Rachel Nicole Lippert

Scopus Publications

Sex-specific changes in energy demand during the preplaque stage in a transgenic Alzheimer’s mouse model
Rongwan Sun, Leonie-Kim Zimbalski, Stefanie Schreyer, David Baidoe-Ansah, Aida Harutyunyan, Arnd Heuser, Rachel N. Lippert, Joachim Spranger, Knut Mai, Sebastian Brachs
Biology of Sex Differences, 2025
Background Cognitive deficits and brain glucose hypometabolism, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction are early pathological events in murine models and patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Data from our previous research indicate that transgenic mice of the APP23 line, a murine AD model, exhibited higher energy expenditure and mitochondrial dysregulation in the liver as early as 3 months of age, which is considered the preplaque stage. Since women have a higher risk and mortality rate for AD, with potential sex-specific confounders as longevity, biological, genetic, and social factors also needing to be considered, sex differences in energy metabolism in AD remain insufficiently investigated. Methods Here, we investigated sex-specific differences in mitochondrial respiration and metabolic profiles of 3–4-month-old, preplaque APP23 transgenic mice, in which we did not detect inflammatory signals and pathological amyloid-beta (Aß) plaques in brain or liver. Their mitochondrial respiration was assessed measuring oxygen consumption rates in isolated primary hepatocytes, stromal vascular cells (SVCs) and re-differentiated adipocytes. Furthermore, we analyzed energy balance, including food intake, locomotor activity, energy expenditure and fecal calorie loss. Results We observed an upregulation of hepatic mitochondrial respiration in preplaque APP23 females. Female-derived SVCs and differentiated adipocytes improved mitochondrial flexibility with palmitate loading in vitro, which was in line with decreased plasma triglycerides in preplaque APP23 females in vivo. However, no differences in mitochondrial respiration were detected in hepatocytes and re-differentiated adipocytes derived from male APP23 mice. Furthermore, we corroborated an increased mortality during the preplaque stage, particularly in females, which exhibited reduced hyperactivity and caloric intake before death compared to survivors. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that preplaque APP23 female mice have disequilibrated mitochondrial oxidation in hepatocytes and adipocytes as well as higher energy expenditure due to increased activity before AD manifestation. In contrast, male APP23 mice did not exhibit such metabolic changes. Constant excessive energy loss and limited calorie supply potentially contribute to the higher risk of mortality, especially in APP23 females during young adulthood. Plain english summary Alzheimer’s disease (AD) affects men and women differently, with women at higher risk and mortality. This study explored sex differences in energy metabolism using APP23 transgenic mice, a model of AD, at young age (3–4 months) - before pathological amyloid-beta (Aß) plaques develop in the brain and liver. Female APP23 mice showed increased mitochondrial activity in liver and fat cells, higher energy expenditure, and more movement while eating less. They also excreted more energy in their feces. Notably, female APP23 mice had a lower survival rate than males. Before death, they became less active and ate even less, suggesting an inability to maintain energy balance. These findings indicate that female APP23 mice experience excessive energy loss, which may contribute to early mortality. Understanding these sex-specific metabolic differences could provide new insights into AD progression and highlight the need for targeted treatments.
Maternal stressors disrupt mouse placental proteome and fetal brain development in a sex-specific fashion through inflammation and oxidative stress
Chiara Musillo, Maria Antonietta Ajmone-Cat, Roberta De Simone, Roberta Tassinari, Francesca Maranghi, Sabrina Tait, Marianna Samà, Letizia Giona, Eleonora M. Pieroni, Roberta Alessi, Thorsten Henning, Daniela Weber, Rachel N. Lippert, Maria Elena Pisanu, Mattea Chirico, Egidio Iorio, Federica Fratini, Alessandra Berry, Francesca Cirulli
Molecular Psychiatry, 2025
Adverse maternal conditions during pregnancy result in an increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders in the offspring, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We have recently shown that two distinct insults, prenatal stress (PNS) or maternal high-fat diet (mHFD), increase inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain of adolescent female mice. Here, we sought to investigate the early mechanisms underlying such effects, focusing on the placenta and fetal brain, as well as the protective effects of the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), in C57Bl6/N mice. We used a multi-disciplinary approach combining proteomic, metabolomic, lipidomic and histological analysis to characterize the structural and functional changes of the placenta; moreover, a targeted gene expression analysis was carried out in the brains of male and female fetuses to evaluate oxidative stress and inflammatory-related changes. Our data highlight comparable, but sex-specific, responses to the two maternal stressors, which target placenta and fetal brain, and are buffered by NAC administration. Placental function was specifically disrupted in males, with signaling pathways of cardio-metabolic risk emerging in this sex. By contrast, fetal brain was affected in females, with an increased expression of genes related to inflammation and oxidative stress. In conclusion, we provide evidence for an early origin of sex-dependent embedding of prenatal adverse experiences in different organs which might explain differential susceptibility to later disease trajectories.
Soft Drink Consumption and Depression Mediated by Gut Microbiome Alterations
Sharmili Edwin Thanarajah, Adèle H. Ribeiro, Jaehyun Lee, Nils R. Winter, Frederike Stein, Rachel N. Lippert, Ruth Hanssen, Carmen Schiweck, Leon Fehse, Mirjam Bloemendaal, Mareike Aichholzer, Aicha Bouzouina, Carmen Uckermark, Marius Welzel, Jonathan Repple, Silke Matura, Susanne Meinert, Corinna Bang, Andre Franke, Ramona Leenings, Maximilian Konowski, Jan Ernsting, Lukas Fisch, Carlotta Barkhau, Florian Thomas-Odenthal, Paula Usemann, Lea Teutenberg, Benjamin Straube, Nina Alexander, Hamidreza Jamalabadi, Igor Nenadić, Andreas Lügering, Robert Nitsch, Sarah Kittel-Schneider, John F. Cryan, Andreas Reif, Tilo Kircher, Dominik Heider, Udo Dannlowski, Tim Hahn
JAMA Psychiatry, 2025
Importance Soft drink consumption is linked to negative physical and mental health outcomes, but its association with major depressive disorder (MDD) and the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. Objective To examine the association between soft drink consumption and MDD diagnosis and severity and whether this association is mediated by changes in the gut microbiota, particularly Eggerthella and Hungatella abundance. Design, Setting, and Participants This multicenter cohort study was conducted in Germany using cross-sectional data from the Marburg-Münster Affective Cohort. Patients with MDD and healthy controls (aged 18-65 years) recruited from the general population and primary care between September 2014 and September 2018 were analyzed. Data analyses were conducted between May and December 2024. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary analyses included multivariable regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) models examining the association between soft drink consumption and MDD diagnosis and symptom severity, controlling for site and education, and Eggerthella and Hungatella abundance, controlling for site, education, and library size. Mediation analyses tested whether microbiota abundance mediated the soft drink–MDD link. Results A total of 405 patients with MDD (275 female patients [67.9%]; mean [SD] age, 36.37 [13.33] years) and 527 healthy controls (345 female controls [65.5%]; mean [SD] age, 35.33 [13.13] years) were included. Soft drink consumption predicted MDD diagnosis (odds ratio [OR], 1.081; 95% CI, 1.008-1.159; P = .03) and symptom severity ( P &amp;lt; .001; partial η 2 [ηp 2 ], 0.012; 95% CI, 0.004-0.035), with stronger effects in women (diagnosis: OR, 1.167; 95% CI, 1.054-1.292; P = .003; severity: P &amp;lt; .001; ηp 2 , 0.036; 95% CI, 0.011-0.062). In women, consumption was linked to increased Eggerthella ( P = .007; ηp 2 , 0.017; 95% CI, 0.0002-0.068), but not Hungatella abundance. Mediation analyses confirmed that Eggerthella significantly mediated the soft drink–MDD association (diagnosis: P = .011; severity: P = .005), explaining 3.82% and 5.00% of the effect, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, it was found that soft drink consumption may contribute to MDD through gut microbiota alterations, notably involving Eggerthella . Public health strategies to reduce soft drink intake may help mitigate depression risk, especially among vulnerable populations; in addition, interventions for depression targeting the microbiome composition appear promising.
Microglia mediate the early-life programming of adult glucose control
Martin Valdearcos, Emily R. McGrath, Stephen M. Brown Mayfield, Melissa G. Jacuinde, Andrew Folick, Rachel T. Cheang, Ruoyu Li, Tomas P. Bachor, Rachel N. Lippert, Allison W. Xu, Suneil K. Koliwad
Cell Reports, 2025
Glucose homeostasis is, in part, nutritionally programmed during early neonatal life, a critical window for synapse formation between hypothalamic glucoregulatory centers. Although microglia prune synapses throughout the brain, their role in refining hypothalamic glucoregulatory circuits remains unclear. Here, we show that the phagocytic activity of microglia in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is induced following birth, regresses upon weaning from maternal milk, and is exacerbated by feeding dams a high-fat diet while lactating. In addition to actively engulfing synapses, microglia are critical for refining perineuronal nets (PNNs) within the neonatal MBH. Remarkably, transiently depleting microglia before weaning (postnatal day [P]6-16) but not afterward (P21-31) induces glucose intolerance in adulthood due to impaired insulin responsiveness, which we link to PNN overabundance and reduced synaptic connectivity between hypothalamic glucoregulatory neurons and the pancreatic β cell compartment. Thus, microglia facilitate early-life synaptic plasticity in the MBH, including PNN refinement, to program hypothalamic circuits regulating adult glucose homeostasis.
DEP-1 is a brain insulin receptor phosphatase that prevents the simultaneous activation of counteracting metabolic pathways
Simran Chopra, Otsuware Linda-Josephine Kadiri, Jannis Ulke, Robert Hauffe, Wenke Jonas, Sahar Cheshmeh, Luisa Schmidt, Christopher A. Bishop, Selma Yagoub, Mareike Schell, Michaela Rath, Janine Krüger, Rachel N. Lippert, Marcus Krüger, Kai Kappert, André Kleinridders
Cell Reports, 2024
A healthy metabolism relies on precise regulation of anabolic and catabolic pathways. While insulin deficiency impairs anabolism, insulin resistance in obesity causes metabolic dysfunction, especially via altered brain insulin receptor (IR) activity. Density-enhanced phosphatase 1 (DEP-1) negatively modulates the IR in peripheral tissues. Our study shows that DEP-1 is an insulin-regulated gene, dysregulated in obesity, and uncovers its role in brain insulin signaling, impacting both anabolic and catabolic pathways. Neuro-2a cells lacking DEP-1 demonstrated heightened IR phosphorylation upon acute insulin stimulation. This coincided with simultaneous AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, which governs catabolic pathways, due to increased phospholipase C-gamma 1 signaling. These opposing pathways in male DEP-1 forebrain-specific knockout mice resulted in elevated lipolysis in white adipose tissue and fat oxidation in brown adipose tissue, with enhanced sympathetic activation and β-adrenergic receptor expression. In conclusion, DEP-1 deficiency causes the simultaneous activation of IR and AMPK signaling in the brain, with enhanced sympathetic activity in adipose tissues.
Acute elevated dietary fat alone is not sufficient to decrease AgRP projections in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in mice
Selma Yagoub, Robert A. Chesters, Jonathan Ott, Jiajie Zhu, Lídia Cantacorps, Katrin Ritter, Rachel N. Lippert
Scientific Reports, 2024
Within the brain, the connections between neurons are constantly changing in response to environmental stimuli. A prime environmental regulator of neuronal activity is diet, and previous work has highlighted changes in hypothalamic connections in response to diets high in dietary fat and elevated sucrose. We sought to determine if the change in hypothalamic neuronal connections was driven primarily by an elevation in dietary fat alone. Analysis was performed in both male and female animals. We measured Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neuropeptide and Synaptophysin markers in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) in response to an acute 48 h high fat diet challenge. Using two image analysis methods described in previous studies, an effect of a high fat diet on AgRP neuronal projections in the PVH of male or female mice was not identified. These results suggest that it may not be dietary fat alone that is responsible for the previously published alterations in hypothalamic connections. Future work should focus on deciphering the role of individual macronutrients on neuroanatomical and functional changes.
Fasting-induced activity changes in MC3R neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus
Robert A Chesters, Jiajie Zhu, Bethany M Coull, David Baidoe-Ansah, Lea Baumer, Lydia Palm, Niklas Klinghammer, Seve Chen, Anneke Hahm, Selma Yagoub, Lídia Cantacorps, Daniel Bernardi, Katrin Ritter, Rachel N Lippert
Life Science Alliance, 2024
The brain controls energy homeostasis by regulating food intake through signaling within the melanocortin system. Whilst we understand the role of the hypothalamus within this system, how extra-hypothalamic brain regions are involved in controlling energy balance remains unclear. Here we show that the melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) is expressed in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT). We tested whether fasting would change the activity of MC3R neurons in this region by assessing the levels of c-Fos and pCREB as neuronal activity markers. We determined that overnight fasting causes a significant reduction in pCREB levels within PVT-MC3R neurons. We then questioned whether perturbation of MC3R signaling, during fasting, would result in altered refeeding. Using chemogenetic approaches, we show that modulation of MC3R activity, during the fasting period, does not impact body weight regain or total food intake in the refeeding period. However, we did observe significant differences in the pattern of feeding-related behavior. These findings suggest that the PVT is a region where MC3R neurons respond to energy deprivation and modulate refeeding behavior.
Developmental metformin exposure does not rescue physiological impairments derived from early exposure to altered maternal metabolic state in offspring mice
Lídia Cantacorps, Jiajie Zhu, Selma Yagoub, Bethany M. Coull, Joanne Falck, Robert A. Chesters, Katrin Ritter, Miguel Serrano-Lope, Katharina Tscherepentschuk, Lea-Sophie Kasch, Maya Paterson, Paula Täger, David Baidoe-Ansah, Shuchita Pandey, Carla Igual-Gil, Annett Braune, Rachel N. Lippert
Molecular Metabolism, 2024
The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and metabolic disorders during pregnancy are increasing globally. This has resulted in increased use of therapeutic interventions such as metformin to aid in glycemic control during pregnancy. Even though metformin can cross the placental barrier, its impact on offspring brain development remains poorly understood. As metformin promotes AMPK signaling, which plays a key role in axonal growth during development, we hypothesized that it may have an impact on hypothalamic signaling and the formation of neuronal projections in the hypothalamus, the key regulator of energy homeostasis. We further hypothesized that this is dependent on the metabolic and nutritional status of the mother at the time of metformin intervention. Using mouse models of maternal overnutrition, we aimed to assess the effects of metformin exposure on offspring physiology and hypothalamic neuronal circuits during key periods of development. Female C57BL/6N mice received either a control diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy and lactation periods. A subset of dams was fed a HFD exclusively during the lactation. Anti-diabetic treatments were given during the first postnatal weeks. Body weights of male and female offspring were monitored daily until weaning. Circulating metabolic factors and molecular changes in the hypothalamus were assessed at postnatal day 16 using ELISA and Western Blot, respectively. Hypothalamic innervation was assessed by immunostaining at postnatal days 16 and 21. We identified alterations in weight gain and circulating hormones in male and female offspring induced by anti-diabetic treatment during the early postnatal period, which were critically dependent on the maternal metabolic state. Furthermore, hypothalamic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neuronal innervation outcomes in response to anti-diabetic treatment were also modulated by maternal metabolic state. We also identified sex-specific changes in hypothalamic AMPK signaling in response to metformin exposure. We demonstrate a unique interaction between anti-diabetic treatment and maternal metabolic state, resulting in sex-specific effects on offspring brain development and physiological outcomes. Overall, based on our findings, no positive effect of metformin intervention was observed in the offspring, despite ameliorating effects on maternal metabolic outcomes. In fact, the metabolic state of the mother drives the most dramatic differences in offspring physiology and metformin had no rescuing effect. Our results therefore highlight the need for a deeper understanding of how maternal metabolic state (excessive weight gain versus stable weight during GDM treatment) affects the developing offspring. Further, these results emphasize that the interventions to treat alterations in maternal metabolism during pregnancy need to be reassessed from the perspective of the offspring physiology.
Gut-derived peptide hormone receptor expression in the developing mouse hypothalamus
Lídia Cantacorps, Bethany M. Coull, Joanne Falck, Katrin Ritter, Rachel N. Lippert
Plos One, 2023
Objective In adult organisms, a number of receptors have been identified which modulate metabolic processes related to peptides derived from the intestinal tract. These receptors play significant roles in glucose homeostasis, food intake and energy balance. Here we assess these classical metabolic receptors and their expression as well as their potential role in early development of hypothalamic neuronal circuits. Methods Chow-fed C57BL6/N female mice were mated and hypothalamic tissue was collected from offspring across postnatal development (postnatal day 7–21). Subsequent qPCR and Western Blot analyses were used to determine mRNA and protein changes in gut-derived peptide hormone receptors. Correlations to body weight, blood glucose and circulating leptin levels were analyzed. Results We describe the gene expression and dynamic protein regulation of key gut-derived peptide hormone receptors in the early postnatal period of the mouse brain. Specifically, we show changes to Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR), glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R), and cholecystokinin receptor 2 (CCK2R) in the developing hypothalamus. The changes to GIPR and InsR seem to be strongly negatively correlated with body weight. Conclusions This comprehensive analysis underscores the need to understand the roles of maternal-derived circulating gut hormones and their direct effect on offspring brain development.
Mitochondrial stress-induced GFRAL signaling controls diurnal food intake and anxiety-like behavior
Carla Igual Gil, Bethany M Coull, Wenke Jonas, Rachel N Lippert, Susanne Klaus, Mario Ost
Life Science Alliance, 2022
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a mitochondrial stress-induced cytokine that modulates energy balance in an endocrine manner. However, the importance of its brainstem-restricted receptor GDNF family receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) to mediate endocrine GDF15 signaling to the brain upon mitochondrial dysfunction is still unknown. Using a mouse model with muscle-specific mitochondrial dysfunction, we here show that GFRAL is required for activation of systemic energy metabolism via daytime-restricted anorexia but not responsible for muscle wasting. We further find that muscle mitochondrial stress response involves a GFRAL-dependent induction of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone, without elevated corticosterone levels. Finally, we identify that GFRAL signaling governs an anxiety-like behavior in male mice with muscle mitochondrial dysfunction, with females showing a less robust GFRAL-dependent anxiety-like phenotype. Together, we here provide novel evidence of a mitochondrial stress-induced muscle–brain crosstalk via the GDF15-GFRAL axis to modulate food intake and anxiogenic behavior.
Organization of neural systems expressing melanocortin-3 receptors in the mouse brain: Evidence for sexual dimorphism
Michelle N. Bedenbaugh, Samantha C. Brener, Jose Maldonado, Rachel N. Lippert, Patrick Sweeney, Roger D. Cone, Richard B. Simerly
Journal of Comparative Neurology, 2022
Maternal Metabolic Programming of the Developing Central Nervous System: Unified Pathways to Metabolic and Psychiatric Disorders
Rachel N. Lippert, Jens C. Brüning
Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Insulin/IGF Signaling in Early Brain Development
Selma Yagoub, Rachel N. Lippert
Physiological Consequences of Brain Insulin Action, 2022
MC3R links nutritional state to childhood growth and the timing of puberty
B. Y. H. Lam, A. Williamson, S. Finer, F. R. Day, J. A. Tadross, A. Gonçalves Soares, K. Wade, P. Sweeney, M. N. Bedenbaugh, D. T. Porter, A. Melvin, K. L. J. Ellacott, R. N. Lippert, S. Buller, J. Rosmaninho-Salgado, G. K. C. Dowsett, K. E. Ridley, Z. Xu, I. Cimino, D. Rimmington, K. Rainbow, K. Duckett, S. Holmqvist, A. Khan, X. Dai, E. G. Bochukova, R. C. Trembath, H. C. Martin, A. P. Coll, D. H. Rowitch, N. J. Wareham, D. A. van Heel, N. Timpson, R. B. Simerly, K. K. Ong, R. D. Cone, C. Langenberg, J. R. B. Perry, G. S. Yeo, S. O’Rahilly, and
Nature, 2021
Maternal high-fat diet during lactation reprograms the dopaminergic circuitry in mice
R.N. Lippert, S. Hess, P. Klemm, L.M. Burgeno, T. Jahans-Price, M.E. Walton, P. Kloppenburg, J.C. Brüning
Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2020
Time-dependent assessment of stimulus-evoked regional dopamine release
Rachel N. Lippert, Anna Lena Cremer, Sharmili Edwin Thanarajah, Clio Korn, Thomas Jahans-Price, Lauren M. Burgeno, Marc Tittgemeyer, Jens C. Brüning, Mark E. Walton, Heiko Backes
Nature Communications, 2019
The Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Protein (FTO) Regulates Locomotor Responses to Novelty via D2R Medium Spiny Neurons
Johan Ruud, Jens Alber, Anna Tokarska, Linda Engström Ruud, Hendrik Nolte, Nasim Biglari, Rachel Lippert, Änne Lautenschlager, Przemysław E. Cieślak, Łukasz Szumiec, Martin E. Hess, Hella S. Brönneke, Marcus Krüger, Hans Nissbrandt, Tatiana Korotkova, Gilad Silberberg, Jan Rodriguez Parkitna, Jens C. Brüning
Cell Reports, 2019
Food Intake Recruits Orosensory and Post-ingestive Dopaminergic Circuits to Affect Eating Desire in Humans
Sharmili Edwin Thanarajah, Heiko Backes, Alexandra G. DiFeliceantonio, Kerstin Albus, Anna Lena Cremer, Ruth Hanssen, Rachel N. Lippert, Oliver A. Cornely, Dana M. Small, Jens C. Brüning, Marc Tittgemeyer
Cell Metabolism, 2019
Regulation of energy rheostasis by the melanocortin-3 receptor
Masoud Ghamari-Langroudi, Isin Cakir, Rachel N. Lippert, Patrick Sweeney, Michael J. Litt, Kate L. J. Ellacott, Roger D. Cone
Science Advances, 2018
Evidence for a novel functional role of astrocytes in the acute homeostatic response to high-fat diet intake in mice
Laura B. Buckman, Misty M. Thompson, Rachel N. Lippert, Timothy S. Blackwell, Fiona E. Yull, Kate L.J. Ellacott
Molecular Metabolism, 2015
Drosophila Muller F elements maintain a distinct set of genomic properties over 40 million years of evolution
Wilson Leung, Christopher D. Shaffer, Laura K. Reed, Sheryl T. Smith, William Barshop, William Dirkes, Matthew Dothager, Paul Lee, Jeannette Wong, David Xiong, Han Yuan, James E. J. Bedard, Joshua F. Machone, Seantay D. Patterson, Amber L. Price, Bryce A. Turner, Srebrenka Robic, Erin K. Luippold, Shannon R. McCartha, Tezin A. Walji, Chelsea A. Walker, Kenneth Saville, Marita K. Abrams, Andrew R. Armstrong, William Armstrong, Robert J. Bailey, Chelsea R. Barberi, Lauren R. Beck, Amanda L. Blaker, Christopher E. Blunden, Jordan P. Brand, Ethan J. Brock, Dana W. Brooks, Marie Brown, Sarah C. Butzler, Eric M. Clark, Nicole B. Clark, Ashley A. Collins, Rebecca J. Cotteleer, Peterson R. Cullimore, Seth G. Dawson, Carter T. Docking, Sasha L. Dorsett, Grace A. Dougherty, Kaitlyn A. Downey, Andrew P. Drake, Erica K. Earl, Trevor G. Floyd, Joshua D. Forsyth, Jonathan D. Foust, Spencer L. Franchi, James F. Geary, Cynthia K. Hanson, Taylor S. Harding, Cameron B. Harris, Jonathan M. Heckman, Heather L. Holderness, Nicole A. Howey, Dontae A. Jacobs, Elizabeth S. Jewell, Maria Kaisler, Elizabeth A. Karaska, James L. Kehoe, Hannah C. Koaches, Jessica Koehler, Dana Koenig, Alexander J. Kujawski, Jordan E. Kus, Jennifer A. Lammers, Rachel R. Leads, Emily C. Leatherman, Rachel N. Lippert, Gregory S. Messenger, Adam T. Morrow, Victoria Newcomb, Haley J. Plasman, Stephanie J. Potocny, Michelle K. Powers, Rachel M. Reem, Jonathan P. Rennhack, Katherine R. Reynolds, Lyndsey A. Reynolds, Dong K. Rhee, Allyson B. Rivard, Adam J. Ronk, Meghan B. Rooney, Lainey S. Rubin, Luke R. Salbert, Rasleen K. Saluja, Taylor Schauder, Allison R. Schneiter, Robert W. Schulz, Karl E. Smith, Sarah Spencer, Bryant R. Swanson, Melissa A. Tache, Ashley A. Tewilliager, Amanda K. Tilot, Eve VanEck, Matthew M. Villerot, Megan B. Vylonis, David T. Watson, Juliana A. Wurzler, Lauren M. Wysocki, Monica Yalamanchili, Matthew A. Zaborowicz, Julia A. Emerson, Carlos Ortiz, Frederic J. Deuschle, Lauren A. DiLorenzo, Katie L. Goeller, Christopher R. Macchi, Sarah E. Muller, Brittany D. Pasierb, Joseph E. Sable, Jessica M. Tucci, Marykathryn Tynon, David A. Dunbar, Levent H. Beken, Alaina C. Conturso, Benjamin L. Danner, Gabriella A. DeMichele, Justin A. Gonzales, Maureen S. Hammond, Colleen V. Kelley, Elisabeth A. Kelly, Danielle Kulich, Catherine M. Mageeney, Nikie L. McCabe, Alyssa M. Newman, Lindsay A. Spaeder, Richard A. Tumminello, Dennis Revie, Jonathon M. Benson, Michael C. Cristostomo, Paolo A. DaSilva, Katherine S. Harker, Jenifer N. Jarrell, Luis A. Jimenez, Brandon M. Katz, William R. Kennedy, Kimberly S. Kolibas, Mark T. LeBlanc, Trung T. Nguyen, Daniel S. Nicolas, Melissa D. Patao, Shane M. Patao, Bryan J. Rupley, Bridget J. Sessions, Jennifer A. Weaver, Anya L. Goodman, Erica L. Alvendia, Shana M. Baldassari, Ashley S. Brown, Ian O. Chase, Maida Chen, Scott Chiang, Avery B. Cromwell, Ashley F. Custer, Tia M. DiTommaso, Jad El-Adaimi, Nora C. Goscinski, Ryan A. Grove, Nestor Gutierrez, Raechel S. Harnoto, Heather Hedeen, Emily L. Hong, Barbara L. Hopkins, Vilma F. Huerta, Colin Khoshabian, Kristin M. LaForge, Cassidy T. Lee, Benjamin M. Lewis, Anniken M. Lydon, Brian J. Maniaci, Ryan D. Mitchell, Elaine V. Morlock, William M. Morris, Priyanka Naik, Nicole C. Olson, Jeannette M. Osterloh, Marcos A. Perez, Jonathan D. Presley, Matt J. Randazzo, Melanie K. Regan, Franca G. Rossi, Melanie A. Smith, Eugenia A. Soliterman, Ciani J. Sparks, Danny L. Tran, Tiffany Wan, Anne A. Welker, Jeremy N. Wong, Aparna Sreenivasan, Jim Youngblom, Andrew Adams, Justin Alldredge, Ashley Bryant, David Carranza, Alyssa Cifelli, Kevin Coulson, Calise Debow, Noelle Delacruz, Charlene Emerson, Cassandra Farrar, Don Foret, Edgar Garibay, John Gooch, Michelle Heslop, Sukhjit Kaur, Ambreen Khan, Van Kim, Travis Lamb, Peter Lindbeck, Gabi Lucas, Elizabeth Macias, Daniela Martiniuc, Lissett Mayorga, Joseph Medina, Nelson Membreno, Shady Messiah, Lacey Neufeld, San Francisco Nguyen, Zachary Nichols, George Odisho, Daymon Peterson, Laura Rodela, Priscilla Rodriguez, Vanessa Rodriguez, Jorge Ruiz, Will Sherrill, Valeria Silva, Jeri Sparks, Geeta Statton, Ashley Townsend, Isabel Valdez, Mary Waters, Kyle Westphal, Stacey Winkler, Joannee Zumkehr, Randall J. DeJong, Arlene J. Hoogewerf, Cheri M. Ackerman, Isaac O. Armistead, Lara Baatenburg, Matthew J. Borr, Lindsay K. Brouwer, Brandon J. Burkhart, Kelsey T. Bushhouse, Lejla Cesko, Tiffany Y. Y. Choi, Heather Cohen, Amanda M. Damsteegt, Jess M. Darusz, Cory M. Dauphin, Yelena P. Davis, Emily J. Diekema, Melissa Drewry, Michelle E. M. Eisen, Hayley M. Faber, Katherine J. Faber, Elizabeth Feenstra, Isabella T. Felzer-Kim, Brandy L. Hammond, Jesse Hendriksma, Milton R. Herrold, Julia A. Hilbrands, Emily J. Howell, Sarah A. Jelgerhuis, Timothy R. Jelsema, Benjamin K. Johnson, Kelly K. Jones, Anna Kim, Ross D. Kooienga, Erika E. Menyes, Eric A. Nollet, Brittany E. Plescher, Lindsay Rios, Jenny L. Rose, Allison J. Schepers, Geoff Scott, Joshua R. Smith, Allison M. Sterling, Jenna C. Tenney, Chris Uitvlugt, Rachel E. VanDyken, Marielle VanderVennen, Samantha Vue, Nighat P. Kokan, Kwabea Agbley, Sampson K. Boham, Daniel Broomfield, Kayla Chapman, Ali Dobbe, Ian Dobbe, William Harrington, Marwan Ibrahem, Andre Kennedy, Chad A. Koplinsky, Cassandra Kubricky, Danielle Ladzekpo, Claire Pattison, Roman E. Ramirez, Lucia Wande, Sarah Woehlke, Matthew Wawersik, Elizabeth Kiernan, Jeffrey S. Thompson, Roxanne Banker, Justina R. Bartling, Chinmoy I. Bhatiya, Anna L. Boudoures, Lena Christiansen, Daniel S. Fosselman, Kristin M. French, Ishwar S. Gill, Jessen T. Havill, Jaelyn L. Johnson, Lauren J. Keny, John M. Kerber, Bethany M. Klett, Christina N. Kufel, Francis J. May, Jonathan P. Mecoli, Callie R. Merry, Lauren R. Meyer, Emily G. Miller, Gregory J. Mullen, Katherine C. Palozola, Jacob J. Pfeil, Jessica G. Thomas, Evan M. Verbofsky, Eric P. Spana, Anant Agarwalla, Julia Chapman, Ben Chlebina, Insun Chong, I.N. Falk, John D. Fitzgibbons, Harrison Friedman, Osagie Ighile, Andrew J. Kim, Kristin A. Knouse, Faith Kung, Danny Mammo, Chun Leung Ng, Vinayak S. Nikam, Diana Norton, Philip Pham, Jessica W. Polk, Shreya Prasad, Helen Rankin, Camille D. Ratliff, Victoria Scala, Nicholas U. Schwartz, Jessica A. Shuen, Amy Xu, Thomas Q. Xu, Yi Zhang, Anne G. Rosenwald, Martin G. Burg, Stephanie J. Adams, Morgan Baker, Bobbi Botsford, Briana Brinkley, Carter Brown, Shadie Emiah, Erica Enoch, Chad Gier, Alyson Greenwell, Lindsay Hoogenboom, Jordan E. Matthews, Mitchell McDonald, Amanda Mercer, Nicholaus Monsma, Kristine Ostby, Alen Ramic, Devon Shallman, Matthew Simon, Eric Spencer, Trisha Tomkins, Pete Wendland, Anna Wylie, Michael J. Wolyniak, Gregory M. Robertson, Samuel I. Smith, Justin R. DiAngelo, Eric D. Sassu, Satish C. Bhalla, Karim A. Sharif, Tenzin Choeying, Jason S. Macias, Fareed Sanusi, Karvyn Torchon, April E. Bednarski, Consuelo J. Alvarez, Kristen C. Davis, Carrie A. Dunham, Alaina J. Grantham, Amber N. Hare, Jennifer Schottler, Zackary W. Scott, Gary A. Kuleck, Nicole S. Yu, Marian M. Kaehler, Jacob Jipp, Paul J. Overvoorde, Elizabeth Shoop, Olivia Cyrankowski, Betsy Hoover, Matt Kusner, Devry Lin, Tijana Martinov, Jonathan Misch, Garrett Salzman, Holly Schiedermayer, Michael Snavely, Stephanie Zarrasola, Susan Parrish, Atlee Baker, Alissa Beckett, Carissa Belella, Julie Bryant, Turner Conrad, Adam Fearnow, Carolina Gomez, Robert A. Herbstsomer, Sarah Hirsch, Christen Johnson, Melissa Jones, Rita Kabaso, Eric Lemmon, Carolina Marques dos Santos Vieira, Darryl McFarland, Christopher McLaughlin, Abbie Morgan, Sepo Musokotwane, William Neutzling, Jana Nietmann, Christina Paluskievicz, Jessica Penn, Emily Peoples, Caitlin Pozmanter, Emily Reed, Nichole Rigby, Lasse Schmidt, Micah Shelton, Rebecca Shuford, Tiara Tirasawasdichai, Blair Undem, Damian Urick, Kayla Vondy, Bryan Yarrington, Todd T. Eckdahl, Jeffrey L. Poet, Alica B. Allen, John E. Anderson, Jason M. Barnett, Jordan S. Baumgardner, Adam D. Brown, Jordan E. Carney, Ramiro A. Chavez, Shelbi L. Christgen, Jordan S. Christie, Andrea N. Clary, Michel A. Conn, Kristen M. Cooper, Matt J. Crowley, Samuel T. Crowley, Jennifer S. Doty, Brian A. Dow, Curtis R. Edwards, Darcie D. Elder, John P. Fanning, Bridget M. Janssen, Anthony K. Lambright, Curtiss E. Lane, Austin B. Limle, Tammy Mazur, Marly R. McCracken, Alexa M. McDonough, Amy D. Melton, Phillip J. Minnick, Adam E. Musick, William H. Newhart, Joseph W. Noynaert, Bradley J. Ogden, Michael W. Sandusky, Samantha M. Schmuecker, Anna L. Shipman, Anna L. Smith, Kristen M. Thomsen, Matthew R. Unzicker, William B. Vernon, Wesley W. Winn, Dustin S. Woyski, Xiao Zhu, Chunguang Du, Caitlin Ament, Soham Aso, Laura Simone Bisogno, Jason Caronna, Nadezhda Fefelova, Lenin Lopez, Lorraine Malkowitz, Jonathan Marra, Daniella Menillo, Ifeanyi Obiorah, Eric Nyabeta Onsarigo, Shekerah Primus, Mahdi Soos, Archana Tare, Ameer Zidan, Christopher J. Jones, Todd Aronhalt, James M. Bellush, Christa Burke, Steve DeFazio, Benjamin R. Does, Todd D. Johnson, Nicholas Keysock, Nelson H. Knudsen, James Messler, Kevin Myirski, Jade Lea Rekai, Ryan Michael Rempe, Michael S. Salgado, Erica Stagaard, Justin R. Starcher, Andrew W. Waggoner, Anastasia K. Yemelyanova, Amy T. Hark, Anne Bertolet, Cyrus E. Kuschner, Kesley Parry, Michael Quach, Lindsey Shantzer, Mary E. Shaw, Mary A. Smith, Omolara Glenn, Portia Mason, Charlotte Williams, S. Catherine Silver Key, Tyneshia C. P. Henry, Ashlee G. Johnson, Jackie X. White, Adam Haberman, Sam Asinof, Kelly Drumm, Trip Freeburg, Nadia Safa, Darrin Schultz, Yakov Shevin, Petros Svoronos, Tam Vuong, Jules Wellinghoff, Laura L. M. Hoopes, Kim M. Chau, Alyssa Ward, E. Gloria C. Regisford, LaJerald Augustine, Brionna Davis-Reyes, Vivienne Echendu, Jasmine Hales, Sharon Ibarra, Lauriaun Johnson, Steven Ovu, John M. Braverman, Thomas J. Bahr, Nicole M. Caesar, Christopher Campana, Daniel W. Cassidy, Peter A. Cognetti, Johnathan D. English, Matthew C. Fadus, Cameron N. Fick, Philip J. Freda, Bryan M. Hennessy, Kelsey Hockenberger, Jennifer K. Jones, Jessica E. King, Christopher R. Knob, Karen J. Kraftmann, Linghui Li, Lena N. Lupey, Carl J. Minniti, Thomas F. Minton, Joseph V. Moran, Krishna Mudumbi, Elizabeth C. Nordman, William J. Puetz, Lauren M. Robinson, Thomas J. Rose, Edward P. Sweeney, Ashley S. Timko, Don W. Paetkau, Heather L. Eisler, Megan E. Aldrup, Jessica M. Bodenberg, Mara G. Cole, Kelly M. Deranek, Megan DeShetler, Rose M. Dowd, Alexandra K. Eckardt, Sharon C. Ehret, Jessica Fese, Amanda D. Garrett, Anna Kammrath, Michelle L. Kappes, Morgan R. Light, Anne C. Meier, Allison O’Rouke, Mallory Perella, Kimberley Ramsey, Jennifer R. Ramthun, Mary T. Reilly, Deirdre Robinett, Nadine L. Rossi, Mary Grace Schueler, Emma Shoemaker, Kristin M. Starkey, Ashley Vetor, Abby Vrable, Vidya Chandrasekaran, Christopher Beck, Kristen R. Hatfield, Douglas A. Herrick, Christopher B. Khoury, Charlotte Lea, Christopher A. Louie, Shannon M. Lowell, Thomas J. Reynolds, Jeanine Schibler, Alexandra H. Scoma, Maxwell T. Smith-Gee, Sarah Tuberty, Christopher D. Smith, Jane E. Lopilato, Jeanette Hauke, Jennifer A. Roecklein-Canfield, Maureen Corrielus, Hannah Gilman, Stephanie Intriago, Amanda Maffa, Sabya A. Rauf, Katrina Thistle, Melissa Trieu, Jenifer Winters, Bib Yang, Charles R. Hauser, Tariq Abusheikh, Yara Ashrawi, Pedro Benitez, Lauren R. Boudreaux, Megan Bourland, Miranda Chavez, Samantha Cruz, GiNell Elliott, Jesse R. Farek, Sarah Flohr, Amanda H. Flores, Chelsey Friedrichs, Zach Fusco, Zane Goodwin, Eric Helmreich, John Kiley, John Mark Knepper, Christine Langner, Megan Martinez, Carlos Mendoza, Monal Naik, Andrea Ochoa, Nicolas Ragland, England Raimey, Sunil Rathore, Evangelina Reza, Griffin Sadovsky, Marie-Isabelle B. Seydoux, Jonathan E. Smith, Anna K. Unruh, Vicente Velasquez, Matthew W. Wolski, Yuying Gosser, Shubha Govind, Nicole Clarke-Medley, Leslie Guadron, Dawn Lau, Alvin Lu, Cheryl Mazzeo, Mariam Meghdari, Simon Ng, Brad Pamnani, Olivia Plante, Yuki Kwan Wa Shum, Roy Song, Diana E. Johnson, Mai Abdelnabi, Alexi Archambault, Norma Chamma, Shailly Gaur, Deborah Hammett, Adrese Kandahari, Guzal Khayrullina, Sonali Kumar, Samantha Lawrence, Nigel Madden, Max Mandelbaum, Heather Milnthorp, Shiv Mohini, Roshni Patel, Sarah J. Peacock, Emily Perling, Amber Quintana, Michael Rahimi, Kristen Ramirez, Rishi Singhal, Corinne Weeks, Tiffany Wong, Aubree T. Gillis, Zachary D. Moore, Christopher D. Savell, Reece Watson, Stephanie F. Mel, Arjun A. Anilkumar, Paul Bilinski, Rostislav Castillo, Michael Closser, Nathalia M. Cruz, Tiffany Dai, Giancarlo F. Garbagnati, Lanor S. Horton, Dongyeon Kim, Joyce H. Lau, James Z. Liu, Sandy D. Mach, Thu A. Phan, Yi Ren, Kenneth E. Stapleton, Jean M. Strelitz, Ray Sunjed, Joyce Stamm, Morgan C. Anderson, Bethany Grace Bonifield, Daniel Coomes, Adam Dillman, Elaine J. Durchholz, Antoinette E. Fafara-Thompson, Meleah J. Gross, Amber M. Gygi, Lesley E. Jackson, Amy Johnson, Zuzana Kocsisova, Joshua L. Manghelli, Kylie McNeil, Michael Murillo, Kierstin L. Naylor, Jessica Neely, Emmy E. Ogawa, Ashley Rich, Anna Rogers, J. Devin Spencer, Kristina M. Stemler, Allison A. Throm, Matt Van Camp, Katie Weihbrecht, T. Aaron Wiles, Mallory A. Williams, Matthew Williams, Kyle Zoll, Cheryl Bailey, Leming Zhou, Darla M. Balthaser, Azita Bashiri, Mindy E. Bower, Kayla A. Florian, Nazanin Ghavam, Elizabeth S. Greiner-Sosanko, Helmet Karim, Victor W. Mullen, Carly E. Pelchen, Paul M. Yenerall, Jiayu Zhang, Michael R. Rubin, Suzette M. Arias-Mejias, Armando G. Bermudez-Capo, Gabriela V. Bernal-Vega, Mariela Colon-Vazquez, Arelys Flores-Vazquez, Mariela Gines-Rosario, Ivan G. Llavona-Cartagena, Javier O. Martinez-Rodriguez, Lionel Ortiz-Fuentes, Eliezer O. 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Morales-Caraballo, Saryleine Ortiz-DeChoudens, Patricia Ortiz-Ortiz, Hendrick Pagán-Torres, Diana Pérez-Afanador, Enid M. Quintana-Torres, Edwin G. Ramírez-Aponte, Carolina Riascos-Cuero, Michelle S. Rivera-Llovet, Ingrid T. Rivera-Pagán, Ramón E. Rivera-Vicéns, Fabiola Robles-Juarbe, Lorraine Rodríguez-Bonilla, Brian O. Rodríguez-Echevarría, Priscila M. Rodríguez-García, Abneris E. Rodríguez-Laboy, Susana Rodríguez-Santiago, Michael L. Rojas-Vargas, Eva N. Rubio-Marrero, Albeliz Santiago-Colón, Jorge L. Santiago-Ortiz, Carlos E. Santos-Ramos, Joseline Serrano-González, Alina M. Tamayo-Figueroa, Edna P. Tascón-Peñaranda, José L. Torres-Castillo, Nelson A. Valentín-Feliciano, Yashira M. Valentín-Feliciano, Nadyan M. Vargas-Barreto, Miguel Vélez-Vázquez, Luis R. Vilanova-Vélez, Cristina Zambrana-Echevarría, Christy MacKinnon, Hui-Min Chung, Chris Kay, Anthony Pinto, Olga R. Kopp, Joshua Burkhardt, Chris Harward, Robert Allen, Pavan Bhat, Jimmy Hsiang-Chun Chang, York Chen, Christopher Chesley, Dara Cohn, David DuPuis, Michael Fasano, Nicholas Fazzio, Katherine Gavinski, Heran Gebreyesus, Thomas Giarla, Marcus Gostelow, Rachel Greenstein, Hashini Gunasinghe, Casey Hanson, Amanda Hay, Tao Jian He, Katie Homa, Ruth Howe, Jeff Howenstein, Henry Huang, Aaditya Khatri, Young Lu Kim, Olivia Knowles, Sarah Kong, Rebecca Krock, Matt Kroll, Julia Kuhn, Matthew Kwong, Brandon Lee, Ryan Lee, Kevin Levine, Yedda Li, Bo Liu, Lucy Liu, Max Liu, Adam Lousararian, Jimmy Ma, Allyson Mallya, Charlie Manchee, Joseph Marcus, Stephen McDaniel, Michelle L. Miller, Jerome M. Molleston, Cristina Montero Diez, Patrick Ng, Natalie Ngai, Hien Nguyen, Andrew Nylander, Jason Pollack, Suchita Rastogi, Himabindu Reddy, Nathaniel Regenold, Jon Sarezky, Michael Schultz, Jien Shim, Tara Skorupa, Kenneth Smith, Sarah J. Spencer, Priya Srikanth, Gabriel Stancu, Andrew P. Stein, Marshall Strother, Lisa Sudmeier, Mengyang Sun, Varun Sundaram, Noor Tazudeen, Alan Tseng, Albert Tzeng, Rohit Venkat, Sandeep Venkataram, Leah Waldman, Tracy Wang, Hao Yang, Jack Y. Yu, Yin Zheng, Mary L. Preuss, Angelica Garcia, Matt Juergens, Robert W. Morris, Alexis A. Nagengast, Julie Azarewicz, Thomas J. Carr, Nicole Chichearo, Mike Colgan, Megan Donegan, Bob Gardner, Nik Kolba, Janice L. Krumm, Stacey Lytle, Laurell MacMillian, Mary Miller, Andrew Montgomery, Alysha Moretti, Brittney Offenbacker, Mike Polen, John Toth, John Woytanowski, Lisa Kadlec, Justin Crawford, Mary L. Spratt, Ashley L. Adams, Brianna K. Barnard, Martin N. Cheramie, Anne M. Eime, Kathryn L. Golden, Allyson P. Hawkins, Jessica E. Hill, Jessica A. Kampmeier, Cody D. Kern, Emily E. Magnuson, Ashley R. Miller, Cody M. Morrow, Julia C. Peairs, Gentry L. Pickett, Sarah A. Popelka, Alexis J. Scott, Emily J. Teepe, Katie A. TerMeer, Carmen A. Watchinski, Lucas A. Watson, Rachel E. Weber, Kate A. Woodard, Daron C. Barnard, Isaac Appiah, Michelle M. Giddens, Gerard P. McNeil, Adeola Adebayo, Kate Bagaeva, Justina Chinwong, Chrystel Dol, Eunice George, Kirk Haltaufderhyde, Joanna Haye, Manpreet Kaur, Max Semon, Dmitri Serjanov, Anika Toorie, Christopher Wilson, Nicole C. Riddle, Jeremy Buhler, Elaine R. Mardis, Sarah C. R. Elgin
G3 Genes Genomes Genetics, 2015
Gender-specific roles for the melanocortin-3 receptor in the regulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system in mice
Rachel N. Lippert, Kate L.J. Ellacott, Roger D. Cone
Endocrinology, 2014
Physiological roles of the melanocortin MC3 receptor
Benjamin J. Renquist, Rachel N. Lippert, Julien A. Sebag, Kate L.J. Ellacott, Roger D. Cone
European Journal of Pharmacology, 2011

Rachel Nicole Lippert

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