Clitic climbing across Italy: Variation, optionality, and the role of bilectalism Anna Cardinaletti, Giuliana Giusti, Gianluca E. Lebani Linguistic Variation, 2026 This study discusses clitic placement in restructuring contexts in Italian and the Italo-Romance dialects spoken in Italy. The data come from AIS map 1086 and a judgement task experiment conducted on bilectal speakers of Italian and the dialect at six representative points in the Italian territory. The variation between clitic climbing and enclisis turns out to be much more complex than previous literature has suggested. The two clitic positions are available to all varieties, but at different rates and with different degrees of optionality. Optionality can be analysed as a function of language dominance in an intricate fashion.
On (in)definite ART in Italian and Italo-Romance varieties Giuliana Giusti Intercultural Pragmatics, 2025 This paper addresses the challenging nature of definiteness and indefiniteness, focusing on several non-canonical interpretations of the definite article (ART) in Italian. The core objective is to demonstrate that so-called “indefinite definites” should be unified with canonical indefinites, rather than being grouped with other non-canonical uses like “weak definites” (WDs) or “reference to kind”. Using cross-Romance diagnostics, the paper shows that ART-indefinites—which are exclusive to Italian—are fundamentally different from WDs, which are attested cross-linguistically. Unlike WDs, which often involve singular count nouns, are lexically marked, and sensitive to modification restrictions, ART-indefinites are restricted to mass and plural count nouns and appear broadly in verb-object combinations without modification restrictions. Structurally, ART-indefinites are unified with bare nouns and partitive determiners (di+ART), forming four possible indefinite nominal expressions in Italian. This variation is analysed as resulting from the overt or covert realisation of the indefinite operator (di/ de) in SpecDP and nominal features (ART) in D. Analysis of informal Italian and Italo-Romance varieties confirms that ART-indefinites correlate with weak indefinites and compete with bare nouns. Ultimately, the study supports the hypothesis that the so-called “definite article” in Italian realises nominal features (gender, number, and abstract Case) at the morphosyntactic level, implying that its semantic interpretations are often independent of it.
Determiners Giuliana Giusti Manual of Romance Word Classes, 2024 This chapter introduces the reader to the intricate syntax and semantics of determiners highlighting common properties and dimensions of variation across Romance languages, with particular attention to Ibero-Romance (Catalan, Brazilian and European Portuguese, and Spanish), French, Italian, and Romanian and some of their regional dialects. It focuses on definite and indefinite articles, including null articles in so-called ‘bare’ nouns, as well as demonstratives and possessives. It claims that their grammatical status cannot be unified under a single category. It deals with the mandatory, optional, or impossible co-occurrence of these elements, the position they take with respect to one another and the other elements of the nominal expression, that is the noun, adjectival modifiers, and prepositional or genitival complements. It describes the major semantic ambiguity displayed by definite and indefinite articles. It presents the different positions and forms of demonstratives and possessives. In doing so, it provides language-specific diagnostics to distinguish strong, weak and clitic forms that are found across all types of determiners.
Quantifiers Giuliana Giusti, Anna Cardinaletti Manual of Romance Word Classes, 2024 The chapter focuses on those quantity words that combine with a nominal expression. It distinguishes three main classes: quantifiers proper, quantity adjectives, and semi-lexical quantity nouns. Quantifiers select a full nominal expression (DP) as their complement, which can be either definite or indefinite. Quantifiers like ‘all’ select a definite DP, which can appear separated from the quantifier in so-called ‘floating constructions’. Quantifiers like ‘some’ select an indefinite DP, which can be realised by the quantitative clitic en/ne in Catalan, French, and Italian and can occur with a partitive prepositional phrase. Quantity adjectives do not occur in floating or partitive constructions. Semi-lexical nouns require a determiner and combine with an indefinite DP in pseudo-partitive constructions.
On the property-denoting clitic ne and the determiner de/di: a comparative analysis of Catalan and Italian M.Teresa Espinal, Giuliana Giusti Linguistics, 2024 The clitic pronoun ne and the functional element de introducing nominal constituents have many nominal and prepositional functions across Romance languages. In this article, we focus on the nominal functions, singling out three different bundles of semantic features that characterize both ne and de. They can denote properties of individual entities, properties of kinds, or predicate properties. The article shows that Catalan ne and de display the three types of denotation, while Italian ne and de only display the first one. This article further supports the hypothesis that the indefinite determiner de can be overt or silent, thereby unifying de-phrases (and the Italian partitive article) with bare nouns. The analysis of de as an indefinite determiner is then extended to adjectival de, which is claimed to mark concord features on adjectives in both Catalan and Italian.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROMANIAN AND SOUTHERN ITALIAN UNTENSED FINITE CLAUSES , Anna Cardinaletti, Giuliana Giusti, and Revue Roumaine De Linguistique, 2023 The paper compares the Balkan phenomenon known as “infinitival loss” in two varieties of Romance that have not been in direct contact, i.e., Romanian and some southern Italian dialects. The aim is to investigate how the Romance clausal structure realizes a phenomenon that does not generally appear in Romance. We focus on two main properties: the fine structure of the complementizer field, with left-dislocated elements sandwiched between two overt complementizers, and that of the inflectional field, in which clitic pronouns and clausal negation adjoin to Tense and Mood, respectively. The differences between the two varieties of Romance are reduced to the different first-merge positions of the particles characterizing untensed finite clauses. Comparison with Romanian permits a better understanding of the southern Italian dialects, which show micro-variation and optionality in the position of complementizers and particles and the realization of negation.
Variation in the Occurrence and Interpretation of Articles in Malagasy: A Comparison with Italian Ileana Paul, Giuliana Giusti, Gianluca E. Lebani Languages, 2022 In languages that have a definite article but no indefinite article, the definite article typically maps to definites, and the bare noun maps to indefinites. We investigate this mapping in Malagasy, which imposes an additional restriction: bare nouns cannot be subjects. We ask whether the subject can be interpreted as indefinite, given the obligatory nature of the article. We also look at DPs in other positions (direct object, clefted subjects) to determine whether the mapping between form and meaning is one-to-one. To answer these questions, we administered an on-line questionnaire that presented participants with the choice of the article or the bare noun in the different positions (subject, object, cleft) in contexts that favoured an indefinite/novel interpretation. As predicted, the article was obligatory in subject position, but disfavoured in the object and cleft position. These results confirm current descriptions in the literature. We compare these results with a similar case of definite article in indefinite nominals found in Italian and propose that the article does not carry definiteness features (at least in these cases) but overtly marks (abstract) Case assignment on subjects, while it can remain silent on objects.
Indefinite determiners in two northern Italian dialects. A quantitative approach Gianluca E. Lebani, Giuliana Giusti Isogloss, 2022 Italian and Italian dialects express indefiniteness in different ways, among which with a null determiner (ZERO) like all other Romance languages, but also with the definite article (ART) unlike what is found in Romance. Italian and some northern Italian dialects also display the so-called “partitive determiner” DI+ART, which is present in French. Few northwestern Italian dialects display (bare) DI, parallel to French. We adopt Cardinaletti and Giusti’s (2015, 2016) unified analysis and build on Cardinaletti and Giusti’s (2018, 2020) hypothesis that the variation and optionality in the distribution of the four determiners in regional Italian mirror their distribution in Italian dialects along two isoglosses: the ART isogloss spreading from the center of Italy towards north-west and south-east; and the DI isogloss spreading from Piedmont eastwards. We conduct a quantitative analysis on the results of a questionnaire in Piacentino and Rodigino. We test the distribution of the four determiners with mass and count nouns in two dimensions: sentence type (positive vs. negative) and predicate type (telic vs. atelic). The results confirm the hypothesis that the complexity of the determiner is related to its distribution highlighting two hierarchies of contexts: NEG < POS and ATEL < TEL. It also confirms that Piacentino, located at the crossroads of the ART and DI isoglosses, has more optionality than Rodigino, located at their borders.
Theory-driven approaches and empirical advances: A protocol for Pseudo-Coordinations and Multiple Agreement Constructions in Italo-Romance Giuliana Giusti, Anna Cardinaletti Linguistik Aktuell, 2022 Italo-Romance varieties present at least three types of constructions that cluster together two verbs displaying double tense and double subject agreement and are taken as Pseudo-Coordinations (PseCos) or Multiple Agreement Constructions (MACs). In this paper, we follow Cardinaletti and Giusti’s (1998, 2001, 2003, 2020) hypotheses and claim that unification between the PseCos with a and the MACs with mu/mi/ma or ku in Southern Italian dialects is not viable. We adopt a diagnostic tool, which we call a protocol, that clusters the predictions of theory-driven analyses and apply it to the ‘take and’ construction, which is widespread across dialects and productive in Italian. In doing so, we discuss unobserved facts arising in the well-studied dialectal structures and make fine-grained observations about the less studied ‘take and’ PseCo in Italian.
Pseudo-Coordination and Multiple Agreement Constructions: An overview Giuliana Giusti, Vincenzo Nicolò Di Caro, Daniel Ross Linguistik Aktuell, 2022 This introductory chapter provides background on the phenomena of Pseudo-Coordination (PseCo) and Multiple Agreement Constructions (MACs) with the aim of familiarizing readers with major trends in previous research on these varied phenomena. Common structural and functional properties used to identify PseCo and MACs are described, along with a detailed discussion of the features that make crucial differences within each phenomenon in individual languages and cross-linguistically. We also observe interesting similarities between the two phenomena and across related and unrelated languages. We maintain a pre-theoretical view here that is compatible with the different approaches represented in the volume.
Introduction to LaGendA 2024 G Giusti, D Elmiger, F Marenghi, V Patti, G Zunino Linguistik online 144 (3), 3-11 , 2026 2026
Clitic climbing across Italy: Variation, optionality, and the role of bilectalism A Cardinaletti, G Giusti, GE Lebani Linguistic Variation 26 (1), 76-96 , 2026 2026 Citations: 4
A protocol for the Syntax of ‘Other’in Indefinite Nominal Expressions across Romance Languages L Brugè, G Giusti Syntax and Semantics. Other: Ambiguity, Constraints, an Change 45, 25-62 , 2025 2025
On (in) definite ART in Italian and Italo-Romance varieties G Giusti Intercultural Pragmatics 22 (3), 545-570 , 2025 2025
Consapevolezza linguistica come strumento di benessere individuale e sociale G Giusti QUADERNI DEL CONSIGLIO REGIONALE DELLE MARCHE 30 (447), 78-90 , 2025 2025
The cartography of quantity nouns in Italian A Cardinaletti, G Giusti The Ziggurat of Grammar: In honor of Ur Shlonsky, 279-302 , 2025 2025
The position of clitic pronouns in restructuring: diatopic and diachronic variation in Italo-Romance A Cardinaletti, G Giusti VERBUM 26 (1), 51-71 , 2025 2025
La posizione dei pronomi clitici nellaristrutturazione: variazione diatopicae diacronica in italo-romanzo C Anna, G Giuliana VERBUM: ANALECTA NEOLATINA 26 (1), 52-71 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
9 Quantifiers G Giusti, A Cardinaletti Manual of Romance Word Classes 36, 237 , 2024 2024
7 Determiners G Giusti Manual of Romance word classes 36, 177 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
On the property-denoting clitic ne and the determiner de/di : a comparative analysis of Catalan and Italian MT Espinal, G Giusti Linguistics 62 (2), 457-489 , 2024 2024 Citations: 16
CHAPTER ONE THE EXPRESSION OF INDEFINITENESS IN ITALO-FERRARESE BILECTAL SPEAKERS: TRUE OPTIONALITY AND GRAMMATICAL HYBRIDITY C Procentese, GE Lebani, G Giusti, A Cardinaletti New approaches to multilingualism, language learning, and teaching, 12 , 2024 2024 Citations: 5
Indefiniteness and the clitics" lo" and" ne" in Italian M Teresa Espinal, G Giusti Buceando entre palabras: inmersiones en la gramática de la mano de Manuel … , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Lingua inclusiva e variazione linguistica AM De Cesare, G Giusti LIVVAL. LINGUAGGIO E VARIAZIONE| VARIATION IN LANGUAGEN 6, 3-18 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Lingua inclusiva: forme, funzioni, atteggiamenti e percezioni AM De Cesare, G Giusti Fondazione Università Ca'Foscari , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Districare gli stereotipi dal genere semantico in italiano. Un'indagine psicolinguistica M Ducoli, G Giusti, G Lebani LIVVAL. LINGUAGGIO E VARIAZIONE| VARIATION IN LANGUAGEN 6, 155-178 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Sviluppo della metacompetenza linguistica nell’insegnamento della L2 per il benessere delle persone e della società G Giusti STRUMENTI PER LA DIDATTICA E LA RICERCA 226, 97-110 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Three classes of quantity nouns in Italian A Cardinaletti, G Giusti Exploring Linguistic Landscapes. A Festschrift for Larisa Avram and Andrei … , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Language Attitudes and Bi (dia) lectal Competence G Giusti, P Mura, C Procentese LIVVAL. LINGUAGGIO E VARIAZIONE| VARIATION IN LANGUAGEN 4, 1-336 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Tra maschile “non marcato” e schwa. Riflessioni sul riferimento inclusivo in italiano G Giusti MicroMega, 7 , 2024 2024
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
The categorial status of determiners G Giusti The New Comparative Syntax , 1997 1997 Citations: 539
A Bare Phrase Structure Approach G Giusti Functional Structure in DP and IP 1, 54 , 2002 2002 Citations: 403
La Sintassi dei Determinanti G Giusti Unipress , 1993 1993 Citations: 275
The categorial status of quantified nominals G Giusti Linguistische Berichte 136, 438-454 , 1991 1991 Citations: 238
Partitive ne and the QP hypothesis. A case Study A Cardinaletti, G Giusti 1991 Citations: 224
Fragments of Balkan nominal structure M Dimitrova-Vulchanova, G Giusti Possessors, predicates and movement in the determiner phrase, 333-360 , 1998 1998 Citations: 214
“The Syntax of Quantified Phrases and Quantitative Clitics” A Cardinaletti, G Giusti Blackwell Companion to Syntax ed. by Martin Everaert 5, 23-93 , 2006 2006 Citations: 203
" Semi-lexical” motion verbs in Romance and A Cardinaletti, G Giusti Semi-lexical categories: The function of content words and the content of … , 2001 2001 Citations: 197
Is there a FocusP and a TopicP in the Noun Phrase structure? G Giusti Working Papers in Linguistics, 6.2, 1996, pp. 105-128 , 1996 1996 Citations: 192
Parallels in clausal and nominal periphery G Giusti Phases of interpretation, 163-184 , 2006 2006 Citations: 166
Enclitic articles and double definiteness: A comparative analysis of nominal structure in Romance and Germanic G Giusti Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 11 (3-4), 241-256 , 1994 1994 Citations: 153
Floating quantifiers, scrambling, and configurationality G Giusti Linguistic inquiry 21 (4), 633-641 , 1990 1990 Citations: 120
The Birth of a functional Category G Giusti Current Studies in Italian Syntax: Essays Offered to Lorenzo Renzi, 157 , 2001 2001 Citations: 111
Nominal syntax at the interfaces: A comparative analysis of languages with articles G Giusti Cambridge Scholars Publishing , 2015 2015 Citations: 105
At the left periphery of the Romanian noun phrase G Giusti On space and time in language, 23-49 , 2005 2005 Citations: 99
Motion verbs as functional heads A Cardinaletti, G Giusti The syntax of Italian dialects, 31-49 , 2003 2003 Citations: 98
Heads and modifiers among determiners: Evidence from Rumanian G Giusti Advances in Roumanian linguistics, 103-125 , 1995 1995 Citations: 93
A unified structural representation of (abstract) case and article: evidence from Germanic G Giusti Studies in comparative Germanic syntax, 77-93 , 1995 1995 Citations: 88
The syntax of the Italian indefinite determiner dei A Cardinaletti, G Giusti Lingua 181, 58-80 , 2016 2016 Citations: 86
Indefinite determiners: Variation and optionality in Italo-Romance A Cardinaletti, G Giusti Advances in Italian dialectology, 135-161 , 2018 2018 Citations: 79