On the Issue of the Religious Policy of the Russian Empire and Its Influence on Kazakh Society Bylye Gody, 2025 This study is devoted to the analysis of the confessional policy of the Russian Empire in the Kazakh steppe at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, which was an important tool for integrating the local population into the empire-wide environment.The article examines the main directions of the empire's religious policy, including measures to control Islamic institutions, bureaucratization of the Muslim clergy, restriction of the Hajj and regulation of religious education.Particular attention is paid to the interaction of the Russian administration with the Tatar clergy, which played a significant role in the formation of the religious traditions of the Kazakhs, as well as an assessment of the perception of the imperial religious policy in Kazakh society.The study is based on a wide range of sources, including archival documents, decrees, governors' reports, correspondence with the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly, as well as the works of domestic and foreign researchers.The methodological basis of the work is based on historical and comparative analysis, which allows to identify the specifics of confessional policy in the Kazakh steppe in comparison with other Muslim regions of the empire.The results of the study demonstrate that the policy of the Russian Empire towards Islam was dual in nature.On the one hand, a high level of religious autonomy was maintained, on the other hand, targeted steps were taken to regulate Islamic institutions and integrate them into the administrative system of the empire.The paper presents conclusions about the long-term impact of these processes on the socio-religious structure of Kazakh society, which contributes to further study of the imperial policy towards ethnoconfessional groups.
To the Question of the Formation of National Elites in the Kazakh Steppe in the 19th century Arman A. Umarov, B. Abdrakhmanov, A. Karimova, Ziyat Sh, Aitkenov Bylye Gody, 2023 This scientific article presents a study of the process of formation of national elites in the Kazakh steppe in the XIX century. The Kazakh aristocracy, which previously acted as intermediaries between Kazakh society and Russia, subsequently became direct representatives of the Russian government. The article highlights the role of Kazakh representatives in the structure of the Russian Empire and their function as intermediaries between the Russian authorities and the local population. The article analyzes the important influence of Kazakh intermediaries on the establishment of contacts and cooperation between different cultures, which in turn contributed to the preservation of traditional Kazakh culture in the conditions of Russian domination. The article deeply examines the challenges and difficulties faced by Kazakh representatives, including the impact of the new management system on their lifestyle and traditional power structures. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms and factors that contributed to the formation of national elites in the Kazakh steppe. The article analyzes the role of education, culture and social mobility in the formation of Kazakh leaders, intellectuals and cultural figures during this period. The contribution of the Russian Empire to the training and retraining of personnel, the development of education, the construction of schools, as well as the policy of the Empire to preserve the cultural traditions of the local population in the Kazakh steppe is considered.
The Situation of the Kazakhs after the Entry of the Kazakh Steppe into the Russian Empire in the XVIII-XIX centuries Arman Umarov, Baurzhan Abdrakhmanov, Anara Karimova, Gulfira Otepova, - ;, et al. Bylye Gody, 2022 The authors of this article researched the situation of the Kazakhs after the entry of the Kazakh steppe into the Russian Empire. Having worked through archival sources, the Finished Collection of the Russian Empire's Laws, the testimonies of contemporaries and the research of scientists, the authors come to the inference that the social processes that took place from the end of the 18th -19 th centuries, it little studied and have not lost their relevance.
On the Issue of Land Ownership among Kazakhs Nomads in the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries and its Reflection in the Legislation of the Russian Empire B. Abdrakhmanov, A. Karimova, G. Otepova Bylye Gody, 2022 In this article the authors explore the origins, reasons and determine the chronological framework of the emergence of private ownership of pastures among the nomadic Kazakhs. Having studied archival sources, the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, testimonies of contemporaries and research of scientists, the authors conclude that these processes refer to the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries. The issues of land use and land ownership among the Kazakhs who were engaged in nomadic cattle-breeding were and remain topical, since this problem is caused by the special role of land in nomadic society. Despite the polemics which have started in the 30's of the last century, up to the middle 50's of the XX century there was no unified opinion among scientists on the question of the nature, forms and the right of feudal property in Kazakhstan. The Soviet historiography was dominated by two opposite opinions: the first – since the times of the Karakhanid state (XI century) in Kazakhstan existed the right of feudal land ownership (S.V. Yushkov, S.Z. Zimanov, A.E. Erenov and others). The second point of view – in conditions of nomadic cattle breeding the basic means of manufacture was and remained the cattle, instead of land..., not possession of the land, but possession of cattle was a defining factor of exploitation (V.F. Shakhmatov, S.E. Tolybekov and others). One or the other position dominated at different periods in history, but scientists did not come to a consensus and the question remained unresolved in the historical literature. Communal land use existed in Russia until the beginning of capitalism, but this does not mean that there was no private land ownership. In some Asian countries, communal land tenure coexisted in parallel with state ownership. There is no doubt that in the Steppe the main form of land use was communal land use (aul or clan), but the presence of communal land use does not negate the existence of private feudal property.
The appearance of agrarian property in the nomadic society in central Asia in the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries S. Z. Razdykov, B. Abdrakhmanov, Z. Aitkenov, K. Battalov, A. Shabambaeva Space and Culture India, 2019 The main aim of the research is to analyse the process of transformation of the nomadic Kazakh society in the 18th Century and the first half of the 19th Centuries. Based on the archival materials, the authors concluded that in the period under study, actual private ownership of pastures was emerging in the nomadic Kazakh society.
History of Kazakhstan in the legislation of the Russian empire in the 18th - Early 20th centuries Man in India, 2017
