Energy audit of different practices of wheat production in Bihar state of India Ram Pal, S.K. Patel, P.K. Sundaram, M.K. Roy, Ram Kewal, R.K. Jha Heliyon, 2026 The wheat is one of the most important grains for food. Different practices have been adopted for production of wheat crop which involve variable energy consumption during production process. To assess the energy consumption associated with different practices, a survey was conducted in three districts of Bihar. The survey compared 18 different wheat production practices to identify the most energy-efficient methods. The highest total energy consumption (18.72 GJ/ha) was recorded for conventional practices in fields with high weed infestation, where harvesting was done using a combine harvester and straw was processed and collected with a tractor-operated straw reaper. Conversely, the lowest total energy consumption (12.96 GJ/ha) was observed for no-tillage practices in weed-free fields, where harvesting was performed with a combine harvester and no straw reaper was used. Fertilizer application accounted for maximum input energy across all the 18 practices. Similarly, total energy output was the highest (18.72 GJ/ha) for no tillage practices in weedinfested field where harvesting and threshing was done using reaper-cum-binder and tractor operated thresher, respectively. The highest renewable energy13.88 % was used in conventional practice and maximum non-renewable89.01 %was noted in no tillage practice. Energy efficiency (10.28) and energy productivity (0.37 (kg/MJ)) were highest under no-tillage in weed-infested fields, where harvesting was done by reaper-cum-binder followed by threshing with a tractor-operated thresher, or using a combine harvester without straw production. The specific energy and water productivity were highest for conventional practices in which field having high weed infestation and harvesting was done by reaper cum binder followed by threshing by tractor operated thresher. This study reveals that conservation agriculture practices, particularly no-tillage (using a zero-till seed-cum-ferti drill), outperform conventional tillage systems in wheat production by minimizing energy use and maximizing energy output.
Advancing Smart Agriculture: How IoT and 5G Technologies Enhance Precision Farming and Sustainability Bibek Ishore, Anurag M. Bhargav, Sanjay Kumar Patel, Vishal Kumar, Jaya Sinha, Sanjay Kumar International Journal of Communication Systems, 2026 Agriculture, a cornerstone of national prosperity, is evolving through innovative technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT). These advancements enhance farming productivity by enabling real‐time monitoring, automation, and precise resource management. IoT applications in agriculture integrate sensors and connectivity to optimize processes such as soil analysis, crop health assessment, and irrigation management. Meanwhile, the emergence of 5G connectivity revolutionizes smart farming with ultralow latency, high‐speed data transfer, and seamless communication among devices. These capabilities support the development of autonomous machinery, drones, and data‐driven decision‐making tools that streamline operations and improve yields. 5G technology enables rapid transmission of large datasets from IoT sensors, supporting applications such as machine learning for pest and disease detection, autonomous vehicle navigation, and environmental monitoring. Integration of 5G in precision farming facilitates intelligent resource allocation, minimizing waste while maximizing outputs. Challenges persist, including data security, interoperability, and infrastructure costs. However, the synergy between 5G and IoT holds transformative potential for sustainable agricultural practices. This paper explores the advancements in IoT and enabling 5G technologies within agriculture, focusing on their applications, benefits, and challenges. It highlights case studies and research insights, showcasing how these innovations contribute to more efficient, scalable, and sustainable farming. The findings underscore the critical role of digital technologies in addressing global food security and fostering resilience against climate change.
VISION-BASED TOMATO RIPENESS DETECTION USING DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING Bibek ISHORE, Sanjay Kumar PATEL, Jaya SINHA, Subhash CHANDRA, Sanjay KUMAR Inmateh Agricultural Engineering, 2026 Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) are not only a staple in cuisines worldwide but also a subject of scientific interest due to their health benefits and distinct ripening process. Recognizing the ripest and most flavorful tomatoes has led to innovative research combining technology and agriculture. In this context, image processing emerges as a promising tool to discern the quality of tomatoes, particularly through color analysis. This study explores the effectiveness of a region-based image processing system in identifying red, ripe tomatoes. Currently, this process is done by hand, which takes time and can lead to mistakes-developed a machine learning-based device that utilizes computer vision and image processing techniques to detect ripe tomatoes with high accuracy. By employing algorithms that analyze color, texture, and shape, our technology can identify the optimal harvest time, making the process faster, more efficient, and more cost-effective. Automating tomato harvesting is crucial to addressing the labor crisis and enhancing the effectiveness of the present harvesting process. The actualization of automated harvesting depends on the ability to precisely recognize fruits. Fruit that is harvested at its peak maturity has the maximum levels of taste, vitamins, and sale value, which optimizes financial gains. There is now an inadequate rate of identification and failure to identify because of the blockage of specific fruits by vegetation and unwanted fruits, as well as the color change brought on by light. In order to identify tomato fruits in difficult circumstances, this research suggests a tomato identification system using the enhanced YOLOv8 framework. According to the model's test evaluation, the YOLOv8-Tomato model's mAP0.5 was 86.9%, its recall rate was 98%, and its accuracy and precision were 94% and 90%, respectively.
Trafficking and loading behavior on soil and sub-soil Agricultural Engineering International Cigr Journal, 2025
Smart vision-based sugarcane bud detection and cutting system for seed generation Mayank Maurya, Sanjay Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar, Sweeti Kumari, Ramesh Kumar Sahni, Sanjay Kumar Patel, Subhash Chandra, Naveen Kumar Results in Engineering, 2025 • Developed an autonomous, low-cost sugarcane bud detection and cutting system (VSBD-CU) using YOLOv8-nano for real-time image-based detection and a Raspberry Pi 4 for onboard control and actuation. • Achieved high detection accuracy (mAP@0.5 = 98.1 %) and fast detection speed (45 fps) even under variable lighting and without pre-cleaned or manually marked stalks. • Optimized mechanical cutting unit with interchangeable blade bevel angles, with 30° bevel providing the best results across sugarcane varieties, minimizing bud injury (<2.5 %) and ensuring clean separation. • Cutting throughput of 3600 buds/hour, with average detection time of 0.90 s for mature sugarcane. • Two-way ANOVA revealed blade bevel angle and variety significantly affect cutting time and efficiency, with strong interaction effects ( p < 0.001), justifying the system’s modular blade design. • Validated system performance across three commonly cultivated Indian sugarcane varieties (CoX 20,055, CoP 18,437, CoX 20,246) without the need for stalk stripping or artificial markers. Sugarcane is an economically significant agricultural crop grown in tropical and subtropical areas for the production of sugar, ethanol, biofuel, and related by-products. The extraction of viable buds for planting is crucial to its propagation. Conventional bud cutting requires considerable manual effort, is labor-intensive and is prone to inconsistencies. This research presents a Vision-Based Sugarcane Bud Detection and Cutting Unit (VSBD-CU) designed to automate the processes of bud detection and cutting through the integration of computer vision and mechatronics. The system employs YOLOv8, for bud localization, along with a Raspberry Pi-4B managed electromechanical cutting mechanism. The system demonstrates high performance with mature buds, achieving a mean Average Precision (mAP@0.5) of 98.1 %. Real-time detection ranges from 0.87 to 0.95 s, with a cutting throughput of up to 1696 buds per hour. Detection efficiency for immature buds was observed to be lower, averaging 25.56 %, attributed to obstructions such as the leaf sheath. Comprehensive experimental assessments were performed to examine the influence of blade bevel angles (30°, 45°, and 60°) and sugarcane varieties (CoX 20055, CoP 18437, and CoX 20246) on cutting rate and duration. ANOVA statistical analysis indicated that blade bevel angle has a significant effect on cutting rate ( F = 2268.49) and cutting time ( F = 5555.71), with significant interaction effects observed between blade angle and cane variety ( p < 0.001). A blade angle of 30° consistently provided optimal performance across all varieties. The proposed system demonstrates significant potential for improving precision agriculture via future robotic integration and field implementation.
Development of tractor front mounted conveyor based pulses crop harvester Tanmoy DAS, Sanjay KUMAR PATEL, Bibek ISHORE, Jaya SINHA, Sanjay KUMAR Inmateh Agricultural Engineering, 2025 The aim of the study was to develop an efficient and cost-effective tractor-front-mounted conveyor-based pulse crop harvester to meet the increasing demand for mechanized harvesting methods, particularly for crops like chickpeas, lentils, and black gram. The research is based on the principles of agricultural mechanization, focusing on optimizing key crop parameters such as cutting force requirements, plant spacing, row spacing, and stem diameter. These factors are crucial in selecting appropriate motors and cutting blades to enhance harvesting efficiency of pulse crops. The study involves torque calculations to determine the power requirements for cutting and conveying units, with results showing 1.24 Nm and 7.06 Nm, respectively. A gear motor was employed to ensure the proper conveyance of cut crops at a linear speed of 0.54 m/s. Field tests were conducted in a black gram field to evaluate the harvester's effectiveness under varying conditions. Field tests demonstrated the harvester's ability to handle premature crops, with cutting efficiency ranging from 71.04% to 75.06% at different forward speeds. The harvester achieved a maximum field capacity of 0.225 ha/h at a speed of 1.50 km/h, with a corresponding field efficiency of 75.02%. The working capacity varied from 0.831 ha/day to 1.80 ha/day, proving its suitability for pulse harvesting. Power consumption analysis indicated a total power requirement of 0.569 kW, enabling the harvester to operate for approximately 4 hours on a fully charged 12V, 200 Ah batteries. The developed harvester provides a viable solution for pulse crop harvesting, addressing the need for mechanization in pulse cultivation. Its efficiency and economic feasibility make it an attractive option for widespread adoption, contributing to improved productivity in Indian agriculture.
GHG emissions and carbon footprint in wheat cultivation practices in Bihar state of India Ram Pal, Sanjay Kumar Patel, Prem Kumar Sundaram, Ratnesh Kumar Jha, Pawan Jeet, Abdus Sattar, Sanjay Kumar Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2025 Wheat, the second most cultivated crop globally after rice, is a major source of food and nutrition but also contributes significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the context of climate change, it is important to evaluate cultivation practices not only for their productivity but also for their environmental sustainability. This study assessed conventional tillage and no-tillage wheat production systems in Bihar, India, focusing on CO₂-equivalent emissions, energy use, carbon offset potential, and the carbon sustainability index (CSI). Total GHG emissions from agricultural inputs ranged from 1745.66 to 2239.27 kg CO₂-eq ha −1 , with indirect energy sources being the largest contributors in several no-tillage variants. Among the systems studied, NT-6 recorded the highest carbon offset (2597.12 kg CO₂-eq ha −1 ), while NT-3 achieved the lowest net carbon emission (16.76 kg CO₂-eq ha −1 ). Conventional practices such as CP-12 were more emission-intensive and heavily dependent on non-renewable energy, whereas no-tillage systems consistently showed lower emissions, higher carbon efficiency, and improved sustainability. The maximum CSI value (0.079) was obtained under NT-4, while CP-1 had the lowest (−0.363). These results demonstrate that no-tillage is not only a low-emission option but also a more energy-efficient and sustainable production system that aligns with climate-smart agriculture. The findings provide evidence-based guidance for policymakers, planners, and farmers to adopt conservation practices that enhance wheat productivity while reducing the environmental footprint, thereby supporting climate change mitigation and long-term agricultural sustainability.
Effect of hull content and moisture content on oil expression from dehulled Jatropha curcas seeds Agricultural Engineering International Cigr Journal, 2024
Performance evaluation of agrivoltaic system for the synergy among greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) production and solar electric power generation Vinit Vijayesh Modi, Sanjay Kumar Patel Energy Science and Engineering, 2024 The concept of agrivoltaic, combining agriculture and solar photovoltaic system, is ideal for populous countries like India as it provides access to eco‐friendly power and crop production from the same land. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of agrivoltaic systems for different geometry of solar photovoltaic strings and their suitability for agricultural practices for the greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) crop under North‐Gujarat agro‐climatic conditions of India. Eight equal‐capacity strings with different geometry were designed to evaluate power generation and crop production beneath the strings. The experiment involved eight strings taken as eight treatments and the traditional system of greengram (V. radiata L. Wilczek) cultivation practices is taken as the ninth treatment. The greengram (V. radiata L. Wilczek) was shown and all other cultural practices was kept same upto grain yields. The results revealed that 10.5 feet height string with continuous solar panel pattern) provided the highest gross income (Rs. 24,364.00) from power generation and greengram (V. radiata L. Wilczek) yield. In terms of net realization, a 6.0‐feet string with continuous solar panel pattern provided the highest net return of Rs. 12,417.00, as the capital cost was less for the system. Treatment‐5, which involved transparent panels, was found to be better for the photosynthesis process of the greengram (V. radiata L. Wilczek) crop, as it provided the highest yield (12.99 kg) under the agrivoltaic system.
Multivariate analysis to determine sub-soil compaction index International Journal of Agricultural and Statistical Sciences, 2015
Modeling of wheat crop harvesting losses Agricultural Engineering International Cigr Journal, 2014
The effect of tractor load and trafficking on wheat crop yield AMA Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America, 2014
Response of an engine to biofuel ethanol blends AMA Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America, 2014
Multivariate analysis to determine soil hard pan layer International Journal of Agricultural and Statistical Sciences, 2012
Faba bean (vicia faba l.) phenology and performance in response to its seed size class and planting depth International Journal of Agricultural and Statistical Sciences, 2012
Energy consumption pattern in production of paddy crop in haryana state in India AMA Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America, 2012
Agricultural accidents - A case study in Etawah districts of Uttar Pradesh in India AMA Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America, 2008
Effect of operational speed and moisture content of wheat crop on plot combine harvester AMA Agricultural Mechanization in Asia Africa and Latin America, 2007
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Energy audit of different practices of wheat production in Bihar state of India R Pal, SK Patel, PK Sundaram, MK Roy, R Kewal, RK Jha Heliyon 12 (7) , 2026 2026
GHG emissions and carbon footprint in wheat cultivation practices in Bihar state of India R Pal, SK Patel, PK Sundaram, RK Jha, P Jeet, A Sattar, S Kumar Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 9, 1661999 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Smart Vision-based Sugarcane Bud detection and Cutting System for seed generation M Maurya, S Kumar, S Kumar, S Kumari, RK Sahni, SK Patel, S Chandra, ... Results in Engineering, 106993 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
DEVELOPMENT OF TRACTOR FRONT MOUNTED CONVEYOR BASED PULSES CROP HARVESTER. T DAS, S KUMAR PATEL, B ISHORE, J SINHA, S KUMAR INMATEH-Agricultural Engineering 76 (2) , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Effect of Hull Content and Moisture Content on Oil Expression from Dehulled Jatropha Curcas Seeds BK Yaduvanshi, TK Bhattacharya, SK Patel, K Kundu, P Rajan Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal 26 (4), 151-158 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Performance evaluation of agrivoltaic system for the synergy among greengram ( Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) production and solar electric power generation VV Modi, SK Patel Energy Science & Engineering 12 (12), 5385-5397 , 2024 2024 Citations: 6
Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus) Seed Planter Parameters Optimization using Response Surface Methodology SK Patel, JB Bhimani, BK Yaduvanshi, P Gupta Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research 83, 483-489 , 2024 2024 Citations: 3
Advances in Farm Mechanization in India SK Patel, BK Yaduvanshi, PK Sundaram Advances in Crop Production and Climate Change, 329-366 , 2023 2023 Citations: 1
Dynamics of Farm Power Availability in Eastern Region of India PK Sundaram, B Sarkar, RA Parray, I Mani, P Jeet, S Patel, A Upadhyaya AMA-AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION IN ASIA AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA 54 (2) , 2023 2023
Yoshisuke Kishida Mrudulata Deshmukh, SK Thakare RB Ghorade Prem K. Sundaram, Bikash Sarkar RA Parray, I Mani, P Jeet, S Patel, A Upadhyaya, SC Sharma, SK Pandey, ... AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION IN ASIA, AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA 54 (2) , 2023 2023
Models for crop parameters due to normal load of tractor and number of passes SK Patel, I Mani, P Gupta, AP Srivastava, PK Sundaram Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal 23 (4) , 2021 2021 Citations: 1
Effects of brick kilns emissions on land, water, agriculture production, socio-economic and livelihood status: a review. P Jeet, AK Singh, PK Sundaram, A Upadhyaya, SK Patel, B Sarkar 2021 Citations: 14
OPTIMIZATION OF THE DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS OF PLANTER FOR VEGETABLE PIGEON PEA (CAJANUS CAJAN L. MILLSP.) SEED SK Patel, JB Bhimani, BK Yaduvanshi, P Gupta INMATEH-Agricultural Engineering 63 (1), 3324-332 , 2021 2021 Citations: 4
Effect of subsoil compaction on rooting behavior and yields of wheat SK Patel, I Mani, PK Sundaram Journal of Terramechanics 92, 43-50 , 2020 2020 Citations: 28
Effect of sub-soil penetration resistance on root growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) S Patel, I Mani, P Sundaram, A Srivastava Authorea Preprints , 2020 2020
Dynamics of farm power sources and their availability in Bihar PK Sundaram, B Sarkar, P Jeet, SK Patel, AP Anurag, A Upadhyaya Journal of AgriSearch 7 (3), 128-131 , 2020 2020 Citations: 7
Optimization of Mechanical Oil Extraction of Jatropha Seeds from Oil Expeller BK YADUVANSHI, TK BHATTACHARYA, SKPANDK KUNDU Journal of AgriSearch 6 (4), 181-184 , 2019 2019 Citations: 2
Optimization of the Operational Parameters of a Picking-Type Pneumatic Planter using Response Surface Methodology JB Bhimani, SK Patel, BK Yaduvanshi, P Gupta Journal of AgriSearch 6 (1), 38-43 , 2019 2019 Citations: 12
Mechanization: An important tool for drudgery reduction in Conservation Agriculture PK Sundaram, B Sarkar, SK Patel, SC Sharma Conservation Agriculture for Climate Resilient Farming & Doubling Farmers … , 2019 2019
Evaluation of sowing time and varieties of green pod yield for chickpea in middle Gujarat agro-climatic condition HL Kacha, SK Patel, UM Patel, ND Makwana, RG Machhar, GK Bhabhor, ... Multilogic in Science 7 (XXV), 86-90 , 2018 2018 Citations: 2
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Effect of multiple passes of tractor with varying normal load on subsoil compaction SK Patel, I Mani Journal of Terramechanics 48 (4), 277-284 , 2011 2011 Citations: 62
Faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) phenology and performance in response to its seed size class and planting depth. AK Singh, BP Bhatt, PK Sundaram, NC Naresh Chandra, RC Bharati, ... 2012 Citations: 61
Agricultural injuries in Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh in India SK Patel, MR Varma, A Kumar Safety Science 48 (2), 222-229 , 2010 2010 Citations: 46
Performance of Various Plant Growth Regulators on Yield and Quality of Phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.)) HL Kacha, G Jat, SK Patel HortFlora Research Spectrum 3 (3), 292-294 , 2014 2014 Citations: 33
Effect of subsoil compaction on rooting behavior and yields of wheat SK Patel, I Mani, PK Sundaram Journal of Terramechanics 92, 43-50 , 2020 2020 Citations: 28
Modeling of wheat crop harvesting losses S.K. Patel and B.P. Varshney Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal 16 (2), 97-102 , 2014 2014 Citations: 26
Assessing the relative impacts of the factors affecting MIS adoption process PK SINGH, SK Patel, MM Trivedi, GR Patel The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology , 2015 2015 Citations: 18
Energy consumption pattern in production of paddy crop in haryana state in India I Mani, SK Patel Agricultural mechanization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America 43 (2), 39 , 2012 2012 Citations: 18
Technological gaps in adoption of improved soybean production technology by soybean growers in Dahod District, Gujarat RG Machhar, SK Patel, HL Kacha, UM Patel, GD Patel, R Radha Rani American journal of Agriculture and Forestry 3 (6), 276-279 , 2015 2015 Citations: 16
Effects of brick kilns emissions on land, water, agriculture production, socio-economic and livelihood status: a review. P Jeet, AK Singh, PK Sundaram, A Upadhyaya, SK Patel, B Sarkar 2021 Citations: 14
Effectiveness of various growth retardants on growth and yield of Okra CK Pateliya, BR Parmar, HL Kacha, SK Patel Journal of Agriculture and Crop Science| October-December 1 (2), 32-35 , 2014 2014 Citations: 14
Optimization of the Operational Parameters of a Picking-Type Pneumatic Planter using Response Surface Methodology JB Bhimani, SK Patel, BK Yaduvanshi, P Gupta Journal of AgriSearch 6 (1), 38-43 , 2019 2019 Citations: 12
Economic evaluation of different size of biogas plants in Chhattisgarh (India) K Shailendra, BP Mishra, MS Khardiwar, SK Patel, FG Sayyad Current World Environment 10 (1) , 2015 2015 Citations: 11
Energy use pattern and scenario change in sugarcane (ratoon) cultivation for Bhabar region of Uttarakhand, India R Singh, OP Gupta, SK Patel Journal of AgriSearch 2 (2), 119-125 , 2015 2015 Citations: 11
Effect of operational speed and moisture content of wheat crop on plot combine harvester SK Patel, BP Varshney Ama, Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa & Latin America 38 (4), 51 , 2007 2007 Citations: 11
Residual effect of organic manures, biofertilizers and fertilizers on soybean–wheat sequence under middle Gujarat RG Machhar, AC Sadhu, SK Patel, VJ Patel Green farming 6 (5), 1,042-1,045 , 2015 2015 Citations: 9
Impact of Frontline Demonstration on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) Yield Improvement HL Kacha, SK Patel Journal of AgriSearch , 2015 2015 Citations: 8
Design and development of a power tiller operated seed-cum-ferti till-drill machine S Kumar, BP Mishra, SK Patel, AK Dave African Journal of Agricultural Research 9 (51), 3776-3781 , 2014 2014 Citations: 8
Usefulness of class A Pan coefficient models for computation of reference evapotranspiration for a semi-arid region SSC P. K. SINGH, Sanjay Patel, P. JAYSWAL Mausam 65 (4), 521-528. , 2014 2014 Citations: 8
Trends of biogas plants’ adoption in Chhattisgarh, India S Kumar, BP Mishra, SK Patel, BK Yaduvanshi, MS Khardiwar Spring 2 (2), 4 , 2013 2013 Citations: 8