Doctor of Medicine degree from the School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua
Residency in Internal Medicine at Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes, Germany
Fellowship in Nephrology at Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes, Germany
PhD in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad del Zulia, Venezuela
RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS
Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Medicine
53
Scopus Publications
578
Scholar Citations
12
Scholar h-index
13
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Timely diagnosis of emphysematous pyelitis by point-of-care ultrasound in an outpatient setting prevented infection spread: a case report and review of the literature Octavio J. Salgado, Angela M. Vidal, Abhilash Koratala, Zoila K. Salazar-Torres, Hermel M. Espinosa Journal of Medical Case Reports, 2025 BACKGROUND: Emphysematous pyelitis represents the initial stage of emphysematous pyelonephritis, a rare and potentially life-threatening necrotizing renal infection caused by gas-forming bacteria. Diabetes mellitus and/or lithiasis constitute significant risk factors for such conditions. Renal point-of-care ultrasound is an invaluable diagnostic tool for the early detection of gas within the kidney and urinary tract. The present case provides an illustrative example of the crucial importance of routinely using renal point-of-care ultrasound in every patient with a suspected urinary tract infection in an outpatient setting. CASE PRESENTATION: A 55 year-old hypertensive, non-diabetic female patient of Wayuu indigenous ethnicity was evaluated for mild-to-moderate right flank pain accompanied by slight fever at night. She was referred to the renal outpatient clinic with a presumptive urinary tract infection. In the context of a systemic review for symptoms, the patient reports expulsion of gas bubbles during urination. She was evaluated by ultrasound, which detected gas in the pyelocaliceal system. A computed tomography scan confirmed this. The patient was admitted to the hospital and started on intravenous therapy with ceftriaxone. Urine culture revealed the presence of E. coli > 100 CFU sensitive to ceftriaxone. The response to antibiotherapy was favorable, with remission of clinical symptoms and moderate leukocytosis observed at the time of admission. CONCLUSION: Routine point-of-care ultrasound evaluation should be part of the physical evaluation of every patient presenting with a suspected upper urinary tract infection in the renal outpatient clinic.
Maximizing use of available vascular capital for autologous arteriovenous fistula creation and maintenance: Single center results Alexis Garcia-Lopez, Leyla Abdalah, Octavio J Salgado, Tushar J Vachharajani Journal of Vascular Access, 2025 Introduction: Nicaragua is a Central American country with a high prevalence of patients with chronic kidney disease, particularly among young men. This is largely attributable to Mesoamerican nephropathy, a form of interstitial nephritis that predominantly affects young agricultural workers. While the majority of patients have access to chronic dialysis programs, a very small number have an option of receiving a renal transplant. Consequently, they must spend years on hemodialysis (HD), where the vascular access issue is of vital importance for their survival. Given that prosthetic arteriovenous grafts (AVG) are expensive devices with a lower cost-benefit ratio, limited availability within the health system and are unaffordable for the majority of patients, it is crucial to perform autogenic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) whenever possible. Patients and methods: This paper presents a 4-year period review (2020–2023) of a single-center vascular access program that optimizes vasculature utilization of each patient for creation of AFV and describes the surgical revision techniques used to prolong the patency of vascular accesses. Results: The autogenic vascular access program has resulted in more than 80% of prevalent patients undergoing HD at our center being hemodialyzed through an autogenic AVF by the end of 2023. Conclusions: It can be concluded that it is possible to significantly increase the proportion of autogenic vascular accesses in each center by optimizing the patient’s own vasculature. This approach has the potential to reduce morbidity and costs, particularly in low-income countries.
Point-of-care ultrasound training in nephrology: A position statement by the International Alliance for POCUS in Nephrology Abhilash Koratala, Eduardo R Argaiz, Gregorio Romero-González, Nathaniel Reisinger, Siddiq Anwar, William Beaubien-Souligny, Bhavna Bhasin-Chhabra, Hugo Diniz, Marco Vaca Gallardo, Fredzzia Graterol Torres, Faeq Husain-Syed, Jennifer Hanko, Aala Jaberi, Amir Kazory, Rupesh Raina, Claudio Ronco, Octavio J Salgado, Sidharth Kumar Sethi, Vanessa Villavicencio-Cerón, Manjusha Yadla, Marcus Gomes Bastos Clinical Kidney Journal, 2024 Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) has rapidly evolved from a niche technology to an indispensable tool across medical specialties, including nephrology. This evolution is driven by advancements in technology and the visionary efforts of clinicians in emergency medicine and beyond. Recognizing its potential, medical schools are increasingly integrating POCUS into training curricula, emphasizing its role in enhancing diagnostic accuracy and patient care. Despite these advancements, barriers such as limited faculty expertise and ‘lack of’ standardized guidelines hinder widespread adoption and regulation. The International Alliance for POCUS in Nephrology (IAPN), through this position statement, aims to guide nephrologists in harnessing the diagnostic power of POCUS responsibly and effectively. By outlining core competencies, recommending training modalities and advocating for robust quality assurance measures, we envision a future where POCUS enhances nephrology practice globally, ensuring optimal patient outcomes through informed, evidence-based decision-making. International collaboration and education are essential to overcome current challenges and realize the full potential of POCUS in nephrology and beyond.
Pyelo-hepatic abscess caused by staghorn stone infection: a case report Octavio J. Salgado, Katherine S. Pesantes-Barros, Beatriz C. Rosales, Lizette Espinosa-Martin Journal of Medical Case Reports, 2023 Background The most common source of pyogenic liver abscess is biliary tract infection. Other less common routes include the spread of bacteria from distant foci. However, direct extension of a perinephric infection focus to the liver is extremely rare. Case report The patient was a non-diabetic, immunocompetent, 29-year-old woman of mixed race ancestry with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections who was referred to our hospital because of an ultrasound-detected liver abscess. She was initially treated with metronidazole for 20 days at the referring institution for suspected amebic abscess without improvement. On admission to our center, she was febrile and complained of a dull right upper quadrant pain. A POCUS ultrasound suggested a pyogenic abscess, probably from a staghorn calculus infection. She received meroperem and amikacin for 22 and 10 days, respectively. Repeat hemocultures showed no growth, but urine cultures were positive for Proteus sp. Complete remission of clinical and imaging findings was observed under antibiotics. The patient was referred to the urology outpatient clinic to discuss the option of radical nephrectomy. Conclusion This case underlines the high morbidity of staghorn calculi.
Acute hemodialysis catheter follows the path of least resistance Octavio J Salgado, Tushar J Vachharajani Journal of Vascular Access, 2023 The placement of large bore double-lumen catheters for hemodialysis (HD) is one of the most frequent procedures performed in HD patients. However, these procedures are associated with complications, the most common being catheter malposition. In this context, catheter deviation to the left superior intercostal vein (LISV) is a very uncommon malposition, which must be differentiated from intrathoracic extravascular catheter lodgment. We report a case of an adult male patient on hemodialysis who presented with a thrombosed arteriovenous fistula and requiring urgent HD. His past medical history included hemophilia, allergy to contrast media, and multiple previous central vein catheterizations. A non-tunneled HD catheter was placed without any difficulty in the left internal jugular vein. However, the arterial lumen failed to pull any blood with free flow in the venous lumen. A chest X-ray revealed a surprising finding. The malpositioned catheter was removed successfully without any complications.
Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum in a 15-Year-Old Adolescent After Unintended Overexposure to Paint Diluent (Thinner) Fumes: First Reported Case Tania P Barzallo, Claudia A Marchan, Octavio J Salgado, Hermel M Espinosa Therapeutic Advances in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 2023 Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) is the presence of air in the mediastinal interstices in the absence of any surgical or medical procedure, chest trauma, or mechanical ventilation. SPM can occur during vigorous Valsalva maneuvers, such as weight lifting, coughing fits, hyperemesis gravidarum, and so on, or during inhalation of illicit substances or toxic agents, as a result of an abrupt increase in pressure in the tracheal tree. Preexisting underlying lung disease may be a contributing factor. In the present case, we report for the first time an SPM due to accidental overexposure to paint thinner in a 15-year-old male from a low-income rural family. He was offered a job painting the inside of a house, which he accepted to earn some money for the family household. However, due to his inexperience, he overdosed on a can of paint with thinner. About 2 h after starting work, he began to feel increasingly severe chest pain and had to be rushed to the local level one basic hospital by his parents. Physical examination revealed subcutaneous emphysema over the supraclavicular area and crackles in the precordial area. Chest radiographs showed a pneumomediastinum. In retrospect, the patient denied coughing or sneezing attacks after exposure. He was transferred to a regional tertiary hospital for further diagnostic evaluation to rule out airway/esophageal perforation. Chest computed tomography confirmed underlying SPM and subcutaneous emphysema. The oesophagogram and bronchoscopy were unremarkable. SPM, possibly secondary to overexposure to thinner vapors, a hydrocarbon-based compound, was the final diagnosis. The patient was discharged asymptomatic on day 5.
Myiasis in a Neglected Elderly: Urgent Action Needed in South America Hermel Espinosa, Octavio J Salgado, Lizette Espinosa-Martin, Katherine Salazar-Torres International Medical Case Reports Journal, 2022 Background Myiasis is an infestation by fly larvae. Some species exclusively affect humans, contaminating wounds, mucous membranes, and other tissues. It is a disease with marked socioeconomic connotations. Case Presentation The current case involves a 95-year-old woman, an inhabitant of the Andean region of Ecuador with a history of resection of basal cell carcinoma in the left zygomatic region and a diagnosis of chronic leukemia. The surgical wound was secondarily infested with Cochliomyia hominivorax fly larvae and the patient was readmitted to the hospital to treat this complication. A marked clinical improvement was observed after surgical debridement, removal of larvae and administration of ivermectin and antibiotics. Conclusion The determinants of this infestation were advanced age, neglect, and destitution in a patient with an open wound on the face after resection of a basal cell carcinoma. This case illustrates the appalling reality of the marginalized and excluded population of South America. Also of concern is the expansion of myiasis-producing fly populations to areas outside their natural humid and warm habitat. South American governments are called upon to act jointly and effectively against this ominous disease.
Findings during mastoidectomy and canaloplasty in an adolescent girl with a history of Proteus syndrome associated with Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber syndrome Investigacion Clinica Venezuela, 2022
FAVORABLE RESPONSE TO IMMU-NOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY IN A PATIENT WITH ANTI-MDA5 POSITIVE DERMA-TOMYOSITIS AND RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE Investigacion Clinica Venezuela, 2022
CIR-01. SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WITH FOURNIER’S GANGRENE ASSOCIATED WITH A GIANT INGUINOSCRO-TAL HERNIA. EXTREMELY UNUSUAL CASE Investigacion Clinica Venezuela, 2022
Sexual dysfunction in hemodialysis patients: validation and application of the spanish version of the ASEX scale in Latin America Investigacion Clinica Venezuela, 2022
Impact of social factors and heavy metal pollution on the incidence of anencephaly at the Eastern coast of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela Trace Elements and Electrocytes, 1998
Contamination during blood sampling intended for total chromium determination by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry Trace Elements and Electrocytes, 1997
Bone metal mobilization induced by long-term desferrioxamine B therapy in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis Transplantation Proceedings, 1996
Blood levels of chromium in diabetic and nondiabetic hemodialysis patients Transplantation Proceedings, 1996
Changes of metal concentrations in blood and peritoneal dialysate during long-term desferrioxamine B therapy Transplantation Proceedings, 1996
Effects of low-dose ketoconazole on thyroid hormones in renal transplant recipients Transplantation Proceedings, 1996
Safety of a simple hypertonic solution with high potassium content for perfusion of renal cadaveric grafts: Comparison with the University of Wisconsin perfusion solution Transplantation Proceedings, 1996
Acute tubular necrosis in renal transplantation evaluated by color duplex sonography Transplantation Proceedings, 1996
Levels of Hg, Pb and V in brain, kidney, liver and lung of anencephalic fetuses from the eastern coast of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela Trace Elements and Electrocytes, 1996
Distribution of chromium in blood components of diabetics and azotemic patients Trace Elements and Electrocytes, 1995
Impact of the Hospital Coordinator Program on obtaining kidneys for renal transplantation Investigacion Clinica, 1995
Safety of the conversion of cyclosporine A to cyclosporine in microemulsion in stable renal transplant patients. A collaborative study Investigacion Clinica, 1995
Accuracy and predictive value of ultrasound in acute rejection Transplantation Proceedings, 1994
Nocardiosis in renal transplant patients Transplantation Proceedings, 1994
Percutaneous catheterization of the internal jugular vein for hemodialysis: experience at the Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo Investigacion Clinica, 1993
Early acute rejection in kidney transplantation Investigacion Clinica, 1992
Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients. Long-term evaluation of their children Investigacion Clinica, 1992
Renal osteodystrophy in Maracaibo Investigacion Clinica, 1992
Removal of trace metals by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis after desferrioxamine B chelation therapy Clinical Nephrology, 1991
Initial evaluation of aluminum concentrations in patients with nephropathy and undergoing hemodialysis at the Miguel Pérez Carreño Hospital and the University Hospital of Caracas (Venezuela) Investigacion Clinica, 1989
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Maximizing use of available vascular capital for autologous arteriovenous fistula creation and maintenance: Single center results A Garcia-Lopez, L Abdalah, OJ Salgado, TJ Vachharajani The Journal of Vascular Access 26 (6), 1931-1935 , 2025 2025
Timely diagnosis of emphysematous pyelitis by point-of-care ultrasound in an outpatient setting prevented infection spread: a case report and review of the literature OJ Salgado, AM Vidal, A Koratala, ZK Salazar-Torres, HM Espinosa Journal of Medical Case Reports 19 (1), 319 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Point-of-care ultrasound training in nephrology: a position statement by the International Alliance for POCUS in Nephrology A Koratala, ER Argaiz, G Romero-González, N Reisinger, S Anwar, ... Clinical kidney journal 17 (11), sfae245 , 2024 2024 Citations: 29
Therapeutic Apheresis, Immunosuppression, and/or Human Monoclonal Antibodies in Cardiology R Bambauer, R Schiel, OJ Salgado, R Straube Cardiology Research and Reports 6 (6) , 2024 2024
Therapeutic Apheresis, Immunosuppression, and Human Monoclonal Antibodies in Neurologic Diseases R Bambauer, R Schiel, OJ Salgado Clin Immunol Res 8 (1), 1-12 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Pyelo-hepatic abscess caused by staghorn stone infection: A case report OJ Salgado, KS Pesantes-Barros, BC Rosales, L Espinosa-Martin Journal of Medical Case Reports 17 (1), 440 , 2023 2023 Citations: 4
Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum in a 15-Year-Old Adolescent After Unintended Overexposure to Paint Diluent (Thinner) Fumes: First Reported Case TP Barzallo, CA Marchan, OJ Salgado, HM Espinosa Therapeutic Advances in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine 18 … , 2023 2023 Citations: 2
Acute hemodialysis catheter follows the path of least resistance OJ Salgado, TJ Vachharajani The Journal of Vascular Access 24 (4), 828-831 , 2023 2023
Therapeutic Apheresis, Immunosuprresion and Human Monoclonal Antibodies in Nephrology R Bambauer, R Schiel, OJ Salgado, R Straube Clin Immunol Res 7 (1), 1-16 , 2023 2023 Citations: 2
Myiasis in a neglected elderly: urgent action needed in South America H Espinosa, OJ Salgado, L Espinosa-Martin, K Salazar-Torres International Medical Case Reports Journal, 719-724 , 2022 2022 Citations: 7
CIR-01. SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WITH FOURNIER'S GANGRENE ASSOCIATED WITH A GIANT INGUINOSCROTAL HERNIA. EXTREMELY UNUSUAL CASE. EM Serrano-Ordonez, OJ Salgado, GE Davila-Jara, ... INVESTIGACION CLINICA 63, 21-29 , 2022 2022
Respuesta favorable a la terapia inmunosupresora en un paciente con dermatomiositis ANTI-MDA5 positiva y enfermedad pulmonar intersticial rapidamente progresiva DS Lilloct-Ruiz, KF Pucha-Aguinsaca, OJ Salgado, LE Beltran-Segovia, ... INVESTIGACION CLINICA 63, 415-425 , 2022 2022
Sexual dysfunction in hemodialysis patients: validation and application of the spanish version of the ASEX scale in Latin America. ME Salgado-Mendieta, C Salgado-Mendieta, I De Armas-Mesa, ... INVESTIGACION CLINICA 63, 289-301 , 2022 2022
Therapeutic apheresis, immunosuppression and human monoclonal anti-bodies in hematologic diseases most with im-munologic origin R Bambauer, R Schiel, OJ Salgado Medical Research Archives 10 (9) , 2022 2022 Citations: 3
Large-Bore Catheters as Vascular Access for Extracorporeal Detoxification Methods: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Necessary Improvements R Bambauer, R Schiel, OJ Salgado HSOA Journal of Angiology & Vascular Surgery 7, 090 , 2022 2022 Citations: 2
Dialysis vascular access training: a Nicaraguan experience AG López, OJ Salgado, TJ Vachharajani Kidney International Reports 6 (6), 1701-1703 , 2021 2021 Citations: 7
Recomendaciones para la creación, cuidado y manejo de los accesos vasculares para hemodiálisis. Documento de Posición del Comité de Nefrología Intervencionista y del Grupo de … M Arvizu-Hernández, OJ Salgado, J Arellano-Sotelo Nefrol Latinoam 18 (1), 58-70 , 2021 2021 Citations: 2
International Society of Nephrology’s initiative on interventional nephrology minimum training and program-building standards in resource-limited countries TJ Vachharajani, YS Kim, M Riella, D Harris, V Jha, A Asif, G Bamichas, ... Kidney International 98 (5), 1067-1070 , 2020 2020 Citations: 14
Vascular access for hemodialysis-Overview and emphasis on complications OJ Salgado Hemodialysis , 2013 2013 Citations: 6
Factores socio-sanitarios de la anencefalia en la costa oriental del lago de Maracaibo (Venezuela) y contaminación metálica L Barrios, J Tahán, L Marcano, V Granadillo, H Cubillán, J Sánchez, ... Ciencia 3 (1) , 2011 2011 Citations: 7
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Right versus left internal jugular vein catheterization for hemodialysis: complications and impact on ipsilateral access creation OJ Salgado, B Urdaneta, B Colmenares, R García, C Flores Artificial organs 28 (8), 728-733 , 2004 2004 Citations: 140
The influence of the blood levels of lead, aluminum and vanadium upon the arterial hypertension VA Granadillo, JE Tahán, O Salgado, LE Elejalde, B Rodríguez-Iturbe, ... Clinica chimica acta 233 (1-2), 47-59 , 1995 1995 Citations: 70
Ulnar‐basilic fistula: Indications, surgical aspects, puncture technique, and results OJ Salgado, RE Chacón, C Henríquez Artificial Organs 28 (7), 634-638 , 2004 2004 Citations: 30
Point-of-care ultrasound training in nephrology: a position statement by the International Alliance for POCUS in Nephrology A Koratala, ER Argaiz, G Romero-González, N Reisinger, S Anwar, ... Clinical kidney journal 17 (11), sfae245 , 2024 2024 Citations: 29
Bone metal content in patients with chronic renal failure JA Navarro, VA Granadillo, O Salgado, B Rodríguez-Iturbe, R García, ... Clinica chimica acta 211 (3), 133-142 , 1992 1992 Citations: 29
Nocardiosis in renal transplant patients. H Gutierrez, O Salgado, R Garcia, C Henriquez, J Herrera, ... 1994 Citations: 27
Severely elevated intrarenal arterial impedance and abnormal venous flow pattern in a normal functioning kidney graft O Salgado, R Garcia, C Henriquez, B Rosales, P Sulbaran Transplantation proceedings 35 (5), 1772-1774 , 2003 2003 Citations: 19
Subcutaneous transposition of the superficial femoral artery for arterioarterial hemodialysis: technique and results OJ Salgado, NA Terán, B Rosales, RA Garcia Artificial Organs 32 (12), 969-973 , 2008 2008 Citations: 17
Conservative management of an extensive renal graft subcapsular hematoma arising during living donor nephrectomy. Role of Doppler sonographic posttransplant follow‐up OJ Salgado, AM Vidal, P Semprun, R Garcia Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 38 (3), 164-167 , 2010 2010 Citations: 16
International Society of Nephrology’s initiative on interventional nephrology minimum training and program-building standards in resource-limited countries TJ Vachharajani, YS Kim, M Riella, D Harris, V Jha, A Asif, G Bamichas, ... Kidney International 98 (5), 1067-1070 , 2020 2020 Citations: 14
Removal of trace metals by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis after desferrioxamine B chelation therapy. JA Navarro, VA Granadillo, B Rodriguez-Iturbe, R Garcia, O Salgado, ... Clinical nephrology 35 (5), 213-217 , 1991 1991 Citations: 14
Serial pulsatility index measurements in renal grafts before, during, and after episodes of urinary obstruction. OJ Salgado, MG Martin, B Urdaneta, R García, B Rodriguez-Iturbe Journal of ultrasound in medicine 18 (12), 827-830 , 1999 1999 Citations: 12
Acute tubular necrosis in renal transplantation evaluated by color duplex sonography. O Salgado, R García, O Rincón, N Terán, C Henríquez, J Herrera, L Rubio, ... Transplantation proceedings 28 (6), 3337-3339 , 1996 1996 Citations: 10
Vein wall dissection: A rare puncture‐related complication of brachiocephalic fistula. Gray‐scale and color Doppler sonographic findings OJ Salgado, RE Chacón, A Alcalá, G Alvarez Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 33 (9), 464-467 , 2005 2005 Citations: 9
Basic steps for increasing the rate of autogenic vascular accesses for hemodialysis OJ Salgado Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis 7 (2), 238-243 , 2003 2003 Citations: 8
Levels of Hg, Pb and V in brain, kidney, liver and lung of anencephalic fetuses from the Eastern coast of Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela JE Tahan, LC Barrios, L Marcano, VA Granadillo, HS Cubillán, ... Trace elements and electrolytes 13, 7-13 , 1996 1996 Citations: 8
Myiasis in a neglected elderly: urgent action needed in South America H Espinosa, OJ Salgado, L Espinosa-Martin, K Salazar-Torres International Medical Case Reports Journal, 719-724 , 2022 2022 Citations: 7
Dialysis vascular access training: a Nicaraguan experience AG López, OJ Salgado, TJ Vachharajani Kidney International Reports 6 (6), 1701-1703 , 2021 2021 Citations: 7
Factores socio-sanitarios de la anencefalia en la costa oriental del lago de Maracaibo (Venezuela) y contaminación metálica L Barrios, J Tahán, L Marcano, V Granadillo, H Cubillán, J Sánchez, ... Ciencia 3 (1) , 2011 2011 Citations: 7
Angiotomographically‐proven Left Innominate Vein Occlusion in Dialysis Patients With Prior Left Internal Jugular Vein Catheterization Presenting With Arm Swelling After … OJ Salgado, RE Chacón, E Mora, E Mora‐LaCruz Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis 11 (5), 396-401 , 2007 2007 Citations: 7