Response Surface Modeling and Optimization of Extraction Time, Temperature, and Cashew Nut-To-Water Ratio for Cashew Nut Milk Extraction V. E. Edem, R. M. O. Kayode, O. A. Abiodun, B. O. Olofintoye, A. I. Elijah Ceylon Journal of Science, 2026 The demand for plant-based milk alternatives has increased in recent years due to concerns related to human nutrition and environmental sustainability. Among plant-based milk products, cashew nut milk has gained considerable attention because of its nutritional value, distinctive flavour, desirable mouthfeel, and recognition as a premium product. However, variations in extraction methods often result in inconsistencies in milk quality. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the optimum extraction conditions for cashew nut milk production. A central composite design (CCD) within response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize extraction time (X1), extraction temperature (X2), and cashew nut-to-water ratio (X3) for the extraction of cashew nut milk. Milk yield, physicochemical characteristics, proximate composition, and sensory properties were evaluated using standard analytical methods. The results revealed that extraction time, extraction temperature, and cashew nut-to-water ratio significantly influenced (P < 0.05) the yield, physicochemical properties, proximate composition, and sensory attributes of cashew nut milk. Among these factors, the cashew nut-to-water ratio had the greatest influence, affecting all measured responses except pH. The optimized extraction conditions were 13 min extraction time, 60 °C extraction temperature, and a 1:1 cashew nut-to-water ratio, resulting in an optimum milk yield of 84.43%. The findings of this study indicate that maintaining a cashew nut-to-water ratio not exceeding 1:1 is essential for producing cashew nut milk with consistent and desirable quality attributes.
Proximate composition, fiber fractions, techno-functional and pasting properties of wheat and African palmyra palm shoot composite flours and acceptability of their developed chin-chin snacks Rowland M. O. Kayode, Bashirat Romoke Ajibade, Sarafa Adeyemi Akeem, Idowu Bukola Kayode, Oluwaseun Ajibola, et al. Discover Food, 2025 African palmyra palm (Borassus aethiopum Mart.) is an underutilized plant indigenous to tropical Africa and its shoot which is usually eaten raw or cooked is often appreciated for its medicinal value. The suitability of wheat and African palmyra palm shoot (APPS) composite flours (90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50) for the production of functional chin-chin snack was examined in this study. Wheat flour (100%) and its chin-chin were the controls. Proximate, fiber fractions, techno-functional and pasting properties of the composite flours were evaluated and acceptability of the developed snacks was examined. Fat, ash and protein of the composite flours decreased while fiber increased with increasing inclusion of APPS flour. Inclusion of APPS flour resulted in the composite flours having higher (p ≤ 0.05) neutral detergent soluble fiber (51.61–98.64%), acid detergent fiber (14.76–37.09%), lignin (11.72–30.09%), silica (1.14–1.99%), cellulose (2.14–5.21%), and hemicellulose (36.52–61.52%). Increasing the level of substitution of APPS flour increased the water absorption capacity (76.91-115.38%), swelling index (1.65–2.07) and dispersibility (70.49–88.53%) but decreased oil absorption capacity (172.88-136.26%) and bulk density (0.8630–0.7939 g/mL) of the composite flours. Substitution of wheat flour with APPS shoot flour (10–50%) resulted in decreased peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, setback viscosity and peak time. Chin-chin snacks containing up to 30% APPS flour were acceptable, with those with 10% substitution level being the best. This study revealed that African palmyra palm shoot flour could be explored as a sustainable functional ingredient for the production of baked and fried food products.
Physico-chemical, textural and consumers’ acceptability of biscuits made from composite flour of wheat, fermented soybean-hull and date-pulp R. M. O. Kayode, O. R. Egwumah, B. I. Kayode, V. A. Joshua Ceylon Journal of Science, 2024 Soybean hull consist of complex polysaccharides that cannot be digested by human’s alimentary canal and is usually discarded during processing. These complexes can be broken down by fermentation into simpler and more available forms. This research used solid state fermentation process with some microbes to ferment soybean hull for flour production and investigated the proximate, textural, physical and sensory properties of biscuits produced from composite flour of wheat and fermented soybean hull with date-pulp flour as a sugar replacement in the biscuit production. The proximate composition of the biscuit showed increasing protein (10.15 to 12.25 %), lipids (20.14 to 22.95 %), ash (2.07 to 2.16 %), fibre (1.23 to 1.38 %) and moisture contents (4.65 to 6.03 %) while the carbohydrate content (60.1 to 56.1%) decreased with increasing soybean hull flour. The weight (12.03 to 15.30 g), thickness (6.24 to 7.38 mm), density (5.08 to 5.18 g/cm3), and spread ratio (7.32 to 8.76) of the biscuit increased while its diameter (54.11 to 54.94 mm), decreased, and its volume (5.08 to 5.18 cm3) exhibited no particular trend. No significant difference (p≤0.05) was observed in the textural properties of the biscuit but those produced from 16% soybean hull flour fermented with B. subtilis for 72hrs, and 4% soybean hull flour, fermented with A. oryzae for 72hrs were the most preferred. Therefore, supplementing wheat flour with soybean hull flour fermented with A. oryzea at 72hrs and B. subtilis at 72hrs significantly improved the nutritional quality of biscuit without adverse effects on its physical, textural and sensory properties.
Quality evaluation of chin-chin produced from aerial yam (Dioscorea bulbifera) and wheat flour blends Rowland Monday-Ojo Kayode, Cynthia Nguevese Chia, Bukola Idowu Kayode, Adesewa Priscilla Olowoseye, Victoria Auhoiza Joshua Food Production Processing and Nutrition, 2023 The objective of this study was to investigate the quality of chin-chin produced from aerial yam and wheat flour blends with the aim to improve the utilisation of aerial yam flour and reduce over-dependence on wheat flour. A portion of aerial yam tubers was sun-dried and the other was dried in a dehydrator. They were made into flour and substituted with wheat flour at varying proportions (85:15, 67.5:32.5, and 50:50). 100% wheat flour was used as the control. The flour blends were analyzed for proximate, functional, and phytochemical properties. The chin-chin produced were evaluated for their sensory properties. Wheat-aerial yam flour blends were nutritionally superior (with respect to protein, fat, fibre, and carbohydrates), and had better functional and phytochemical properties when compared to plain wheat flour used as the control. Sensory evaluation revealed that the most appealing sample among the flour blends was W85AYD15 (with 85% wheat flour and 15% dehydrated aerial yam flour) even though samples W50AYS50 (with 50% wheat flour and 50% sun-dried aerial yam flour) and W50AYD50 (with 50% wheat flour and 50% dehydrated aerial yam flour) were more nutritious. Since the findings of this study showed that highly nutritious and functional flours can be produced by including aerial yam flour in flour blends, the industrial production of aerial yam flour will increase its economic value by improving utilisation and providing cheaper alternatives to wheat flour. Graphical Abstract
EFFECTS OF MICROBIAL STRAINS IN A SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION ON QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF SOYBEAN-HULL Ojochenemi Rebecca Egwumah, Rowland Monday-Ojo Kayode, Bukola Idowu Kayode, Aliyu Ndabokun Abdulkadir Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 2023 The by-product of soybean processing, soybean-hull, can have its fibre broken down by solid-state fermentation to improve digestibility and nutrient absorption. This research investigated the impacts of microbial strains in a solid-state fermentation on quality characteristics of soybean-hull. Soybean-hull was inoculated with a mono-culture of fungal (Aspergillus oryzae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and bacterial species (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum) while unfermented soybean-hull served as control at (27±2oC) for 0hour, 24hours, 48hours and 72hours. At 24hours of fermentation, pH ranged from 6.17-6.42. TSS decreased significantly (p < 0.05) while TTA gradually increased in all samples. Soybean-hull with L plantarum at 24hours of fermentation had the highest value of iron (3.18 mg/l). Ca:P interactions were influenced, as there was an increase from 0.15 in the control to 3.45 in L. plantarum at 72hours. The protein (4.98-22.42%), lipid (3.58-21.04%), moisture (7.07-8.23%) increased significantly (P < 0.05) while carbohydrate (36.29-26.04%) and fibre (60.32-15.97%) decreased as fermentation progresses. Phytate and trypsin inhibitors reduced significantly. Fibre fractions of the fermented substrate decreased except NDS which increased. This study revealed that fermented soybean-hulls innoculated with Bacillus substilis and Aspergillus oryzae at 72hours offers better nutritional values and could be adopted as a new nutrient source.
Sexual dimorphism in growth traits and carcass characteristics in the Nigerian Fulani Ecotype chicken American Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 2011
Physico-chemical analysis and nutrient retention of mixed-culture fungal fermented mango (Mangifera indica) kernel cake in cockerels African Journal of Biotechnology, 2010
Physicochemical and proximate composition of mango (Mangifera indica) kernel cake fermented with mono-culture of fungal isolates obtained from naturally decomposed mango kernel Life Science Journal, 2008
Proximate and microbial analyses of burukutu and pito produced in Ilorin, Nigeria African Journal of Biotechnology, 2007
Response of cockerel chicks to diets containing ackee apple (Blighia sapida) seed meal Tropical Agriculture, 2007
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Response surface modeling and optimization of extraction time, temperature, and cashew nut-to-water ratio for cashew nut milk extraction VE Edem, RMO Kayode, OA Abiodun, BO Olofintoye, AI Elijah Ceylon Journal of Science 55 (2) , 2026 2026
Bio-fortification of sorghum-based instant gruel (ogi) with carrots for improved complementary feeding RMO Kayode, MS Adegun, VA Joshua, SO Olabanji, CT Gbadebo, ... Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 1-13 , 2026 2026
Proximate composition, fiber fractions, techno-functional and pasting properties of wheat and African palmyra palm shoot composite flours and acceptability of their developed … RMO Kayode, BR Ajibade, SA Akeem, IB Kayode, O Ajibola, SA Yakubu, ... Discover Food 5 (1), 277 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Application of dried African giant burrowincg cricket (an underutilized insect) in pie production C Nwosu, RMO Kayode, IC Ozumba, OA Adejumo, BI Kayode Journal of Food Science and Technology 62 (5), 876-884 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Assessment of microbial quality of milk products (Wara and Nunu) sold in Ilorin. AY Adediji, JK Joseph, RMO Kayode 2024
Physico-chemical, textural and consumers’ acceptability of biscuits made from composite flour of wheat, fermented soybean-hull and date-pulp RMO Kayode, OR Egwumah, BI Kayode, VA Joshua Ceylon Journal of Science 53 (3) , 2024 2024 Citations: 3
Quality attributes of wheat and aerial yam composite flours and evaluation of biscuits from the flours RMO Kayode, AP Olowoseye, CN Chia, AB Adepeju, VA Joshua Food Science and Engineering, 172-186 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Quality evaluation of c hin-chin produced from aerial yam ( Dioscorea bulbifera ) and wheat flour blends RMO Kayode, CN Chia, BI Kayode, AP Olowoseye, VA Joshua Food Production, Processing and Nutrition 5 (1), 45 , 2023 2023 Citations: 10
Effects of microbial strains in a solid-state fermentation on quality attributes of soybean-Hull OR Egwumah, RMO Kayode, BI Kayode, AN Abdulkadir Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences 13 (2), e9876-e9876 , 2023 2023 Citations: 5
Effects of drying methods on nutrients and organoleptic properties of dried pawpaw chips RMO Kayode, VA Joshua, MO Oyetoro Croatian journal of food science and technology 15 (1), 8-15 , 2023 2023 Citations: 1
Quality and sensory attributes of composite herbal tea from Parquetina Nigrescens (Parquetina) and Cymbopogon Citratus (Lemongrass) VA Joshua, MS Sanusi, OA Abiodun, BI Kayode, SO Olabanji, ... Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 17 (3), 2730-2740 , 2023 2023 Citations: 11
Phytochemical screening and effects of Parquetina lemongrass herbal tea on haematological, serum biochemical and histological parameters in wistar rats V Joshua, R Kayode, M Sanusi, A Awoniyi, O Abiodun, B Kayode AlQalam Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences, 103-118 , 2022 2022 Citations: 5
Chemical and microbial properties of kiln-smoked catfish in selected locations in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria OA Abiodun, A Ojo, RMO Kayode, VE Edem, MO Shittu, ZA Opaleye, ... Ife Journal of Science 23 (2), 83-94 , 2021 2021 Citations: 3
Microbiology and safety of Bambara groundnut seed and its food products RMO Kayode, OF Olagunju, BF Olanipekun, JA Adejuyitan, ET Otunola Food and Potential Industrial Applications of Bambara Groundnut, 189-207 , 2021 2021 Citations: 3
Morphology and physicochemical properties of starch isolated from frozen cassava root BI Kayode, RMO Kayode, KO Salami, AO Obilana, TT George, OE Dudu, ... Lwt 147, 111546 , 2021 2021 Citations: 32
Chemical, functional and physicochemical properties of flour from cassava stored under freezing BI Kayode, RMO Kayode, OA Abiodun, C Nwosu, OR Karim, SA Oyeyinka Journal of Stored Products Research 92, 101816 , 2021 2021 Citations: 16
Quality attributes of breads from high‐quality cassava flour improved with wet gluten OA Akintayo, SA Oyeyinka, AO Aziz, IF Olawuyi, RMO Kayode, OR Karim Journal of Food Science 85 (8), 2310-2316 , 2020 2020 Citations: 28
Characterization of wheat flour enriched with cashew apple ( Anacardium occidentale L.) fiber for cake production MO Adegunwa, BI Kayode, RMO Kayode, SA Akeem, AA Adebowale, ... Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 14 (4), 1998-2009 , 2020 2020 Citations: 51
Quality attributes of snack made from maize substituted with groundnut AO Dauda, RMO Kayode, KO Salami Ceylon Journal of Science 49 (1) , 2020 2020 Citations: 9
Effects of inclusion of processed grapefruit pulp on wheat flour biscuit R Monday, V Ephraim, N Julius, R Olaitan, B Idowu Journal of Food Technology 7 (1), 69-77 , 2020 2020 Citations: 4
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Proximate and microbial analyses of burukutu and pito produced in Ilorin, Nigeria OM Kolawole, RMO Kayode, B Akinduyo African Journal of Biotechnology 6 (5), 587 , 2007 2007 Citations: 126
Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Jatropha curcas plant against some selected microorganisms MO Arekemase, RMO Kayode, AE Ajiboye International Journal of Biology 3 (3), 52-59 , 2011 2011 Citations: 109
Evaluation of amino acid and fatty acid profiles of commercially cultivated oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju) grown on gmelina wood waste RMO Kayode, TF Olakulehin, BS Adedeji, O Ahmed, TH Aliyu, ... Nigerian Food Journal 33 (1), 18-21 , 2015 2015 Citations: 84
Physicochemical properties of stiff dough ‘amala’prepared from plantain (Musa Paradisca) flour and Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf powder O Karim, R Kayode, S Oyeyinka, A Oyeyinka Hrana u zdravlju i bolesti: znanstveno-stručni časopis za nutricionizam i … , 2015 2015 Citations: 78
Proximate, mineral and sensory qualities of ‘amala’prepared from yam flour fortified with moringa leaf powder OR Karim, RMO Kayode, SA Oyeyinka, AT Oyeyinka Food science and quality management 12 (7), 10-22 , 2013 2013 Citations: 66
Cytotoxicity and effect of extraction methods on the chemical composition of essential oils of Moringa oleifera seeds RMO Kayode, AJ Afolayan Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B 16 (8), 680-689 , 2015 2015 Citations: 61
Physicochemical and proximate composition of mango (Mangifera indica) kernel cake fermented with mono-culture of fungal isolates obtained from naturally decomposed mango kernel RMO Kayode, A Sani Life Science Journal 5 (4), 55-63 , 2008 2008 Citations: 58
Comparison of Organoleptic properties of egusi and efo riro soup blends produced with moringa and spinach leaves A Babayeju, C Gbadebo, M Obalowu, G Otunola, I Nmom, R Kayode, ... Food Sci. Qual. Manag 28, 15-18 , 2014 2014 Citations: 54
Characterization of wheat flour enriched with cashew apple ( Anacardium occidentale L.) fiber for cake production MO Adegunwa, BI Kayode, RMO Kayode, SA Akeem, AA Adebowale, ... Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 14 (4), 1998-2009 , 2020 2020 Citations: 51
Quality attributes of weevils (Callosobruchus maculatus) infested cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) products S Oyeyinka, A Oyeyinka, OR Karim, R Kayode, M Balogun, O Balogun Nigeria Journal of Agriculture, Food, and Environment 9 (3), 16-22 , 2013 2013 Citations: 51
Physicochemical properties of gari prepared from frozen cassava roots SA Oyeyinka, OI Ajayi, CT Gbadebo, RMO Kayode, OR Karim, ... Lwt 99, 594-599 , 2019 2019 Citations: 41
Microbiological and physicochemical qualities of selected commercial poultry feeds in Akure, Nigeria DJ Arotupin, RMO Kayode, KO Awojobi Journal of Biological Sciences 7 (6), 981-984 , 2007 2007 Citations: 41
Effect of graded levels of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on oxidative stability of raw or cooked pork patties AO Olorunsanya, EO Olorunsanya, SAO Bolu, CT Adejumobi, ... Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9 (5), 467-470 , 2010 2010 Citations: 37
Physicochemical properties of processed aerial yam (Dioscorea bulbifera) and sensory properties of paste (amala) prepared with cassava flour RM Kayode, OJ Buhari, SA Akeem, LO Otutu, TB Ajibola, SA Oyeyinka, ... Belihuloya, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka , 2017 2017 Citations: 35
Chemical composition and anti-microbial activities of the essential oil of Adansonia digitata stem-bark and leaf on post-harvest control of tomato spoilage RM Kayode, CU Azubuike, SA Laba, AO Dauda, MA Balogun, SA Ajala Lwt 93, 58-63 , 2018 2018 Citations: 34
Morphology and physicochemical properties of starch isolated from frozen cassava root BI Kayode, RMO Kayode, KO Salami, AO Obilana, TT George, OE Dudu, ... Lwt 147, 111546 , 2021 2021 Citations: 32
Comparative phytochemical analysis and use of some Nigerian spices S Akeem, J Joseph, R Kayode, F Kolawole Hrvatski časopis za prehrambenu tehnologiju, biotehnologiju i nutricionizam … , 2016 2016 Citations: 32
Effects of addition of different spices on the quality attributes of tiger-nut milk (kunun-aya) during storage RM Kayode, JK Joseph, MO Adegunwa, AO Dauda, SA Akeem, ... The Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences 7 (1), 1 , 2017 2017 Citations: 30
Quality attributes of breads from high‐quality cassava flour improved with wet gluten OA Akintayo, SA Oyeyinka, AO Aziz, IF Olawuyi, RMO Kayode, OR Karim Journal of Food Science 85 (8), 2310-2316 , 2020 2020 Citations: 28
Flour composition and physicochemical properties of white and yellow bitter yam (Dioscorea dumetorum) starches SA Oyeyinka, OF Adeleke, AO Dauda, OA Abiodun, RMO Kayode, ... Industrial Crops and Products 120, 135-139 , 2018 2018 Citations: 28