Curbing Autoimmunity: A New Fab Fragment Targeting CD40-CD40L Halts B-Cell Activation and Differentiation Kathrine Pedersen, Kenneth Green, Emil L. Kristoffersen, Thea Schinkel, Annette G. Hansen, Yaseelan Palarasah, Anne B. Rovsing, Ebbe S. Andersen, Julián Valero, Laia Civit, Nick S. Laursen, Anne Troldborg, Søren E. Degn, Steffen Thiel European Journal of Immunology, 2026 Dysregulation of the CD40‐CD40L axis is implicated in autoimmune diseases. Early clinical trials targeting CD40L with antibodies failed due to Fc‐mediated side effects. To address this, we developed an anti‐CD40L Fab fragment, Fab20, designed to block B‐cell activation. Fab20 was evaluated for its binding properties, CD40‐CD40L inhibition, and effects on human B‐cell activation and differentiation using immunoassays, cryo‐electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and cell cultures. Fab20 binds CD40L with a dissociation constant of 70 nM. Structural analysis revealed a “propeller‐like” structure consisting of three Fabs binding to the CD40L trimer, sterically blocking parts of the CD40 binding site. Fab20 effectively inhibited B‐cell activation, maintaining naïve B cells in their inactive state, and suppressed antibody (IgG) production over 14 days. Fab20 represents a promising novel therapeutic approach for treating autoimmune diseases driven by CD40‐CD40L dysregulation. Its mechanism of action, coupled with the absence of Fc‐mediated effects, suggests a favorable safety profile.
Functional Relevance of CASP16 Nucleic Acid Predictions as Evaluated by Structure Providers Rachael C. Kretsch, Reinhard Albrecht, Ebbe S. Andersen, Hsuan‐Ai Chen, Wah Chiu, Rhiju Das, Jeanine G. Gezelle, Marcus D. Hartmann, Claudia Höbartner, Yimin Hu, Shekhar Jadhav, Philip E. Johnson, Christopher P. Jones, Deepak Koirala, Emil L. Kristoffersen, Eric Largy, Anna Lewicka, Cameron D. Mackereth, Marco Marcia, Michela Nigro, Manju Ojha, Joseph A. Piccirilli, Phoebe A. Rice, Heewhan Shin, Anna‐Lena Steckelberg, Zhaoming Su, Yoshita Srivastava, Liu Wang, Yuan Wu, Jiahao Xie, Nikolaj H. Zwergius, John Moult, Andriy Kryshtafovych Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics, 2026 Accurate biomolecular structure prediction enables the prediction of mutational effects, the speculation of function based on predicted structural homology, the analysis of ligand binding modes, experimental model building, and many other applications. Such algorithms to predict essential functional and structural features remain out of reach for biomolecular complexes containing nucleic acids. Here, we report a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of nucleic acid structures for the CASP16 blind prediction challenge by 12 of the experimental groups who provided nucleic acid targets. Blind predictions accurately model secondary structure and some aspects of tertiary structure, including reasonable global folds for some complex RNAs; however, predictions often lack accuracy in the regions of highest functional importance. All models have inaccuracies in non‐canonical regions where, for example, the nucleic‐acid backbone bends, deviating from an A‐form helix geometry, or a base forms a non‐standard hydrogen bond (not a Watson‐Crick base pair). These bends and non‐canonical interactions are integral to forming functionally important regions such as RNA enzymatic active sites. Additionally, the modeling of conserved and functional interfaces between nucleic acids and ligands, proteins, or other nucleic acids remains poor. For some targets, the experimental structures may not represent the only structure the biomolecular complex occupies in solution or in its functional life cycle, posing a future challenge for the community.
Roles of dimeric intermediates in RNA-catalyzed rolling circle synthesis Emil L Kristoffersen, Ewan K S McRae, Niels R Sørensen, Philipp Holliger, Ebbe S Andersen Nucleic Acids Research, 2025 The RNA world hypothesis is supported by the discovery of RNA polymerase ribozymes that can perform RNA-catalyzed RNA replication processes on different RNA templates. Recently, RNA-catalyzed rolling circle synthesis (RCS) on small circular RNA (scRNA) templates has been demonstrated. However, the structural and dynamic properties of scRNA replication and its products and intermediates have not been explored. Here, we have used cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to characterize products and intermediates relevant for RCS replication. We find that these form an unexpectedly diverse group of RNA nanostructures. The main structural motif observed is a fully hybridized dimeric complex composed of two scRNAs and their complement strands resolved to 5.3 Å. Cryo-EM also reveals higher-order dimer filaments and dimer assembly intermediates, suggesting an assembly mechanism for the observed complexes. We show that the dimer complexes are stable and inhibit RNA-catalyzed RCS but can be reactivated by addition of more scRNA templates. We propose dimer formation as a general property of RCS replication and speculate that dimers might have benefited a primordial RNA genetic system by providing a stable ‘‘storage’’ form for RNA replication products and by coordinated RNA replication on both scRNA template strands.
Cryo-EM structure and functional landscape of an RNA polymerase ribozyme Ewan K. S. McRae, Christopher J. K. Wan, Emil L. Kristoffersen, Kalinka Hansen, Edoardo Gianni, Isaac Gallego, Joseph F. Curran, James Attwater, Philipp Holliger, Ebbe S. Andersen Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024 The emergence of an RNA replicase capable of self-replication is considered an important stage in the origin of life. RNA polymerase ribozymes (PR) - including a variant that uses trinucleotide triphosphates (triplets) as substrates - have been created by in vitro evolution and are the closest functional analogues of the replicase, but the structural basis for their function is poorly understood. Here we use single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and high-throughput mutation analysis to obtain the structure of a triplet polymerase ribozyme (TPR) apoenzyme and map its functional landscape. The cryo-EM structure at 5-Å resolution reveals the TPR as an RNA heterodimer comprising a catalytic subunit and a noncatalytic, auxiliary subunit, resembling the shape of a left hand with thumb and fingers at a 70° angle. The two subunits are connected by two distinct kissing-loop (KL) interactions that are essential for polymerase function. Our combined structural and functional data suggest a model for templated RNA synthesis by the TPR holoenzyme, whereby heterodimer formation and KL interactions preorganize the TPR for optimal primer–template duplex binding, triplet substrate discrimination, and templated RNA synthesis. These results provide a better understanding of TPR structure and function and should aid the engineering of more efficient PRs.
Inhibited complete folding of consecutive human telomeric G-quadruplexes Emil Laust Kristoffersen, Andrea Coletta, Line Mørkholt Lund, Birgit Schiøtt, Victoria Birkedal Nucleic Acids Research, 2023 Noncanonical DNA structures, termed G-quadruplexes, are present in human genomic DNA and are important elements in many DNA metabolic processes. Multiple sites in the human genome have G-rich DNA stretches able to support formation of several consecutive G-quadruplexes. One of those sites is the telomeric overhang region that has multiple repeats of TTAGGG and is tightly associated with both cancer and aging. We investigated the folding of consecutive G-quadruplexes in both potassium- and sodium-containing solutions using single-molecule FRET spectroscopy, circular dichroism, thermal melting and molecular dynamics simulations. Our observations show coexistence of partially and fully folded DNA, the latter consisting of consecutive G-quadruplexes. Following the folding process over hours in sodium-containing buffers revealed fast G-quadruplex folding but slow establishment of thermodynamic equilibrium. We find that full consecutive G-quadruplex formation is inhibited by the many DNA structures randomly nucleating on the DNA, some of which are off-path conformations that need to unfold to allow full folding. Our study allows describing consecutive G-quadruplex formation in both nonequilibrium and equilibrium conditions by a unified picture, where, due to the many possible DNA conformations, full folding with consecutive G-quadruplexes as beads on a string is not necessarily achieved.
Rolling Circle RNA Synthesis Catalysed by RNA Emil Laust Kristoffersen, Matthew Burman, Agnes Noy, Philipp Holliger Elife, 2022 RNA-catalyzed RNA replication is widely considered a key step in the emergence of life’s first genetic system. However, RNA replication can be impeded by the extraordinary stability of duplex RNA products, which must be dissociated for re-initiation of the next replication cycle. Here, we have explored rolling circle synthesis (RCS) as a potential solution to this strand separation problem. We observe sustained RCS by a triplet polymerase ribozyme beyond full-length circle synthesis with strand displacement yielding concatemeric RNA products. Furthermore, we show RCS of a circular Hammerhead ribozyme capable of self-cleavage and re-circularization. Thus, all steps of a viroid-like RNA replication pathway can be catalyzed by RNA alone. Finally, we explore potential RCS mechanisms by molecular dynamics simulations, which indicate a progressive build-up of conformational strain upon RCS with destabilization of nascent strand 5′- and 3′-ends. Our results have implications for the emergence of RNA replication and for understanding the potential of RNA to support complex genetic processes.
Ultra-fast detection and quantification of nucleic acids by amplification-free fluorescence assay Jesper Uhd, Laura Miotke, Hanlee P. Ji, Marina Dunaeva, Ger J. M. Pruijn, Christian Damsgaard Jørgensen, Emil Laust Kristoffersen, Victoria Birkedal, Christina Westmose Yde, Finn Cilius Nielsen, Jonas Hansen, Kira Astakhova Analyst, 2020 Fast and reliable assay for amplification-free absolute quantification of DNA and RNA in biofluids.
Topoisomerase i activity and sensitivity to camptothecin in breast cancer-derived cells: A comparative study Cinzia Tesauro, Anne Katrine Simonsen, Marie Bech Andersen, Kamilla Wandsoe Petersen, Emil Laust Kristoffersen, Line Algreen, Noriko Yokoyama Hansen, Anne Bech Andersen, Ann Katrine Jakobsen, Magnus Stougaard, Pavel Gromov, Birgitta R. Knudsen, Irina Gromova BMC Cancer, 2019 BackgroundCamptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives are currently used as second- or third-line treatment for patients with endocrine-resistant breast cancer (BC). These drugs convert nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase I (TOP1) to a cell poison with the potential to damage DNA by increasing the half-life of TOP1-DNA cleavage complexes (TOP1cc), ultimately resulting in cell death. In small and non-randomized trials for BC, researchers have observed extensive variation in CPT response rates, ranging from 14 to 64%. This variability may be due to the absence of reliable selective parameters for patient stratification. BC cell lines may serve as feasible models for generation of functional criteria that may be used to predict drug sensitivity for patient stratification and, thus, lead to more appropriate applications of CPT in clinical trials. However, no study published to date has included a comparison of multiple relevant parameters and CPT response across cell lines corresponding to specific BC subtypes.MethodWe evaluated the levels and possible associations of seven parameters including the status of theTOP1gene (i.e. amplification), TOP1 protein expression level, TOP1 activity and CPT susceptibility, activity of the tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1), the cellular CPT response and the cellular growth rate across a representative panel of BC cell lines, which exemplifies three major BC subtypes: Luminal, HER2 and TNBC.ResultsIn all BC cell lines analyzed (without regard to subtype classification), we observed a significant overall correlation between growth rate and CPT response. In cell lines derived from Luminal and HER2 subtypes, we observed a correlation betweenTOP1gene copy number, TOP1 activity, and CPT response, although the data were too limited for statistical analyses. In cell lines representing Luminal and TNBC subtypes, we observed a direct correlation between TOP1 protein abundancy and levels of enzymatic activity. In all three subtypes (Luminal, HER2, and TNBC), TOP1 exhibits approximately the same susceptibility to CPT. Of the three subtypes examined, the TNBC-like cell lines exhibited the highest CPT sensitivity and were characterized by the fastest growth rate. This indicates that breast tumors belonging to the TNBC subtype, may benefit from treatment with CPT derivatives.ConclusionTOP1 activity is not a marker for CPT sensitivity in breast cancer.
Interlinked DNA nano-circles for measuring topoisomerase II activity at the level of single decatenation events Emil L. Kristoffersen, Asger Givskov, Line A. Jørgensen, Pia W. Jensen, Jo Ann W. Byl, Neil Osheroff, Anni H. Andersen, Magnus Stougaard, Yi-Ping Ho, Birgitta R. Knudsen Nucleic Acids Research, 2017 DNA nano-structures present appealing new means for monitoring different molecules. Here, we demonstrate the assembly and utilization of a surface-attached double-stranded DNA catenane composed of two intact interlinked DNA nano-circles for specific and sensitive measurements of the life essential topoisomerase II (Topo II) enzyme activity. Topo II activity was detected via the numeric release of DNA nano-circles, which were visualized at the single-molecule level in a fluorescence microscope upon isothermal amplification and fluorescence labeling. The transition of each enzymatic reaction to a micrometer sized labeled product enabled quantitative detection of Topo II activity at the single decatenation event level rendering activity measurements in extracts from as few as five cells possible. Topo II activity is a suggested predictive marker in cancer therapy and, consequently, the described highly sensitive monitoring of Topo II activity may add considerably to the toolbox of individualized medicine where decisions are based on very sparse samples.
Advantages of an optical nanosensor system for the mechanistic analysis of a novel topoisomerase i targeting drug: A case study Marie B. Andersen, Cinzia Tesauro, María Gonzalez, Emil L. Kristoffersen, Concepción Alonso, Gloria Rubiales, Andrea Coletta, Rikke Frøhlich, Magnus Stougaard, Yi-Ping Ho, Francisco Palacios, Birgitta R. Knudsen Nanoscale, 2017 The continuous need for the development of new small molecule anti-cancer drugs calls for easily accessible sensor systems for measuring the effect of vast numbers of new drugs on their potential cellular targets. Here we demonstrate the use of an optical DNA biosensor to unravel the inhibitory mechanism of a member of a new family of small molecule human topoisomerase I inhibitors, the so-called indeno-1,5-naphthyridines. By analysing human topoisomerase I catalysis on the biosensor in the absence or presence of added drug complemented with a few traditional assays, we demonstrate that the investigated member of the indeno-1,5-naphthyridine family inhibited human topoisomerase I activity by blocking enzyme-DNA dissociation. To our knowledge, this represents the first characterized example of a small molecule drug that inhibits a post-ligation step of catalysis. The elucidation of a completely new and rather surprising drug mechanism-of-action using an optical real time sensor highlights the value of this assay system in the search for new topoisomerase I targeting small molecule drugs.
Real-time detection of TDP1 activity using a fluorophore-quencher coupled DNA-biosensor Pia W. Jensen, Mattia Falconi, Emil L. Kristoffersen, Anita T. Simonsen, Jèssica B. Cifuentes, Lærke B. Marcussen, Rikke Frøhlich, Josephine Vagner, Charlotte Harmsen, Sissel Juul, Yi-Ping Ho, Marjorie A. Withers, James R. Lupski, Jørn Koch, Alessandro Desideri, Birgitta R. Knudsen, Magnus Stougaard Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2013
Serum-stable RNA origami nanodevices for sensing and targeting E Andersen, E Kristoffersen, NH Zwergius, NS Vallina, A Stange, ... 2026
Fluorinated RNA origami enables serum-stable nanodevices for sensing and targeting EL Kristoffersen, NH Zwergius, N Sampedro Vallina, AD Stange, ... bioRxiv, 2026.03. 04.709525 , 2026 2026
BPS2026–Toward a design framework for chemically modified RNA: Integrating cryo-EM, functional assays, and molecular dynamics EL Kristoffersen, N Zwergius, NS Vallina, N Glück, AD Stange, ... Biophysical Journal 125 (4), 255a , 2026 2026
Curbing Autoimmunity: A New Fab Fragment Targeting CD40‐CD40L Halts B‐Cell Activation and Differentiation K Pedersen, K Green, EL Kristoffersen, T Schinkel, AG Hansen, ... European Journal of Immunology 56 (2), e70158 , 2026 2026
Functional relevance of CASP16 nucleic acid predictions as evaluated by structure providers RC Kretsch, R Albrecht, ES Andersen, H Chen, W Chiu, R Das, ... Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 94 (1), 51-78 , 2026 2026 Citations: 27
Roles of dimeric intermediates in RNA-catalyzed rolling circle synthesis EL Kristoffersen, EKS McRae, NR Sørensen, P Holliger, ES Andersen Nucleic Acids Research 53 (11), gkaf057 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Danske politikere må forsvare EU’s succesprogram for grundforskning JJ Eriksen, KB Simonsen, SM Koksbang, FA Alatraktchi, N Albrechtsen, ... Information , 2025 2025
Perfil empreendedor dos cirurgiões-dentistas atuantes na área de prótese dentária no interior de Minas Gerais PC Lopes, LB Pereira Perquirere 21 (3) , 2024 2024
Guanine-rich roadblocks for RECQ helicases LM Lund, EL Kristoffersen, M Weiß, T Kulikowicz, VA Bohr, C Saintomé, ... Biophysical Journal 123 (3), 500a , 2024 2024
Cryo-EM structure and functional landscape of an RNA polymerase ribozyme EKS McRae, CJK Wan, EL Kristoffersen, K Hansen, E Gianni, I Gallego, ... Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121 (3), e2313332121 , 2024 2024 Citations: 35
Unfolding dynamics of G-rich DNA knots control RecQ helicase processivity LM Lund, EL Kristoffersen, T Kulikowicz, VA Bohr, V Birkedal EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL WITH BIOPHYSICS LETTERS 52 (SUPPL 1), S43-S43 , 2023 2023
Inhibited complete folding of consecutive human telomeric G-quadruplexes EL Kristoffersen, A Coletta, LM Lund, B Schiøtt, V Birkedal Nucleic Acids Research 51 (4), 1571-1582 , 2023 2023 Citations: 6
RecQ-helicase processing of G-rich DNA LM Lund, EL Kristoffersen, T Kulikowicz, VA Bohr, V Birkedal Biophysical Journal 121 (3), 210a , 2022 2022
Rolling circle RNA synthesis catalyzed by RNA EL Kristoffersen, M Burman, A Noy, P Holliger Elife 11, e75186 , 2022 2022 Citations: 45
Folding Kinetics of Multiple G-Quadruplex Telomeric DNA Structures EL Kristoffersen, A Coletta, L Lund, B Schiøtt, V Birkedal Biophysical Journal 118 (3), 335a , 2020 2020
Ultra-fast detection and quantification of nucleic acids by amplification-free fluorescence assay J Uhd, L Miotke, HP Ji, M Dunaeva, GJM Pruijn, CD Jørgensen, ... Analyst 145 (17), 5836-5844 , 2020 2020 Citations: 10
Topoisomerase I activity and sensitivity to camptothecin in breast cancer-derived cells: a comparative study C Tesauro, AK Simonsen, MB Andersen, KW Petersen, EL Kristoffersen, ... BMC cancer 19 (1), 1158 , 2019 2019 Citations: 74
Stable Off-Path Structures in the Folding Dynamics of Two Consecutive Telomeric DNA G-Quadruplexes EL Kristoffersen, V Birkedal Biophysical Journal 116 (3), 138a , 2019 2019
Single-Molecule FRET Investigations of Tandem Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex Structures EL Kristoffersen, M Aznauryan, V Birkedal Biophysical Journal 114 (3), 597a , 2018 2018
Interlinked DNA nano-circles for measuring topoisomerase II activity at the level of single decatenation events EL Kristoffersen, A Givskov, LA Jørgensen, PW Jensen, JA W. Byl, ... Nucleic Acids Research 45 (13), 7855-7869 , 2017 2017 Citations: 11
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Temperature-controlled encapsulation and release of an active enzyme in the cavity of a self-assembled DNA nanocage S Juul, F Iacovelli, M Falconi, SL Kragh, B Christensen, R Frøhlich, ... ACS nano 7 (11), 9724-9734 , 2013 2013 Citations: 175
Droplet Microfluidics Platform for Highly Sensitive and Quantitative Detection of Malaria-Causing Plasmodium Parasites Based on Enzyme Activity Measurement S Juul, CJF Nielsen, R Labouriau, A Roy, C Tesauro, PW Jensen, ... ACS nano 6 (12), 10676-10683 , 2012 2012 Citations: 105
Topoisomerase I activity and sensitivity to camptothecin in breast cancer-derived cells: a comparative study C Tesauro, AK Simonsen, MB Andersen, KW Petersen, EL Kristoffersen, ... BMC cancer 19 (1), 1158 , 2019 2019 Citations: 74
Real-time detection of TDP1 activity using a fluorophore–quencher coupled DNA-biosensor PW Jensen, M Falconi, EL Kristoffersen, AT Simonsen, JB Cifuentes, ... Biosensors and Bioelectronics 48, 230-237 , 2013 2013 Citations: 52
Rolling circle RNA synthesis catalyzed by RNA EL Kristoffersen, M Burman, A Noy, P Holliger Elife 11, e75186 , 2022 2022 Citations: 45
Cryo-EM structure and functional landscape of an RNA polymerase ribozyme EKS McRae, CJK Wan, EL Kristoffersen, K Hansen, E Gianni, I Gallego, ... Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121 (3), e2313332121 , 2024 2024 Citations: 35
Functional relevance of CASP16 nucleic acid predictions as evaluated by structure providers RC Kretsch, R Albrecht, ES Andersen, H Chen, W Chiu, R Das, ... Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 94 (1), 51-78 , 2026 2026 Citations: 27
DNA-based sensor for real-time measurement of the enzymatic activity of human topoisomerase I LB Marcussen, ML Jepsen, EL Kristoffersen, O Franch, J Proszek, YP Ho, ... Sensors 13 (4), 4017-4028 , 2013 2013 Citations: 18
Real-time investigation of human topoisomerase I reaction kinetics using an optical sensor: a fast method for drug screening and determination of active enzyme concentrations EL Kristoffersen, LA Jørgensen, O Franch, M Etzerodt, R Frøhlich, ... Nanoscale 7 (21), 9825-9834 , 2015 2015 Citations: 17
Advantages of an optical nanosensor system for the mechanistic analysis of a novel topoisomerase I targeting drug: a case study MB Andersen, C Tesauro, M Gonzalez, EL Kristoffersen, C Alonso, ... Nanoscale 9 (5), 1886-1895 , 2017 2017 Citations: 13
Interlinked DNA nano-circles for measuring topoisomerase II activity at the level of single decatenation events EL Kristoffersen, A Givskov, LA Jørgensen, PW Jensen, JA W. Byl, ... Nucleic Acids Research 45 (13), 7855-7869 , 2017 2017 Citations: 11
Optimized Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Topoisomerase I Enzyme Activity in a Complex Biological Sample by the Use of Molecular Beacons A Givskov, EL Kristoffersen, K Vandsø, YP Ho, M Stougaard, BR Knudsen Sensors 16 (11), 1916 , 2016 2016 Citations: 11
Ultra-fast detection and quantification of nucleic acids by amplification-free fluorescence assay J Uhd, L Miotke, HP Ji, M Dunaeva, GJM Pruijn, CD Jørgensen, ... Analyst 145 (17), 5836-5844 , 2020 2020 Citations: 10
Inhibited complete folding of consecutive human telomeric G-quadruplexes EL Kristoffersen, A Coletta, LM Lund, B Schiøtt, V Birkedal Nucleic Acids Research 51 (4), 1571-1582 , 2023 2023 Citations: 6
Droplet microfluidics platform for highly sensitive and quantitative detection of malaria-causing S Juul, CJ Nielsen, R Labouriau, A Roy, C Tesauro, PW Jensen, ... Plasmodium , 2012 2012 Citations: 6
Lups ki JR, Koch J., Desideri A., Knudsen BR, Stougaard M PW Jensen, M Falconi, EL Kristoffersen, AT Simonsen, JB Cifuentes, ... Biosens. Bioelectron 15, 230-237 , 2013 2013 Citations: 5
Molecular beacon enables combination of highly processive and highly sensitive rolling circle amplification readouts for detection of DNA-modifying enzymes EL Kristoffersen, M Gonzalez, M Stougaard, C Tesauro Nano Life 5 (02), 1541002 , 2015 2015 Citations: 4
Roles of dimeric intermediates in RNA-catalyzed rolling circle synthesis EL Kristoffersen, EKS McRae, NR Sørensen, P Holliger, ES Andersen Nucleic Acids Research 53 (11), gkaf057 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Serum-stable RNA origami nanodevices for sensing and targeting E Andersen, E Kristoffersen, NH Zwergius, NS Vallina, A Stange, ... 2026
Fluorinated RNA origami enables serum-stable nanodevices for sensing and targeting EL Kristoffersen, NH Zwergius, N Sampedro Vallina, AD Stange, ... bioRxiv, 2026.03. 04.709525 , 2026 2026
