Energy and exergy analysis of a reversed circular flow jet impingement bifacial PVT collector: CFD simulation and experimental study Muhammad Amir Aziat Bin Ishak, Adnan Ibrahim, Sahibzada Imad Ud Din Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 2025 Despite the various advantages solar photovoltaic thermal (PVT) technology offers, it also has a notable downside. The PV module, a part of the PVT technology, is prone to heat gain due to solar exposure, which decreases its overall efficiency. Implementing an efficient cooling mechanism is essential in maintaining the PVT collector’s performance by regulating its temperature. A reversed circular flow jet impingement (RCFJI) method, designed to regulate the temperature of a PVT solar collector, is presented in this study. Energy and exergy analysis of the RCFJI was carried out through CFD simulation and indoor experiment with solar irradiance (I), = 700 W/m 2 and 900 W/m 2 , while the mass flow rate (ṁ) varies from = 0.01 kg/s to 0.14 kg/s. The results indicate that the highest photovoltaic efficiency obtained by the CFD simulation and indoor experiment was 11.09 % and 10.91 %, while the highest thermal efficiency was 63.20 % and 61.34 %. Results for exergy efficiency showed that the CFD simulation and indoor experiment achieved a maximum efficiency of 48.34 W and 47.27 W, subsequently, with the highest thermal exergy of 9.91 W and 9.67 W. Nevertheless, the average percentage accuracy between the two methods demonstrated a notable level of consistency, surpassing 90 % accuracy, indicating a high agreement level between the two results obtained.
Superior thermal dissipation through natural convection in a passive cooling system using multidirectional tapered fin heat sinks (MTFHS) Siti Nuraisyah Razali, Adnan Ibrahim, Ahmad Fazlizan, Anwer B. Al-Aasam, Muhammad Aqil Afham Rahmat, Muhammad Amir Aziat Ishak International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 2025 The increasing prominence of photovoltaic modules as a cornerstone of sustainable energy systems is well-established. Nevertheless, the deleterious impact of thermal dissipation, often resulting in efficiency losses of 10-15%, remains a significant challenge. Many researches were exploring new cooling techniques to improve the efficiency of solar panels. One promising approach is the Multidirectional Tapered Fin Heat Sink (MTFHS). This innovative design can capture wind from multiple directions, making it more effective outdoors. This study aims to investigate the MTFHS for photovoltaic module cooling. A comprehensive numerical model was developed using COMSOL software simulations to investigate the thermal behavior of photovoltaic modules equipped with multidirectional tapered fins. The model was employed to simulate heat transfer under various solar irradiance levels from 400 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2 while maintaining a constant 30 ℃ ambient temperature and 1 m/s wind speed to isolate the impact of solar radiation. Additionally, the direction of incoming airflow was systematically varied from 0° to 90° in 18° increments to analyze its influence. The model considered key multidirectional tapered fin design parameters like fin spacing, number of fins, and fin height. Real-world testing further validated the model's predictions. The findings demonstrate that multidirectional tapered fins significantly reduce PV module temperature, achieving a remarkable 8.61% reduction compared to the bare and conventional rectangular fins. The maximum temperature reached with MTFHS was 56.73 ℃. Furthermore, multidirectional tapered fins consistently outperformed other configurations across various wind orientations, achieving temperature reductions of over 10 %. These findings highlight the exceptional effectiveness of multidirectional tapered fins in outdoor environments, especially where wind direction is unpredictable. A correlation analysis revealed excellent agreement (93-96 %) between model and experimental results, further validating the efficacy of the multidirectional tapered fin design.
Energy Analysis of a Bifacial PVT Solar Collector Cooled by a Reversed Circular Flow Jet Impingement Muhammad Amir Aziat Bin Ishak, Adnan Ibrahim, Muhammad Aqil Afham Rahmat ACS Symposium Series, 2025 As a consequence of absorbing heat when exposed to solar radiation, the efficiency of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector degrades over time. Hence, improving the efficiency of a PVT collector necessitate the utilization of a cooling system. Since jet impingement has such wide range of application in heat transfer, the utilization of jet impingement has been identified as an efficient cooling technique for PVT collector. This study presents the energy analysis of a reversed circular flow jet impingement (RCFJI) Bifacial PVT solar collector. An indoor experiment was carried out with a solar irradiance of 700W/m 2 and 900W/m 2 with a mass flow rate of 0.01-0.14kg/s. Based on the findings the highest photovoltaic efficiency obtained was 11.18% under 700W/m 2 at 0.14kg/s. Meanwhile, the highest thermal efficiency recorded was 61.4% under 900W/m 2 at 0.14kg/s. Overall, the highest combined photovoltaic thermal efficiency obtained was 72.35% under 900W/m 2 while under 700W/m 2 solar irradiance, a combined photovoltaic thermal efficiency of 68.78% was achieved. The significance of this study also contributes to a new method of enhancing photovoltaic thermal technology involving jet impingement application by introducing the reversed circular flow jet impingement.
Comparative study of thermohydraulic performance in mini-channel heat sink systems: Multi-objective optimization and exergy considerations Zouheyr Noui, Mohamed Si-Ameur, Nabil Bessanane, Amel Djebara, Adnan Ibrahim, Muhammad Amir Aziat Bin Ishak, Raheem K. Ajeel, Sharul Sham Dol Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2025 A numerical investigation is undertaken, employing a 3D conjugated heat transfer model to examine the impact of geometric configurations and hydrodynamical parameters on the overall thermal resistance and pumping power in mini-channels heat sinks. The aim lies in its holistic approach, integrating the non-uniform section of the mini-channel, the impact of the inlet velocity, the energy and exergy analysis, multi-objective optimization and performance evaluation criteria (PEC) evaluations, and the consideration of metal Galinstan and Cu-water nanofluid working fluids. The parametric analysis highlighted metal Galinstan as the best coolant for the five configurations involved in the present study. Furthermore, The PEC results indicate that the best performance is achieved by the Converged-Diverged Mini-channel (CDMC)heat sink. CDMC configuration with metal Galinstan performs well in terms of exergy evaluations and shows a better average temperature distribution with a maximum temperature of about 328K. The optimal inlet velocity ( =0.21m/s) is determined on the basis of the pumping power and thermal resistance profiles. The optimization process is based on the impact of the mini-channel's maximum width on the PEC. It is shown that the PEC increases with the maximum width of the CDMC and the highest (PEC=1.31) is obtained at a maximum width of 0.95mm.
Outlet Configuration of a Reversed Circular Flow Jet Impingement Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) , Muhammad Amir Aziat Ishak, Adnan Ibrahim, and Jurnal Kejuruteraan, 2025 The utilization of the jet impingement technique is a prevalent approach in enhancing the efficiency of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector through the augmentation of heat transfer rate. The present work introduces a novel approach known as the reverse circular flow jet impingement (RCFJI) on a PVT collector. The performance analysis of the PVT collector was assessed through the utilization of CFD simulation. The RCFJI was installed to a jet plate which incorporates 36 holes. The holes were positioned at a spacing of 113.4 mm (x-axis) and 126 mm (y-axis). The air outlet channel of the jet plate has been configured into four different configurations: one hole (1h), three holes (3h), four holes (4h) and five holes (5h) to analyze the best outlet configuration leading to the highest energy performance. The simulation evaluation encompassed a range of solar irradiance spanning from 600 W/m<sup>2</sup> to 900 W/m<sup>2</sup>, while the mass flow rates varied from 0.01 kg/s to 0.14 kg/f for each geometrical design. Based on the research, the configuration that records the highest efficiency was 1h. The maximum photovoltaic efficiency recorded was 11.38% at 600 W/m<sup>2</sup> and mass fl ow rate of 0.14 kg/s. While the maximum thermal efficiency was 63.2% at solar irradiance 900 W/m<sup>2</sup> and mass flow rate of 0.14 kg/s.
Performance Evaluation of a Solar Assisted Dual Condenser Heat Pump System for Drying of Pandan Leaves (Pandanus Amaryllifolius) , Rohaimi Abdullah, , Adnan Ibrahim, , Muhammad Amir Aziat Ishak, , Kamaruzzaman Sopian, , Hasila Jarimi, , Halim Razali, , Ghaith Abusaibaa, and Jurnal Kejuruteraan, 2025 The solar-assisted heat pump drying (SAHPD) system uniquely incorporates solar-heating refrigerant through hot water from solar evacuated tubes, offering distinct advantages. This study analyzed three experimental setups: a heat pump dryer (HPD) without solar assistance, SAHPD configuration 1 (C1-SAHPD) with solar-heated refrigerant at the discharge line, and SAHPD configuration 2 (C2-SAHPD) with solar-heated refrigerant between condensers, both for performance and economic viability. The experiments maintained consistent parameters, including 5.5 kg of Pandan leaf (Pandanus amaryllifolius), an airflow rate of 0.135 kg/s, and a refrigerant operating pressure of 9.65 bar. The SAHPDs operated when the hot water temperature in the storage tank reached between 70°C and 90°C, with a daily average radiation intensity ranging from 0.670 to 1.102 kW/m² for heating the water. The study revealed average coefficients of performance (COP<sub>avg</sub>) of 5.34, 5.43, and 6.53 for HPD, C1-SAHPD, and C2-SAHPD, respectively. The specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) for HPD was 2.64, while C1-SAHPD and C2-SAHPD had SMERs of 1.88 and 2.71 at solar fractions of 0.34 and 0.45, respectively. Notably, C2-SAHPD reduced electricity consumption by 46%. The payback period for drying 11 kg of Pandan leaves per day was 4.56 months for HPD, 4.32 months for C1-SAHPD, and 3.84 months for C2-SAHPD. The study concluded that C2-SAHPD was the most efficient dryer system for Pandan leaves based on its higher efficiency, SMER, and cost recovery. Additionally, the performance optimization presented in this study contributed to developing a novel technique for classifying dryer technologies.
Experimental and numerical assessment of water-based photovoltaic/thermal collectors with varied tubular absorber cross-sections Shirin Rostami, Adnan Ibrahim, Amir Aziat Ishak, Ahmad Fazlizan, Ahmad Fudholi, Kamaruzzaman Sopian, Alireza Dehghani-Sanij, Amin Shahsavar, Khaled M. Al-Aribe Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2025 This study aims to develop 3D numerical models utilizing COMSOL software to analyze the heat transfer (HT) behaviour of water-based photovoltaic/thermal (WPV/T) collectors with circular, and elliptical tubular cross-sections with different dimensions to find an optimized and efficient PV/T design. Indoor experimental tests were conducted to validate the numerical results. The performance of PV/T was evaluated in terms of governing parameters, including the mass flow rate ( m ˙ ), solar irradiance ( I ), heat gain, maximum power ( P max ), Reynolds number ( R e ), thermal ( η t h ) and electrical ( η e l ) efficiency, the temperature difference between the outlet and inlet water ( T o -T i ), the average cell temperature, and total efficiency ( η t o t a l ). It was determined that m ˙ = 0.04 kg/s was the optimal water flow rate for the best performance. The results indicate that the PV/T collector with the elliptical cross-section tube with the least hydraulic diameter achieved the maximum total efficiency, both numerically and experimentally, at 76.9 % and 72.94 %, respectively, under turbulent flow conditions with R e = 5502.92 and I = 1000 W/m 2 . η t o t a l of the elliptical PV/T collectors is approximately 10 % and 6 % higher than that of circular design, respectively at the optimum flow rate, and I = 1000 W/m 2 . It is also found that tubes with lower hydraulic diameter values, while maintaining the same tube cross-section perimeter, exhibit higher HT characteristics compared to those with greater hydraulic diameters. The findings from this innovative and comprehensive study indicate an opportunity to enhance the HT properties of the PV/T system by optimizing the cross-sectional design and hydraulic diameter of the absorber tube, ultimately increasing total efficiency. Additionally, the optimized design opens avenues for future research and can be further developed for both industrial and domestic applications.
The reversed circular flow jet impingement (RCFJI) PV/T collector: Thermohydraulic and electrohydraulic analysis Muhammad Amir Aziat Bin Ishak, Adnan Ibrahim Heat Transfer, 2024 Solar energy could be used to generate both electricity and heat with the aid of photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) systems. Although the systems have a variety of advantages, they nevertheless hold a significant constraint. The system suffers a susceptible constraint wherein the photovoltaic (PV) module experiences an increase in temperature due to exposure to solar irradiation. The integration of a cooling system is necessary to enhance its operational efficiency. A novel approach, known as the reversed circular flow jet impingement (RCFJI), was proposed as a means to improve the performance of a PV/T collector. The current work seeks to assess the thermohydraulic and electrohydraulic performance of the RCFJI PV/T collector. The experiment was conducted under an irradiance level of 500–900 W/m2. From the result obtained, the thermohydraulic efficiency reached its maximum value of 59.20% under 900 W/m2 at 0.14 kg/s. Conversely, the electrohydraulic efficiency attained the highest reading of 10.91% under 500 W/m2 at 0.13 kg/s. It was concluded that a higher flow rate reduces the friction coefficient while increasing the pressure drop. The thermohydraulic and electrohydraulic analyses emphasize the importance of assessing the friction coefficient and pressure drop to attain optimal performance. This study addresses the lack of research by presenting a new cooling approach that utilizes jet impingement. In addition, this study provides an understanding of the thermohydraulic and electrohydraulic performance of a RCFJI PV/T collector.
Multicriteria evaluation of conventional and shingled photovoltaic technologies based on energy, exergy, environmental, economic performance and cell temperature distribution Y EL ALAMI, Y Bannour, M RAMI, M Yessef, H El Hafdaoui, MAA Ishak, ... Engineering Research Express , 2026 2026
Experimental and numerical evaluation of a novel swirling reversed circular flow jet impingement for photovoltaic thermal module MA Alzoubi, A Ibrahim, SS Dol, M Alkhedher, HL Azeez, MAA Ishak, ... Scientific Reports , 2026 2026
An Overview of Current State of Reuse and Recycling of Degraded Solar Modules: A Review MAA Ishak, MAA Rahmat, SI Ud Din, A Ibrahim Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment 13 (2), 79-92 , 2026 2026
Experimental investigation of energy and exergy characteristics of a novel solar collector with swirling reversed circular flow jet impingement MA Alzoubi, A Ibrahim, M Alkhedher, HL Azeez, MAA Ishak, Y El Alami, ... Scientific Reports , 2026 2026
Field-based experimental investigation of energy and exergy performances of a novel solar thermal air collector MAA Rahmat, A Ibrahim, KM Al-Aribe, U Syafiq, MAA Ishak, SI Ud Din, ... Scientific Reports , 2026 2026 Citations: 2
Heat transfer and flow analysis of a double-pass solar air heater with sandwich-structured PCM cylinders SIU Din, A Ibrahim, A Fazlizan, NA Ludin, MAA Rahmat, MA Shahid, ... Solar Energy 304, 114212 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment MAA Ishak, MAA Rahmat, SIU Din, A Ibrahim Journal Archive 13 , 2026 2026
Honeycomb checkered fins photovoltaic thermal (PVT): numerical analysis and experiment validation MAAB Ishak, KM Al-Aribe, MAA Rahmat, SIU Din, A Singh, A Ibrahim Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 107095 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Numerical investigation of thermal and airflow profiles in diverse solar dryer chamber configurations MAA Rahmat, A Ibrahim, MAA Ishak, U Syafiq, KM Al-Aribe Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 73, 106612 , 2025 2025 Citations: 13
Design and performance optimization of hollow semi-stadium fins (HSSF) at multi-level array configuration for solar air collector MAA Rahmat, A Ibrahim, MUS Mustaffa, KM Al-Aribe, SIU Din, MAA Ishak International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 166, 109154 , 2025 2025 Citations: 19
Performance evaluation of a Folded heat sink designs for solar cell Cooling: Numerical study A Djebara, N Bessanane, M Si-Ameur, A Ibrahim, A Al-Tarabsheh, Z Noui, ... Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 63, 103724 , 2025 2025 Citations: 13
Energy and exergy analysis of a reversed circular flow jet impingement bifacial PVT collector: CFD simulation and experimental study MAAB Ishak, A Ibrahim, SIU Din Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 62, 103602 , 2025 2025 Citations: 13
Superior thermal dissipation through natural convection in a passive cooling system using multidirectional tapered fin heat sinks (MTFHS) SN Razali, A Ibrahim, A Fazlizan, AB Al-Aasam, MAA Rahmat, MAA Ishak Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev. 14 (2), 370-380 , 2025 2025 Citations: 7
Experimental evaluation of a photovoltaic thermal collector using twisted tape absorber with nano-enhanced phase change material for thermal storage AMO Al-Karboly, A Ibrahim, A Fazlizan, K Sopian, AB Al-Aasam, ... Journal of Energy Storage 109, 115122 , 2025 2025 Citations: 22
Comparative study of thermohydraulic performance in mini-channel heat sink systems: Multi-objective optimization and exergy considerations Z Noui, M Si-Ameur, N Bessanane, A Djebara, A Ibrahim, MAAB Ishak, ... Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 66, 105722 , 2025 2025 Citations: 16
Experimental Investigations of a Bio-oil-Based Binary Nanofluid as a Heat Transfer Fluid in Solar Thermal Systems IK Magajia, A Ibrahima, HL Azeeza, K Sopianc, MAA Ishakd Jurnal Kejuruteraan 37 (8), 3655-3672 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Energy Analysis of a Bifacial PVT Solar Collector Cooled by a Reversed Circular Flow Jet Impingement MAA Bin Ishak, A Ibrahim, MAA Rahmat Renewable Energy Technologies and Strategies in the Global Energy Transition … , 2025 2025
Performance Evaluation of a Solar Assisted Dual Condenser Heat Pump System for Drying of Pandan Leaves (Pandanus Amaryllifolius) R Abdullah, A Ibrahim, MAAB Ishak, K Sopian, H Jarimi, H Razali, ... Jurnal Kejuruteraan 37 (1), 349-368 , 2025 2025
Konfigurasi Saluran Udara Keluar Jet Pesentakan Aliran Pekeliling Terbalik Pengumpul Fotovolta Terma Suria (PVT) MAA Ishak, A Ibrahim Jurnal Kejuruteraan 37 (1), 335-347 , 2025 2025
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Water-Based Photovoltaic/Thermal Collectors with Varied Tubular Absorber Cross-Sections S Rostami, A Ibrahim, AA Ishak, A Fudholi, K Sopian, A Dehghani-Sanij, ... Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 65, 105665 , 2024 2024 Citations: 12
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
An analysis of renewable energy technology integration investments in Malaysia using HOMER pro MAA Rahmat, AS Abd Hamid, Y Lu, MAA Ishak, SZ Suheel, A Fazlizan, ... Sustainability 14 (20), 13684 , 2022 2022 Citations: 100
Thermal performance analysis of a double-pass solar air heater with lava rock as porous and sensible heat storage material SIU Din, A Ibrahim, RK Ajeel, A Fazlizan, AA Ishak, AB Al-Aasam Journal of Energy Storage 95, 112564 , 2024 2024 Citations: 42
Exergy performance of a reversed circular flow jet impingement bifacial photovoltaic thermal (PVT) solar collector MAAB Ishak, A Ibrahim, A Fazlizan, MF Fauzan, K Sopian, AA Rahmat Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 49 , 2023 2023 Citations: 39
Theoretical and experimental investigations on the effect of double pass solar air heater with staggered-diamond shaped fins arrangement N Jannah, F Mohd, A Fazlizan, A Ibrahim, A Aziat Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 60, 104619 , 2024 2024 Citations: 35
Performance Analysis of a Novel Photovoltaic Thermal PVT Double Pass Solar Air Heater with Cylindrical PCM Capsules using CFD SIU Din, A Ibrahim, A Fazlizan, MAA Ishak, F Nawab, ASA Hamid International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 13 (3), 1418-1430 , 2023 2023 Citations: 28
The effect of a reversed circular jet impingement on A bifacial module PVT collector energy performance MAAB Ishak, A Ibrahim, MF Fauzan, A Fazlizan, WE Ewe, HA Kazem Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 52, 103752 , 2023 2023 Citations: 25
Experimental evaluation of a photovoltaic thermal collector using twisted tape absorber with nano-enhanced phase change material for thermal storage AMO Al-Karboly, A Ibrahim, A Fazlizan, K Sopian, AB Al-Aasam, ... Journal of Energy Storage 109, 115122 , 2025 2025 Citations: 22
Design and performance optimization of hollow semi-stadium fins (HSSF) at multi-level array configuration for solar air collector MAA Rahmat, A Ibrahim, MUS Mustaffa, KM Al-Aribe, SIU Din, MAA Ishak International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 166, 109154 , 2025 2025 Citations: 19
Classification of Jet Impingement Solar Collectors – A Recent Development in Solar Energy Technology MAAB Ishak, A Ibrahim, K Sopian, MF Fauzan, MAA Rahmat, ... International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 13 (2), 802-817 , 2023 2023 Citations: 17
Comparative study of thermohydraulic performance in mini-channel heat sink systems: Multi-objective optimization and exergy considerations Z Noui, M Si-Ameur, N Bessanane, A Djebara, A Ibrahim, MAAB Ishak, ... Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 66, 105722 , 2025 2025 Citations: 16
Performance and economic analysis of a reversed circular flow jet impingement bifacial PVT solar collector MAA Bin Ishak, A Ibrahim, K Sopian, MF Fauzan, AA Rahmat, ... International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 12 (4) , 2023 2023 Citations: 16
Numerical investigation of thermal and airflow profiles in diverse solar dryer chamber configurations MAA Rahmat, A Ibrahim, MAA Ishak, U Syafiq, KM Al-Aribe Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 73, 106612 , 2025 2025 Citations: 13
Performance evaluation of a Folded heat sink designs for solar cell Cooling: Numerical study A Djebara, N Bessanane, M Si-Ameur, A Ibrahim, A Al-Tarabsheh, Z Noui, ... Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 63, 103724 , 2025 2025 Citations: 13
Energy and exergy analysis of a reversed circular flow jet impingement bifacial PVT collector: CFD simulation and experimental study MAAB Ishak, A Ibrahim, SIU Din Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 62, 103602 , 2025 2025 Citations: 13
Energy performance evaluation of a photovoltaic thermal phase change material (PVT-PCM) using a spiral flow configuration MS Bin Aziz, A Ibrahim, MAA Bin Ishak International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 12 (5) , 2023 2023 Citations: 13
Heat Transfer Performance of a Novel Circular Flow Jet Impingement Bifacial Photovoltaic Thermal PVT Solar Collector MAAB Ishak, A Ibrahim, K Sopian, MF Fauzan, S Imad, AS Abd Hamid International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 13 (2), 818-830 , 2023 2023 Citations: 13
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Water-Based Photovoltaic/Thermal Collectors with Varied Tubular Absorber Cross-Sections S Rostami, A Ibrahim, AA Ishak, A Fudholi, K Sopian, A Dehghani-Sanij, ... Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 65, 105665 , 2024 2024 Citations: 12
Superior thermal dissipation through natural convection in a passive cooling system using multidirectional tapered fin heat sinks (MTFHS) SN Razali, A Ibrahim, A Fazlizan, AB Al-Aasam, MAA Rahmat, MAA Ishak Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev. 14 (2), 370-380 , 2025 2025 Citations: 7
Performance Comparison of the Standard Photovoltaic Thermal Collector (PVT) and Photovoltaic Thermal Collector with Phase Change Materials (PVT-PCM) ASAH Muhammad Syazwan Aziz, Adnan Ibrahim, Muhammad Amir Aziat Bin Ishak ... International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 13 (04) , 2023 2023 Citations: 5
Field-based experimental investigation of energy and exergy performances of a novel solar thermal air collector MAA Rahmat, A Ibrahim, KM Al-Aribe, U Syafiq, MAA Ishak, SI Ud Din, ... Scientific Reports , 2026 2026 Citations: 2