Information Security
CyberSecurity
Wireless Security
Cloud Computing Security
65
Scopus Publications
1789
Scholar Citations
21
Scholar h-index
42
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
BBAS: A blockchain-based authentication system for e-health with multi-factor authentication, access control, and post-quantum security Rabia Latif, Bello Musa Yakubu, Nor Shahida Mohd Jamail, Amir Mohamed Talib, Fahad Omar Alomary Scientific Reports, 2026 The rapid digitisation of healthcare services presents challenges in guaranteeing safe, scalable, and privacy-preserving access to sensitive medical information. This article presents BBAS, a blockchain-based authentication system for e-Health. BBAS incorporates a multi-factor authentication (MFA) framework that includes password hashing, one-time passwords (OTP), and biometric verification, with a hybrid access control model that combines role-based access control (RBAC) and attribute-based access control (ABAC). To guarantee enduring security, BBAS utilises post-quantum digital signatures (CRYSTALS-Dilithium) and exploits the InterPlanetary file system (IPFS) for off-chain data storage, assuring tamper-resistance and scalability. We implemented the system using solidity smart contracts on a permissioned Ethereum network and assessed via 500 authentication iterations. Results show BBAS outperforms benchmark models across all critical metrics: authentication success rate (ASR: 98.6%), latency (0.05 s), throughput (19,000 req/s), gas cost (35,000 gas/req), block confirmation time (10 s), and storage overhead (0.03 KB/record). Biometric error rates-false acceptance rate (FAR: 0.5%), false rejection rate (FRR: 1.2%), and equal error rate (EER: 0.85%)-are markedly decreased, therefore improving both security and usability. This research validates BBAS as a reliable, scalable, and quantum-resistant authentication framework for contemporary e-Health systems.
Blockchain based precision rice farming framework using deep learning techniques Zauwali Sabitu Paki, Bello Musa Yakubu, Souley Boukari, Rabia Latif, Nor Shahida Mohd Jamail, Abdulsalam Yau Gital, Suliman Mohamed Fati Discover Internet of Things, 2026 Food security is a critical issue, and rice is one of the world’s staple foods on which more than half of the world feeds. Its growing demand calls for sustainable agriculture methods that can meet present and future demands while tackling resource restrictions and climate change. Precision agriculture, or smart agriculture (SA), uses data analytics, sensors, drones, and machine learning (ML) algorithms to enhance agricultural techniques, minimise waste, and alleviate environmental effects. This study seeks to provide a safe framework (RiceBlock model) for precision rice farming integrating blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), and deep learning technologies. The framework proposes an IoT-enabled sensor network for real-time agricultural data collection, a blockchain for securing the collected data, and a deep learning-driven analytics model for rice yield prediction and automated decision-making. The proposed model demonstrated superior rice yield prediction accuracy against the state-of-the-art models in terms of R2 (0.97), RMSE (1.38), MAE (1.16), and NRMSE (0.04). It ensures data security, integrity, and resilience against known attacks and data manipulation.
Secured-FL: Blockchain-Based Defense against Adversarial Attacks on Federated Learning Models Bello Musa Yakubu, Nor Shahida Mohd Jamail, Rabia Latif, Seemab Latif Computers Materials and Continua, 2026 Federated Learning (FL) enables joint training over distributed devices without data exchange but is highly vulnerable to attacks by adversaries in the form of model poisoning and malicious update injection. This work proposes Secured-FL, a blockchain-based defensive framework that combines smart contract–based authentication, clustering-driven outlier elimination, and dynamic threshold adjustment to defend against adversarial attacks. The framework was implemented on a private Ethereum network with a Proof-of-Authority consensus algorithm to ensure tamper-resistant and auditable model updates. Large-scale simulation on the Cyber Data dataset, under up to 50% malicious client settings, demonstrates Secured-FL achieves 6%–12% higher accuracy, 9%–15% lower latency, and approximately 14% less computational expense compared to the PPSS benchmark framework. Additional tests, including confusion matrices, ROC and Precision-Recall curves, and ablation tests, confirm the interpretability and robustness of the defense. Tests for scalability also show consistent performance up to 500 clients, affirming appropriateness to reasonably large deployments. These results make Secured-FL a feasible, adversarially resilient FL paradigm with promising potential for application in smart cities, medicine, and other mission-critical IoT deployments.
INVESTIGATION OF RADIOISOTOPES POPULATION DYNAMICS BY THE HELP OF MODELING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE HASIB KHAN, HADEEL BIN AMER, RABIA LATIF, WAFA F. ALFWZAN, RAJERMANI THINAKARAN Fractals, 2026 This paper investigates the alpha-decay chain reaction of Uranium-238 ([Formula: see text]) into Thorium-234 ([Formula: see text]) and Radium-226 ([Formula: see text]) through a combination of computational simulations and theoretical analysis. The study focuses on the role of varying Uranium-238 and decay constants on the final quantity. Results indicate that higher initial Uranium-238 quantities yield increased final quantities of both Thorium-234 and Radium-226, with decay constants significantly influencing the system’s behavior. A fixed-point technique is employed to ensure the existence of solutions, confirming the system’s stability and convergence to steady-state solutions. Additionally, the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques is discussed, highlighting their utility in optimizing decay models and improving computational efficiency. The integration of AI offers deeper insights into parameter optimization and outcome prediction for complex decay systems. These findings contribute to the understanding of radioactive decay dynamics and provide a framework for more advanced computational models in nuclear science, as a process innovation.
HIGHLIGHTING COMPLEX UNCERTAINTIES IN AN SIRS-INFECTION SPREADING SYSTEM ABDULWASEA ALKHAZZAN, HADEEL BIN AMER, RABIA LATIF, WAFA F. ALFWZAN, HASIB KHAN Fractals, 2026 This paper introduces a novel stochastic susceptible-infected-recovered-susceptible (SIRS) epidemic model tailored to study transportation-related infections. The model is analyzed both theoretically and computationally, offering new insights into the dynamics of disease spread in interconnected urban environments. Theoretically, we employ a Lyapunov function to establish the existence of a global positive solution and demonstrate that the solution is stochastically ultimately bounded (SUB) and stochastically permanent. Additionally, we derive a crucial sufficient condition to determine when the infectious disease may die out in the two cities under study. In the numerical analysis, we implement two distinct computational methods: the stochastic Euler–Maruyama (SEM) method and the stochastic nonstandard finite difference (SNSFD) method, to validate the theoretical findings of the studied model. When comparing the two numerical methods, our results show that the SNSFD method outperforms the SEM method in preserving key dynamic characteristics, such as positivity, boundedness, and stability, especially for larger temporal step sizes. This comparative analysis highlights the robustness and efficiency of the SNSFD scheme in handling complex stochastic epidemic models. The findings are illustrated with clear and detailed graphs, providing an accessible understanding of the model’s behavior under various parameter configurations. This work contributes to the field by combining theoretical rigor with innovative computational techniques, offering a comprehensive framework for studying transportation-related infectious diseases.
Whisper in Focus: Parameter-Efficient Stuttering Disfluency Classification Huma Ameer, Mehwish Fatima, Esam Mohammed Asem Othman, Sana Mukhtar, Nor Shahida Mohd Jamail, Rabia Latif, Seemab Latif IEEE Access, 2026 Stuttering disfluency classification remains a complex challenge in speech processing due to the high variability of disfluency patterns. Transformer-based models such as Wav2Vec2.0 have demonstrated promising results but struggle with generalization across diverse speakers and incur substantial computational costs. In this study, we present a parameter-efficient adaptation of Whisper, an encoder-decoder transformer trained on 680,000 hours of labeled speech-text pairs, for automatic classification of stuttering disfluencies. We introduce three key contributions: (1) a refined SEP-28k dataset with improved quality and speaker diversity, (2) novel layer-freezing strategies within Whisper’s encoder to balance task-specific learning and computational efficiency, and (3) extensive evaluation on the FluencyBank dataset to assess model generalizability. Our experimental results show that Whisper achieves a weighted F1-score of 0.812, outperforming Wav2Vec2.0 and HuBERT while reducing trainable parameters by 46% and training time by 37%. Analysis reveals that deeper encoder layers encode critical task-specific representations necessary for robust disfluency detection.
ZenGuard a machine learning based zero trust framework for context aware threat mitigation using SIEM SOAR and UEBA Aamina Hassan, Abdul Rauf, Narmeen Shafqat, Rabia Latif, Hasib Khan Scientific Reports, 2025 Perimeter-based security models, which rely on predefined network boundaries, are increasingly ineffective against modern threats such as insider misuse, supply chain attacks, and Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs). Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) offers a more resilient approach by enforcing continuous verification of users, devices, and activity. While SIEM (Security Information and Event Management) and SOAR (Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response) platforms are widely adopted and play a critical role in monitoring and response, they often operate with static rules and limited behavioral context, making it challenging to fully implement ZTA principles. ZenGuard addresses these operational gaps by introducing context-aware, real-time, and adaptive enforcement capabilities. This paper introduces ZenGuard, an open-source framework that integrates ZTA, SIEM, SOAR, and User and Entity Behavior Analytics (UEBA) into a unified, vendor-independent platform. ZenGuard employs Python-based automation and interpretable machine learning models to detect behavioral anomalies and trigger adaptive responses across identity, device, and network layers. We evaluate ZenGuard using real-world Security Operation Center (SOC) telemetry from enterprise environments to validate overall threat detection and response, demonstrating a Mean Time to Respond (MTTR) under 10 seconds in cases such as privilege escalation, lateral movement and data exfiltration. Furthermore, UEBA accuracy was assessed on synthetic behavioral datasets that emulate diverse threats that are not consistently observable in live environments. In essence, ZenGuard supports Zero Trust principles as defined by NIST SP 800-207 and ISO/IEC 27001 controls, offering a practical, explainable, and scalable approach to modern cybersecurity automation.
AI-Based Deep Learning of the Water Cycle System and Its Effects on Climate Change Hasib Khan, Wafa F. Alfwzan, Rabia Latif, Jehad Alzabut, Rajermani Thinakaran Fractal and Fractional, 2025 This study combines artificial intelligence (AI) with mathematical modeling to improve the forecasting of the water cycle mechanism. The proposed model simulates the development of global temperature, precipitation, and water availability, integrating key climate parameters that control these dynamics. Using a system of fractional-order differential equations in the fractal–fractional sense of derivatives, the model captures interactions between solar radiation, the greenhouse effect, evaporation, and runoff. The deep learning framework is trained on extensive climate datasets, allowing it to refine predictions and identify complex patterns within the water cycle. By applying AI techniques alongside mathematical modeling, this procedure provides valuable insights into climate change and water resource administration. The model’s predictions can contribute to assessing future climate states, optimizing environmental policies, and designing sustainable water management strategies. Furthermore, the hybrid methodology improves decision-making by offering data-driven solutions for climate adaptation. The findings illustrate the effectiveness of AI-driven models in addressing global climate challenges with improved precision.
From Packets to Semantics: Transformer-Driven Privacy-Preserving ETA for OTT App Classification Aamina Hassan, Abdul Rauf, Rabia Latif, Ahmed Iftikhar Baig, Hélène Kanso IEEE Access, 2025 The rapid adoption of TLS 1.3, QUIC, and Encrypted Client Hello (ECH) has rendered traditional Deep Packet Inspection ineffective, motivating a new generation of encrypted traffic analysis (ETA) methods that operate without decryption. This paper advances the state of the art in Over-the-Top (OTT) application classification by introducing a unified framework that models packet bytes and Inter-arrival timing as byte–time sequences. Within this framework, we conduct a controlled and reproducible comparison between a Bi Directional Transformer-based encoder (BERT) and a recurrent Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model eliminating variations in preprocessing, training, and evaluation to ensure methodological parity. Comprehensive class-wise metrics and learning curves demonstrate the superiority of self-attention architectures in learning encrypted flow dynamics. On ISCXVPN2016, the Transformer achieves 99.65% accuracy and 99.28% recall, outperforming published baselines by up to 2.15 percentage points. On CSTNET (50 traffic types), it improves macro-F1 by 15.1 points over the LSTM, with notable gains for challenging classes (e.g., <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gitlab.com</i>: 0.979 vs. 0.6075 F1). These results establish Transformer encoders as a robust and generalizable foundation for privacy-preserving traffic analytics, network policy enforcement, and Security Operations Center (SOC) automation in fully encrypted environments. Unlike earlier Transformer-based ETA studies, our findings stem from the first rigorously controlled, like-for-like comparison against an LSTM model, highlighting the true architectural gains of self-attention.
Location Privacy Issues in Location-Based Services Manal AlShalaan, Reem AlSubaie, Rabia Latif Proceedings 2022 5th International Conference of Women in Data Science at Prince Sultan University Wids Psu 2022, 2022
Social Media Privacy Issues, Threats, and Risks Gahadh Faisal AlMudahi, Lama Khalid AlSwayeh, Sara Ahmed AlAnsary, Rabia Latif Proceedings 2022 5th International Conference of Women in Data Science at Prince Sultan University Wids Psu 2022, 2022
From Transformers to Reformers Nauman Riaz, Seemab Latif, Rabia Latif 2021 International Conference on Digital Futures and Transformative Technologies Icodt2 2021, 2021
Whisper in Focus: Parameter-Efficient Stuttering Disfluency Classification H Ameer, M Fatima, EMA Othman, S Mukhtar, NSM Jamail, R Latif, S Latif IEEE Access , 2026 2026
LMS-Whisper: Efficient Lightweight Whisper for Multi-Stutter Speech Classification H Ameer, M Fatima, R Latif, S Latif ICASSP 2026-2026 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and … , 2026 2026
INVESTIGATION OF RADIOISOTOPES POPULATION DYNAMICS BY THE HELP OF MODELING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE H Khan, HB Amer, R Latif, WF Alfwzan, R Thinakaran Fractals, 2640035 , 2026 2026
Highlighting Complex Uncertainties in an Sirs-Infection Spreading System A Alkhazzan, HB Amer, R Latif, WF Alfwzan, H Khan Fractals, 2640004 , 2026 2026
BBAS: A blockchain-based authentication system for e-health with multi-factor authentication, access control, and post-quantum security R Latif, BM Yakubu, NSM Jamail, AM Talib, FO Alomary Scientific Reports , 2026 2026
Secured-FL: Blockchain-Based Defense against Adversarial Attacks on Federated Learning Models BM Yakubu, NSM Jamail, R Latif, S Latif Computers, Materials and Continua 86 (3) , 2026 2026
Cross‑domain recommendation framework for enhanced personalization through contrastive learning R Khan, N Iltaf, R Latif, NSM Jamail Journal of Supercomputing 82 (55) , 2026 2026
From Packets to Semantics: Transformer-Driven Privacy-Preserving ETA for OTT App Classification A Hassan, A Rauf, R Latif, AI Baig, H Kanso IEEE Access 13, 207694 - 207709 , 2025 2025
Blockchain based precision rice farming framework using deep learning techniques ZS Paki, BM Yakubu, S Boukari, R Latif, NSM Jamail, AY Gital, SM Fati Discover Internet of Things , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Secured-FL: Blockchain-Based Defense Against Adversarial Attacks on Federated Learning Models Bello Musa Yakubu, Nor Shahida Mohd Jamail, Rabia Latif, Seemab Latif CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua , 2025 2025
ZenGuard a machine learning based zero trust framework for context aware threat mitigation using SIEM SOAR and UEBA HK Aamina Hassan, Abdul Rauf, Narmeen Shafqat, Rabia Latif Scientific Reports 15 (35871) , 2025 2025 Citations: 10
Benchmark Dataset with Larger Context for Non-Factoid Question-Answering over Islamic Text RL Faiza Qamar, Seemab Latif, Nor Shahida Mohd Jamail Data Intelligence, 1-28 , 2025 2025 Citations: 11
Towards robust Urdu aspect-based sentiment analysis through weakly-supervised annotation framework Z Maqsood, S Latif, R Latif Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Natural Language and … , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Pseudo-Labeling with Large Language Models for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis in Urdu RL Zoya Maqsood Alam, Seemab Latif Data Intelligence , 2025 2025
AI-based deep learning of the water cycle system and its effects on climate change H Khan, WF Alfwzan, R Latif, J Alzabut, R Thinakaran Fractal and Fractional 9 (6), 361 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Contrastive Learning based CrossDomain Recommendation via User Convergence R Khan, N Iltaf, R Latif, U Zia, NSM Jamail 2025
Efficient text style transfer through robust masked language model and iterative inference OS Khan, N Iltaf, U Zia, R Latif, NSM Jamail IEEE Access 12, 182353-182373 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Cross-lingual news event correlation for stock market trend prediction S Arshad, N Azhar, S Sajid, S Latif, R Latif arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.00024 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Dual Modality Reverse Reranking (DM-RR) Based Image Retrieval Framework I Ahmed, N Iltaf, R Latif, NSM Jamail, Z Khan IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society 5, 886-897 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Optimizing Multi-Stuttered Speech Classification: Leveraging Whisper's Encoder for Efficient Parameter Reduction in Automated Assessment H Ameer, S Latif, M Fatima arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.05784 , 2024 2024 Citations: 5
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Cloud computing risk assessment: a systematic literature review R Latif, H Abbas, S Assar, Q Ali Future information technology, 285-295 , 2014 2014 Citations: 177
Behavioral based insider threat detection using deep learning R Nasir, M Afzal, R Latif, W Iqbal IEEE access 9, 143266-143274 , 2021 2021 Citations: 157
Malicious insider attack detection in IoTs using data analytics AY Khan, R Latif, S Latif, S Tahir, G Batool, T Saba IEEE Access 8, 11743-11753 , 2019 2019 Citations: 141
Malicious insiders attack in IoT based Multi-Cloud e-Healthcare environment: A Systematic Literature Review A Ahmed, R Latif, S Latif, H Abbas, FA Khan Multimedia Tools and Applications 77 (17), 21947-21965 , 2018 2018 Citations: 100
Effects of amlodipine on serum testosterone, testicular weight and gonado-somatic index in adult rats R Latif, GM Lodhi, M Aslam J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 20 (4), 8-10 , 2008 2008 Citations: 84
Web scraping for data analytics: A beautifulsoup implementation A Abodayeh, R Hejazi, W Najjar, L Shihadeh, R Latif 2023 sixth international conference of women in data science at prince … , 2023 2023 Citations: 79
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attack in Cloud- Assisted Wireless Body Area Networks: A Systematic Literature Review R Latif, H Abbas, S Assar Journal of medical systems 38 (11), 128 , 2014 2014 Citations: 75
RiceChain: secure and traceable rice supply chain framework using blockchain technology BM Yakubu, R Latif, A Yakubu, MI Khan, AI Magashi PeerJ Computer Science 8, e801 , 2022 2022 Citations: 67
Suspicious activity recognition using proposed deep L4-branched-ActionNet with entropy coded ant colony system optimization T Saba, A Rehman, R Latif, SM Fati, M Raza, M Sharif IEEE Access 9, 89181-89197 , 2021 2021 Citations: 66
A survey of blockchain technology: Architecture, applied domains, platforms, and security threats A Altaf, F Iqbal, R Latif, BM Yakubu, S Latif, H Samiullah Social Science Computer Review 41 (5), 1941-1962 , 2023 2023 Citations: 55
Analyzing LDA and NMF topic models for Urdu tweets via automatic labeling S Latif, F Shafait, R Latif IEEE Access 9, 127531-127547 , 2021 2021 Citations: 52
Effect of visfatin on testicular steroidogenesis in purified Leydig cells W Hameed, I Yousaf, R Latif, M Aslam Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad 24 (3-4), 62-64 , 2012 2012 Citations: 44
Enterprise architecture frameworks assessment: capabilities, cyber security and resiliency review HF Al-Turkistani, S Aldobaian, R Latif 2021 1st International conference on artificial intelligence and data … , 2021 2021 Citations: 37
ConTrust: A novel context-dependent trust management model in social Internet of Things R Latif IEEE Access 10, 46526-46537 , 2022 2022 Citations: 35
EVFDT: An Enhanced Very Fast Decision Tree Algorithm for Detecting Distributed Denial of Service Attack in Cloud‐Assisted Wireless Body Area Network R Latif, H Abbas, S Latif, A Masood Mobile Information Systems 2015 (1), 260594 , 2015 2015 Citations: 33
A novel trust management model for edge computing R Latif, MU Ahmed, S Tahir, S Latif, W Iqbal, A Ahmad Complex & Intelligent Systems 8 (5), 3747-3763 , 2022 2022 Citations: 31
Hardware-based random number generation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) R Latif, M Hussain International Conference on Information Security and Assurance, 732-740 , 2009 2009 Citations: 31
Machine learning for post‐traumatic stress disorder identification utilizing resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging T Saba, A Rehman, MN Shahzad, R Latif, SA Bahaj, J Alyami Microscopy Research and Technique 85 (6), 2083-2094 , 2022 2022 Citations: 25
T-smart: trust model for blockchain based smart marketplace M Waleed, R Latif, BM Yakubu, MI Khan, S Latif Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 16 (6), 2405 … , 2021 2021 Citations: 24
Wheat plant counting using UAV images based on semi-supervised semantic segmentation H Mukhtar, MZ Khan, MUG Khan, T Saba, R Latif 2021 1st International conference on artificial intelligence and data … , 2021 2021 Citations: 23
Publications
Amman Durrani, Seemab Latif, Rabia Latif, Haider Abbas,"Detection of Denial of Service (DoS) Attack in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks: A Systematic Literature Review", Ad Hoc & Sensor Wireless Networks, 2017.
Nazish Yaqoob, Seemab Latif, Rabia Latif, Haider Adaptive Rule based Approach to Resolve Real Time VoIP Wholesale Billing Dispute", Customization of Software Engineering Principles for Rapid Mobile Application Development, Journal of Information Science and Engineering, 2017.