SOURAV KARMAKAR

Scopus Publications

Low-vision at a tertiary eye care centre in Western India: a five-year retrospective study
Rikta Paul, Sourav Karmakar, Rituparna Ghoshal, Animesh Mondal
Gulhane Medical Journal, 2026
Aims: To examine (1) the etiological patterns of low vision across pediatric, working-age, and geriatric populations; (2) the severity distribution of visual impairment; and (3) the prescription trends of low-vision devices (LVDs) at a single tertiary eye care centre in western India.Methods: This single-center retrospective study reviewed the records of 1,039 patients who visited a low-vision clinic between January 2019 and April 2024.Demographic details, ocular diagnoses, visual acuity [classified per International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10 th Revision (ICD-10)], and LVD prescriptions were analysed. Results:The cohort consisted predominantly of male patients (70.0%), with the following age distribution: working-age adults (45.0%; mean age 38.916.1 years), children (40.2%; mean age 10.23.3 years), and geriatric patients (14.7%; mean age 76.06.6 years).Retinal disorders (57.8%) were the leading cause of low vision, with age-specific variations: nystagmus (17.9%) and congenital cataracts (20.3%) in children; retinitis pigmentosa (25.0%) and diabetic retinopathy (25.6%) in working-age adults; and agerelated macular degeneration (37.9%) and cataracts (55.6%) in the geriatric population.Moderate visual impairment was most common (48.8%), followed by blindness (25.9%).Telescopes were the most frequently prescribed LVDs (72.9%), and spectacle magnifiers were the most common near-vision aid (83.4%). Conclusions:The findings highlight distinct age-related patterns in the etiology of low vision and assistive device needs within this patient population.Although limited by its single-centre scope, this study offers valuable baseline data to guide age-specific rehabilitation strategies.
Cognitive decline, dual sensory loss and the use of visual aids in elderly ‑ A narrative review
Sourav Karmakar, Animesh Mondal, Pampa Bhowmick, Gaurav Kumar Bhardwaj
Oman Journal of Ophthalmology, 2025
The relationships between visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereo acuity, and cognition varied, implying that domain-specific cognitive loss patterns exist. This review aims to learn how visual aids help patients with visual impairment and cognitive decline. The electronic searches had no language restrictions or research design filters. However, from 2016 forward, searches were restricted, and the electronic databases were last examined in 2022. There were 537 papers discovered in PubMed and 18,000 articles found in Google Scholar, of which ten articles fit the criteria. Patients who participated in the trials had an average age of 81–82 years. Patients with self-reported vision difficulties had a higher incidence of dementia. The majority were female populations. Auditory and visual loss was detected in 5.5% of dementia cases versus 4.9% of nondementia subjects. Early-stage cognitive impairment raises the chance of dementia later in the disease. Along with motor dysfunction, impairments in visual memory, verbal fluency, and executive functions, as well as increased depressive symptoms, predicted worse Parkinsonian disability, highlighting the critical role of nonmotor factors such as cognitive and visual dysfunction, as well as depression, in disability, even in the early stages of Parkinsonian disability.
Association between quality of life and visual characteristics in individuals with diabetic retinopathy
Rikta Paul, Sourav Karmakar, Susmita Banerjee
Gulhane Medical Journal, 2025
Aims:To estimate the vision-targeted quality of life (QoL) in diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients and further correlate the National Eye Institute-Visual Functioning Questionnaire-25 (NEI-VFQ-25) score with demographic factors and visual function parameters. Methods:This cross-sectional observational study included 92 patients with type 2 DR.The Marathi version of the NEI-VFQ-25 was used to assess QoL.Visual acuity (VA) for distance and near vision was assessed using the logMAR distance and near acuity chart, contrast sensitivity (CS) was assessed using a Pelli-Robson chart, and color vision was assessed using the Ishihara chart. Results:The mean age was 65.0817.56ranging from 40 to 84 years participated in the study.Of the 92 patients with DR, 55.43% were male and 44.56% were female.The mean distance VA of the better eye was 0.70.29 logMAR.The mean near VA was 0.430.29 logMAR.The mean CS for the better eye was 0.950.50log.The mean NEI-VFQ-25 composite score was 65.0817.07.The subscales most affected were general health (50.720.16),mental health (52.2225.03),and general vision (52.9919.9). Conclusions:QoL was significantly lower among patients with DR.Mental health, general health, general vision, and near vision were mostly affected.There was a significant association between the NEI-VFQ-25 score and age.The NEI-VFQ-25 score decreased with increasing age.Visual function parameters, including distance VA, near VA, and CS, were significantly associated with the NEI-VFQ-25 score.
Unveiling Potential of Early Intervention and Vision Therapy in Developmental Delay and Visual Impairment: A Case Report
Prithwis Manna, Puja Sarbajna, Sourav Karmakar, Mahesh Mudi, Anand Vinekar
Neuro Ophthalmology, 2025
A 3-year 8-month-old boy was referred to the clinic for unusual visual behavior, including poor fixation and not looking down while walking. Birth history revealed full-term cesarean delivery, perinatal tachypnea, and NICU admission. Developmental delays were evident across motor, speech, and social domains. Ophthalmic evaluation showed visual acuity of 1 cpcm at 28 cm, mild refractive error, and accommodation lag. Visual functional assessment using LEA tools revealed deficits in shape and size perception, spatial orientation, and eye-hand coordination. Nystagmus was noted, alongside optic nerve pallor and vessel attenuation. SD-OCT demonstrated neurosensory retinal thinning, shallow foveal dip, and attenuated ellipsoid zone. MRI identified peritrigonal hyperintensities – consistent with cortical visual impairment (CVI). Diagnosed with CVI and global developmental delay (GDD), the child underwent intensive vision therapy. Over 6 years period, visual acuity improved to 6/9, contrast sensitivity to 1.20 log CS, and perceptual-motor skills markedly progressed. Although expressive language delays persisted, fine and gross motor skills improved, and social engagement was enhanced. This case illustrates the neuroplastic potential of early, multidisciplinary interventions, including vision therapy, in mitigating functional deficits associated with CVI and GDD. Targeted therapy facilitated meaningful gains in visual function, mobility, and adaptive function, underscoring its role in preventing disability and promoting rehabilitation.
Effects of Two Vision Therapy Approaches on Accommodative Insufficiency and Post-therapy Stability
Prithwis Manna, Sourav Karmakar, Animesh Mondal, Puja Sarbajna, Gaurav Kumar Bhardwaj
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2025
Purpose To evaluate the effect of the EYEPORT II vision training system (Bernell) on accommodation in cases of accommodative insufficiency. Methods The experimental study was conducted in a binocular vision clinic. Of 230 patients, 36 were eligible and willing to participate in office-based therapy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: control and EYEPORT. The control group received conventional therapy and the EYEPORT group received conventional therapy combined with the EYEPORT II vision training device. The therapy lasted for 1 hour daily over 6 days in a week, with 24 sessions administered over 4 weeks. Accommodative parameters were reevaluated 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 3 months after treatment. Results The study included 19 men and 17 women, with a median age of 27.50 years. After 24 sessions of vision therapy, accommodative parameters improved significantly, with more pronounced results compared with baseline measurements, as demonstrated by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test ( P < .05). The Mann–Whitney U test indicated a significant ( P < .05) improvement in treatment outcomes for the EYEPORT group using the EYEPORT device together with conventional therapy. The median accommodation amplitude increased by 6.95 diopters (D), the accommodation lag decreased by −0.25 D, the positive relative accommodation improved by −1.63 D, and the accommodative facility increased by 13 cycles/minute. After 3 months without therapy, the treatment outcome was maintained. Conclusions Office-based vision therapy can effectively treat accommodative insufficiency. Both groups showed improvement in the accommodative amplitude and other parameters. The EYEPORT group was more stable at 3 months. [ J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus . 2025;62(1):12–26.]
Binocular Vision Status in Coal Miners
Animesh Mondal, Sourav Karmakar, Eram Khan, Gaurav K. Bhardwaj, Ayushi Ahuja
Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2024
Context: Low light in mines can cause ocular problems such as binocular vision impairment and poor hand–eye coordination. These eye diseases must be monitored. Aims: To evaluate the binocular vision status of coal mine workers. Settings and Design: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of the coal mining industry in Digwadih, Jharkhand. Methods and Material: In the present study, 134 coal miners underwent a thorough, comprehensive ocular examination and binocular vision evaluation; seventy were excluded because of ocular disorders. After discussing the goals of the study, the subjects provided signed informed consent. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The normality of the data was then verified using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Results: All participants were male and aged between 25 and 35 years. Nonstrabismus binocular vision dysfunctions (NSBVDs) were observed in coal miners. Convergence insufficiency was the most prevalent factor. Apart from the NSBVD, many coal miners have a chalazion with the highest percentile of 11.2. Conclusions: Poor mine lighting causes NSBVD, which affects miners’ vision. Binocular vision defects may reduce productivity if not detected or treated.
Accommodation and vergence functions among children with dyslexia: A review of literature
Rituparna Ghoshal, Animesh Mondal, Sourav Karmakar, Nishtha Verma, Gaurav Kumar Bhardwaj
Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2024
Based on a qualitative study of a broad and varied body of literature, this review of literature reveals the potential roles of accommodation and vergence in children with dyslexia. With a thorough literature study, this review of literature aims to provide an all-encompassing perspective on the binocular vision parameters in children with dyslexia and its significance in clinical practice in this review, addressing the lack of a comprehensive study in this area. By summarizing the latest research, this article is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, educators, and individuals interested in comprehending the relationship between dyslexia and binocular vision and exploring potential connections and implications. Both original and review papers were examined by searching research databases from 1991 to 2022, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Ovid. The ROBINS-I risk of bias assessment approach for non-randomized trials was used to evaluate the quality of the included papers. This review includes a total of eighteen articles. Because only the dyslexic population was studied in this study, all of the studies were non-randomized. Changes in Ocular parameters, the function of Accommodation, and Vergence in the dyslexic population were observed and included in this study. This review of literature provides educators and clinicians with crucial insights and awareness to enhance their understanding of the parameters associated with non-strabismic binocular vision disorders in children with dyslexia, as well as strategies for detection. Evidence-based guidelines can be created for controlling and assessing binocular vision parameters in children with dyslexia and their importance in clinical practice.
Accommodative spasm and its different treatment approaches: A systematic review
Prithwis Manna, Sourav Karmakar, Gaurav Kumar Bhardwaj, Animesh Mondal
European Journal of Ophthalmology, 2023
This article is about the accommodation spasm. The primary rule for near vision is ciliary muscle constriction, synchronised convergence of both eyes, and pupil constriction. Any weaknesses in these components could result in an accommodative spasm. Variable retinoscopic reflex, unstable refractive error, and lead of accommodation in near retinoscopy are common causes of spasm. We conducted a thorough literature search in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for published journals prior to June 2022, with no data limitations. This review contains twenty-eight case reports, six cohort studies, four book references, four review articles, and two comparative studies after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The majority of studies looked at accommodative spasm, near reflex spasm, and pseudomyopia. The most common causes of accommodative spasm are excessive close work, emotional distress, head injury, and strabismus. Despite side effects or an insufficient regimen, cycloplegic drops are effective in diagnosing accommodation spasm. The modified optical fogging technique is also effective and may be an option for treating accommodative spasm symptoms. Bifocals for near work, manifest refraction, base-in prisms, and vision therapy are some of the other management options. As a result, it requires a comprehensive clinical treatment strategy. This review aims to investigate the various aetiology and treatments responsible for accommodative spasm and proposes widely implementing the modified optical fogging method and vision therapy in clinics as comprehensive management to reduce the future upward trend of accommodative spasm.
The Effect of Illumination on Positive Fusional Vergence
Raisul Azam, Sourav Karmakar, Animesh Mondal, Gaurav Kumar Bhardwaj
British and Irish Orthoptic Journal, 2023
Background: Positive fusional vergence (PFV) is vital in maintaining fusion in critical and continuous near tasks such as reading or performing digital screen tasks. This study investigated how PFV changed under various lighting conditions. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 34 participants aged between 21 and 25 years, with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) 0.0 logMAR and insignificant refractive error. Three different illuminations—low illumination (50 lux), medium lighting (100 lux), and high illumination (150 lux)—were used to examine the ocular parameters PFV (blur, break, and recovery points), contrast sensitivity and pupil diameter. Results: Pupil diameter changed significantly in different room illuminations (p = 0.00). There was no significant difference in contrast sensitivity across the three levels of room illumination (p = 0.368). Mean PFV (SD) (blur) was 14.5 (2.5) in 50 lux, 10.2 (2.2) in 100 lux, and 8.2 (2.1) in 150 lux. Under 50, 100 and 150 lux, respectively, the mean PFV (SD) (break) values were 16.7 (2.4), 13.4 (1.8), and 10.8 (2.2), and the mean PFV (SD) (recovery) values were 13.3 (2.1), 10.7 (2.1), and 7.5 (2.7). With increased illumination levels, PFV blur, break, and recovery values were significantly lower (p < 0.001). Conclusions: PFV values were significantly higher in lower illumination. Clinicians should be aware that room illumination affected the PFV values measured.
Clinical implementation of ocular health findings in different phases of the menstruation cycle-A systematic review
Animesh Mondal, Nishtha Verma, Sourav Karmakar, Gaurav Kumar Bhardwaj
Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 2023
Menstrual cycles are essential to women's health and play a significant role in their daily lives. While the hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle are recognized, research has focused on investigating their specific effects on ocular and visual characteristics. This review aims to comprehensively explore the potential alterations in ocular parameters and alterations to visual performance throughout the cycle of menstruation. Following a search in various research repositories, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Ovid, and EMBASE, both original and review publications were reviewed, and information was utilized in this study. Studies with changes in Ocular parameters during all three menstrual cycle phases were noted. The reported studies documented only normally menstruating women. This study provided valuable knowledge and awareness of the risk factors for menstrual cycle-related ocular symptoms and changes and the impact of these conditions on women's life. This information can be used to develop evidence-based guidelines for managing menstrual cycle-related ocular problems and their significance in clinical practice.
Barriers in attaining low-vision care services: A narrative review
Biswas Vishal, Bhardwaj Gaurav Kr, Karmakar Sourav, Mondal Animesh
Delta Journal of Ophthalmology, 2022

SOURAV KARMAKAR

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Scopus Publications