasundaram Arumugam Pharmacotherapy Approaches Toward Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 2026 The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is rising in various geographical locations worldwide. The major components of metabolic syndrome include abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Recent research has effectively linked metabolic syndrome to be a leading cause of malignancies, including colorectal, breast, and 11 other forms of cancer. In this chapter, we discuss how people across the globe who suffer from metabolic syndrome often end up having different types of cancers in brief by taking examples of various cohort studies carried out across the world. We also discuss in brief multiple factors (like food 166habits, sleeping patterns, and lack of exercise) that lead to the development of metabolic syndromes, ultimately paving the way for numerous types of cancers. We will also focus on the various physiological and biochemical mechanisms like visceral adiposity, hyperglycemia, insulin-like growth factor/insulin-like growth factor receptor axis, inflammatory responses, estrogen signaling, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and Wnt signaling pathways. Additionally, we will emphasize the pharmacotherapeutic approaches to treat various metabolic syndrome-related cancers, like using antidiabetics and monoclonal antibodies. We will also discuss recently FDA-approved drugs targeting metabolic syndrome. We will also discuss the difficulties in developing effective therapies, and the future directions necessary.
Anti-Ulcer Effect of Ornithogalum umbellatum at Various Potencies in Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulceration in Sprague-Dawley Rats: A Pre-clinical Study Puja Bhakta, Manoharan Raja, Somasundaram Arumugam, Manoj Limbraj Yellurkar, Vani Sai Prasanna, Kaushik Bhar, Iadaribamon Mawthoh, Bakibillah Laskar, Soumya Bhattacharya, Abhijit Dutta Homeopathy, 2026 Gastric ulceration is a major global health issue, and conventional anti-ulcer drugs often cause adverse effects, necessitating safer alternatives. Ornithogalum umbellatum (OrUm), traditionally referenced in homeopathy for gastrointestinal complaints, lacks thorough pre-clinical evaluation. This study investigated the anti-ulcer effects of OrUm in mother tincture (MT), 6C and 30C potencies using an indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer model in Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty-six rats were divided into six groups (n = 6 per group). Five groups received indomethacin (30 mg/kg, subcutaneously) to induce ulcers. Four of these were treated orally for 7 days with esomeprazole (20 mg/kg), OrUm-MT, OrUm-6C, or OrUm-30C. One group served as disease control and another as normal control. Biochemical parameters (including SGOT, SGPT, ALP, urea, creatinine, glucose, protein), antioxidant markers (MDA, SOD) and histopathological changes were assessed. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) was performed to analyze the phytochemical composition of OrUm-MT. OrUm-6C significantly improved SGOT, SGPT, ALP, urea, glucose, protein and MDA levels (p < 0.05), with histological evidence of mucosal healing. OrUm-MT significantly reduced SGPT and creatinine levels but showed mild ulceration histologically. OrUm-30C showed no significant biochemical improvement. LC-MS analysis of OrUm-MT revealed phenolic acids and flavonoids, which may underlie its antioxidant effects. This is the first pre-clinical study to demonstrate the anti-ulcer potential of OrUm. Among the tested potencies, OrUm-6C showed the most consistent biochemical and histopathological improvements. These findings support further investigation through rigorous pre-clinical and clinical studies to establish its therapeutic potential.
Comparative analysis of the oral and injectable form of heat-inactivated Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine efficacy in commercial chickens Pooja Barik, Sakil Ahmed, Prakash Biswas, Samiran Mondal, Amrita Sahu, Subham Nath, Utpal Mohan, Sarath Babu, Somasundaram Arumugam, Amirul Islam Mallick Microbe Netherlands, 2025 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis ( Salmonella Enteritidis) is a non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), a facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacteria commonly residing in the intestines of chickens, cattle, rodents, reptiles, and amphibians. Specifically, Salmonella Enteritidis causes salmonellosis in chickens, characterised by weakness, reduced appetite, stunted growth, and diarrhoea. Although both live and inactivated vaccines are currently used in poultry, they present several drawbacks. While live vaccines generally are more effective at stimulating strong immune responses, they carry the risk of reverting to virulence. In contrast, inactivated or killed vaccines are safer but often elicit weaker immune responses, requiring multiple booster doses and adjuvants to achieve protective immunity. These limitations highlight the need for improved vaccine strategies that are both safe and highly immunogenic. To develop a safer and more practical vaccine strategy against salmonellosis in commercial chickens, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a heat-inactivated whole-cell S. Enteritidis (SE) vaccine. Two routes of vaccine administration were chosen, oral and injectable, to compare their efficacy using a prime-boost regimen. We demonstrated that oral administration of the heat-inactivated vaccine elicited stronger mucosal antibody responses than the injectable route. Moreover, orally vaccinated birds were significantly protected against challenge infection without adverse effect on gut health. These findings indicate that the mucosal (oral) delivery of heat-inactivated S. Enteritidis vaccine can represent a promising and safe approach for developing an effective vaccine against salmonellosis in commercial chickens. • The vaccine potential of heat-inactivated Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) was evaluated in commercial chickens. • Oral administration of the inactivated vaccine induced stronger mucosal antibody responses compared to the injectable route. • Oral vaccination can effectively prevent bacterial dissemination into visceral organs.
Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation: Mechanisms, Roles, and Implications in Cellular Function and Disease Dikesh Kumar Thakur, Sonal Padole, Tapati Sarkar, Somasundaram Arumugam, Shiladitya Chattopadhyay FASEB Bioadvances, 2025 Liquid–liquid phase separation is a basic biophysical process that creates essential membraneless organelles that support different cellular activities, including chromatin organization and gene expression. The malfunction of liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) plays a critical role in numerous diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), which involve TDP‐43 and Tau, various cancers that utilize SPOP and YAP/TAZ proteins, and viral infections where pathogens use LLPS to replicate and avoid immune detection. This review brings together the fast‐growing knowledge about LLPS across multiple scientific fields. The paper examines the physiological functions of LLPS along with its disease pathogenesis mechanisms and presents various experimental techniques (e.g., advanced microscopy, FRAP, FCS) for its investigation. It introduces new therapeutic approaches such as PTM modulation, small molecules like 1,6‐hexanediol and Lipoamide, and advanced genetic tools including CRISPR and PROTACs like PSETAC, which also explores diagnostic applications. The thorough integration of knowledge presented here is essential to connect separate scientific findings while propelling research forward and turning LLPS discoveries into new biomedical developments.
Indigenous wisdom of a Kwatha to treat NASH: An insight into the mechanism Manoj Limbraj Yellurkar, Vani Sai Prasanna, Pamelika Das, Sulogna Sarkar, Rakesh Matta, Devendra Kumar Dhaked, Ramalingam Peraman, Amit Kumar Taraphdar, Satheesh Kumar Nanjappan, Ravichandiran Velayutham, Somasundaram Arumugam Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2024
Pathophysiology and Management of Onychomycosis and Novel Approaches for Effective Transdermal Applications International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, 2023
Japanese Kampo Medicines for the Treatment of Common Diseases: Focus on Inflammation Japanese Kampo Medicines for the Treatment of Common Diseases Focus on Inflammation, 2017
General Mechanisms of Immunity and Inflammation Remya Sreedhar, Kenichi Watanabe, Somasundaram Arumugam Japanese Kampo Medicines for the Treatment of Common Diseases Focus on Inflammation, 2017
Introduction to Japanese Kampo Medicines Remya Sreedhar, Kenichi Watanabe, Somasundaram Arumugam Japanese Kampo Medicines for the Treatment of Common Diseases Focus on Inflammation, 2017
Japanese Kampo Medicine for Hepatic Inflammation Remya Sreedhar, Geetha Kandasamy, Shanish Antony, Somasundaram Arumugam Japanese Kampo Medicines for the Treatment of Common Diseases Focus on Inflammation, 2017
Mast cells in inflammatory bowel disease: Potential therapeutic targets for intestinal inflammation and fibrosis Mast Cells Phenotypic Features Biological Functions and Role in Immunity, 2013
Vimentin-positive, profibrogenic mesenchymal cells in intestine: Promising therapeutic targets for intestinal fibrosis Vimentin Concepts and Molecular Mechanisms, 2013
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Oxidative Stress Somasundaram Arumugam, Vengadeshprabhu Karuppagounder, Rajarajan A. Thandavarayan, Vigneshwaran Pitchaimani, Hirohito Sone, Kenichi Watanabe Diabetes Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, 2013
Beneficial effects of edaravone, a novel antioxidant, in rats with dilated cardiomyopathy Somasundaram Arumugam, Rajarajan A. Thandavarayan, Punniyakoti T. Veeraveedu, Takashi Nakamura, Wawaimuli Arozal, Flori R. Sari, Vijayasree V. Giridharan, Vivian Soetikno, Suresh S. Palaniyandi, Meilei Harima, Kenji Suzuki, Masaki Nagata, Makoto Kodama, Kenichi Watanabe Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 2012
Development and validation of HPTLC method for estimation of quetiapine in bulk drug and in tablet dosage form International Journal of Pharmtech Research, 2009
Cassia roxburghii seeds protect liver against toxic effects of ethanol and carbontetrachloride in rats International Journal of Pharmtech Research, 2009
Simultaneous spectrophotometry estimation of nebivolol hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide in tablets Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2008
Optimized Chitosan–Lecithin Nanocarriers for Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Dalfampridine in Multiple Sclerosis: Box–Behnken Design Optimization, and Toxicity Evaluation J Therassama, JOJ Edward, S Arumugam, P Pazhani, JP Dharmian Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation 21 (4), 415 , 2026 2026
Nanotechnology-driven therapeutic strategies for lambert–eaton myasthenic syndrome: Emerging drug delivery and immunomodulatory approaches J Therassama, JOJ Edward, S Arumugam, P Pazhani, JP Dharmian Next Nanotechnology 9, 100515 , 2026 2026
Protective Effects of Sitagliptin on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis via Modulation of Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress V Soetikno, M Subangkit, AY Ramadhan, S Arumugam, R Sreedhar Medicina 62 (6), 1005 , 2026 2026
Reconstructing the complex architecture of the genome with molecular scissors: applying genome editing technology in precision medicine MNA Khan, R Das, P Barik, S Arumugam, S Chattopadhyay Frontiers in Genome Editing 8, 1762449 , 2026 2026
Anti-Ulcer Effect of Ornithogalum umbellatum at Various Potencies in Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulceration in Sprague-Dawley Rats: A Pre-clinical Study P Bhakta, M Raja, S Arumugam, ML Yellurkar, VS Prasanna, K Bhar, ... Homeopathy , 2026 2026
Atopic dermatitis: a mini review on pathology and treatment modalities A Sahu, R Sreedhar, S Arumugam Exploration of Asthma & Allergy 4, 1009105 , 2026 2026
New Insights Into the Metabolic Syndrome–Cancer Nexus T Bhattacharya, SS Bartwal, I Bhattacharya, M Dhanasekaran, ... Pharmacotherapy Approaches Toward Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 165-186 , 2026 2026
Zanubrutinib in liquid cancers a new horizon A Sahu, R Das, B Nath, T Bhattacharya, I Bhattacharya, S Arumugam Drug Discovery Stories, Volume 2, 553-563 , 2026 2026
Efficiency of phytochemicals to cure metabolic diseases by targeting mitophagy T Bhattacharya, I Bhattacharya, DK Dhaked, R Sreedhar, S Arumugam Plant-Based Drug Discovery, 209-218 , 2026 2026
Chitosan coated yeast microcapsules for efficient delivery of cefadroxil for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease AISG Mohammed, V Hmingthansanga, P Das, S Arumugam, B Rajdev, ... International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 149162 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Ellagic acid-imbedded MoO3 nanowires architecture: External mediator-less electrochemical immunoprobing of inflammatory bowel disease marker GR Pandey, S Arumugam, J Thulukanam, LK Vajravelu, M Veerapandian Biosensors and Bioelectronics 287, 117719 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
A network pharmacology, molecular docking and in vitro investigation of Picrorhiza kurroa extract for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy S Pal, ML Yellurkar, P Das, V Sai Prasanna, S Sarkar, RL Gajbhiye, ... Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 43 (15), 8385-8396 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Insights into decellularized matrix-based therapeutic delivery systems in myocardial infarction T Bhattacharya, M Kundu, P Patil, I Bhattacharya, NP Sibi, A Sahu, ... Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 107618 , 2025 2025
6-Gingerol protects against hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in high-fat diet/low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats A Yusuf Ramadhan, S Wijaya, D Saisa, S Nurfitriyanti, B Santoso, ... Research Journal of Pharmacognosy 12 (4), 35-46 , 2025 2025
Beyond obesity: lean metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis from unveiling molecular pathogenesis to therapeutic advancement I Bhattacharya, DK Maity, A Kumar, S Sarkar, T Bhattacharya, A Sahu, ... Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 398 (10), 13647-13665 , 2025 2025 Citations: 6
Comparative analysis of the oral and injectable form of heat-inactivated Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine efficacy in commercial chickens P Barik, S Ahmed, P Biswas, S Mondal, A Sahu, S Nath, U Mohan, S Babu, ... The Microbe, 100549 , 2025 2025
Chitosan nanoparticles of rutin mitigated histological changes induced in DNCB-induced colitis by enhanced modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress L Nama, R Bhushan, P Kumar, S Arumugam, OP Ranjan, P Kumar, ... Journal of molecular histology 56 (4), 200 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Indigenous wisdom of a Kwatha to treat NASH: An insight into the mechanism (vol 326, 117935, 2024) ML Yellurkar, VS Prasanna, P Das, S Sarkar, R Matta, DK Dhaked, ... JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 348 , 2025 2025
Corrigendum to" Indigenous wisdom of a Kwatha to treat NASH: An insight into the mechanism"[J. Ethnopharmacol. 326 (2024) 117935] ML Yellurkar, VS Prasanna, P Das, S Sarkar, R Matta, DK Dhaked, ... Journal of ethnopharmacology 348, 119766 , 2025 2025
Rudraksha attenuates right ventricular dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension induced Wistar rats P Das, B Kumar, ML Yellurkar, VS Prasanna, S Sarkar, AK Taraphdar, ... Pharmacological Research-Natural Products 6, 100180 , 2025 2025
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
A murine model for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis showing evidence of association between diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma M Fujii, Y Shibazaki, K Wakamatsu, Y Honda, Y Kawauchi, K Suzuki, ... Medical molecular morphology 46 (3), 141-152 , 2013 2013 Citations: 444
Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of some Indian medical plants M Umamaheswari, K AsokKumar, A Somasundaram, T Sivashanmugam, ... Journal of ethnopharmacology 109 (3), 547-551 , 2007 2007 Citations: 307
Curcumin alleviates oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal fibrosis in remnant kidney through the N rf2–keap1 pathway V Soetikno, FR Sari, AP Lakshmanan, S Arumugam, M Harima, K Suzuki, ... Molecular nutrition & food research 57 (9), 1649-1659 , 2013 2013 Citations: 256
Curcumin attenuates diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting PKC‐α and PKC‐β 1 activity in streptozotocin‐induced type I diabetic rats V Soetikno, K Watanabe, FR Sari, M Harima, RA Thandavarayan, ... Molecular nutrition & food research 55 (11), 1655-1665 , 2011 2011 Citations: 180
Molecular targets of quercetin with anti-inflammatory properties in atopic dermatitis V Karuppagounder, S Arumugam, RA Thandavarayan, R Sreedhar, ... Drug discovery today 21 (4), 632-639 , 2016 2016 Citations: 164
Curcumin ameliorates liver damage and progression of NASH in NASH-HCC mouse model possibly by modulating HMGB1-NF-κB translocation R Afrin, S Arumugam, A Rahman, MII Wahed, V Karuppagounder, ... International immunopharmacology 44, 174-182 , 2017 2017 Citations: 163
Schisandrin B prevents doxorubicin induced cardiac dysfunction by modulation of DNA damage, oxidative stress and inflammation through inhibition of MAPK/p53 signaling RA Thandavarayan, VV Giridharan, S Arumugam, K Suzuki, KM Ko, ... PloS one 10 (3), e0119214 , 2015 2015 Citations: 157
Modulation of HMGB1 translocation and RAGE/NF κ B cascade by quercetin treatment mitigates atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga transgenic mice V Karuppagounder, S Arumugam, RA Thandavarayan, V Pitchaimani, ... Experimental dermatology 24 (6), 418-423 , 2015 2015 Citations: 124
Resveratrol attenuates HMGB1 signaling and inflammation in house dust mite-induced atopic dermatitis in mice V Karuppagounder, S Arumugam, RA Thandavarayan, V Pitchaimani, ... International Immunopharmacology 23 (2), 617-623 , 2014 2014 Citations: 101
Schisandrin B ameliorates ICV-infused amyloid β induced oxidative stress and neuronal dysfunction through inhibiting RAGE/NF-κB/MAPK and up-regulating HSP/Beclin expression VV Giridharan, RA Thandavarayan, S Arumugam, M Mizuno, H Nawa, ... PLoS One 10 (11), e0142483 , 2015 2015 Citations: 98
Keratinocytes: an enigmatic factor in atopic dermatitis P Das, P Mounika, ML Yellurkar, VS Prasanna, S Sarkar, R Velayutham, ... Cells 11 (10), 1683 , 2022 2022 Citations: 95
Curcumin ameliorates streptozotocin-induced liver damage through modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in diabetic rats R Afrin, S Arumugam, V Soetikno, RA Thandavarayan, V Pitchaimani, ... Free radical research 49 (3), 279-289 , 2015 2015 Citations: 94
Tannic acid modulates NFκB signaling pathway and skin inflammation in NC/Nga mice through PPARγ expression V Karuppagounder, S Arumugam, RA Thandavarayan, V Pitchaimani, ... Cytokine 76 (2), 206-213 , 2015 2015 Citations: 92
Modulation of macrophage polarization and HMGB1-TLR2/TLR4 cascade plays a crucial role for cardiac remodeling in senescence-accelerated prone mice V Karuppagounder, VV Giridharan, S Arumugam, R Sreedhar, ... PloS one 11 (4), e0152922 , 2016 2016 Citations: 90
Curcumin as a therapeutic agent in the chemoprevention of inflammatory bowel disease R Sreedhar, S Arumugam, RA Thandavarayan, V Karuppagounder, ... Drug discovery today 21 (5), 843-849 , 2016 2016 Citations: 85
Depletion of 14-3-3 Protein Exacerbates Cardiac Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Remodeling Process via Modulation of MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways after Streptozotocin … RA Thandavarayan, VV Giridharan, FR Sari, S Arumugam, ... Cellular Physiology & Biochemistry (Karger AG) 28 (5) , 2011 2011 Citations: 83
Quercetin offers cardioprotection against progression of experimental autoimmune myocarditis by suppression of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress via endothelin-1/MAPK … S Arumugam, RA Thandavarayan, W Arozal, FR Sari, VV Giridharan, ... Free radical research 46 (2), 154-163 , 2012 2012 Citations: 81
Molecular understanding of curcumin in diabetic nephropathy V Soetikno, K Suzuki, PT Veeraveedu, S Arumugam, AP Lakshmanan, ... Drug discovery today 18 (15-16), 756-763 , 2013 2013 Citations: 69
Diabetic nephropathy: A twisted thread to unravel N Dagar, P Das, P Bisht, AK Taraphdar, R Velayutham, S Arumugam Life sciences 278, 119635 , 2021 2021 Citations: 64
The senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8): a novel murine model for cardiac aging V Karuppagounder, S Arumugam, SS Babu, SS Palaniyandi, K Watanabe, ... Ageing research reviews 35, 291-296 , 2017 2017 Citations: 64