Role of surface adhesin proteins of Staphylococcus aureus in virulence and its clinical significances: a review Shila Kumari Singh, Minakshi Bhattacharjee, Balagopalan Unni, Rajpal Singh Kashyap Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology, 2026 Staphylococcus aureus is omnipresent and it causes a wide range of diseases in hospitals as well as in community. Its pathogenesis depends on wide varieties of virulence factors. Over the past two decades, the antibiotic resistance mechanism has shown a rise in S. aureus , which is alarming given the fact that there is no working vaccine or other significant methods of preventing or treating infections caused by S. aureus . This demands the need to explore possibilities for effective treatment and prevention. In this article, we have reviewed the surface adhesin proteins of S. aureus , their role in pathogenesis and clinical significances. These adhesins are located on the cell surface and participate in colonization by binding to their specific ligands. Fibronectin binding protein, collagen binding protein, biofilm associated protein, protein A, clumping factor are some of the important adhesins. They take part in colonization, invasion, biofilm formation, evasion of host immunity by binding their ligands on the host cells. Attempts to develop vaccine against these proteins, in combination or individually, have been made but they seem to fail at clinical testing stage. Some fails due to its lesser antigenicity against humans as compared to animals in preclinical stage of testing. This review concludes with the wide range of possibilities in prevention and treatment options that can be developed from these adhesins. Extensive studies targeting the adhesin ligand binding using structurally homologues compounds or structure based drug designing can help in eradicating colonization which is the first step of infection.
Genus Aerides, Coelogyne and Eria: A comprehensive review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology Partha Pratim Dutta, Priyanku Pradip Das, Jyotirmoy Bhattacharyya, Lunasmrita Saikia, Seydur Rahman, Shila Kumari Singh, Saikat Sen, Pal Gogoi Phytomedicine Plus, 2026 • The Aerides, Coelogyne, and Eria genus have been used in traditional medicine. • >72 phytoconstituents have been reported from all genera. • The genera are rich in phenanthrene, bibenzyl and flavonoids. • Extracts and Phytoconstituents exhibits various pharmacological activity. • In-depth investigation is required to reveal its full therapeutic potential. The Orchidaceae family includes several medicinally important genera, particularly Aerides, Coelogyne , and Eria , which hold a prominent place in Southeast Asian traditional medicine for managing infectious, inflammatory, metabolic, and degenerative diseases. This review systematically compiles existing evidence on the ethnobotanical significance, phytochemical diversity, and pharmacological potential of these species. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, SciFinder, and Google Scholar up to September 2025 using the keywords “ Aerides ,” “ Coelogyne ,” “ Eria ,” “phytochemistry,” “pharmacology,” and “ethnopharmacology.” A total of 112 peer-reviewed studies met the inclusion criteria. Phytochemical analyses identified 71 bioactive metabolites, predominantly phenanthrenes and bibenzyls, followed by flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and sterols. Preclinical investigations consistently revealed a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antinociceptive, cytotoxic, osteoprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. Notably, erianin, isolated from Eria species, exhibits strong anticancer activity, while coelogin from Coelogyne species demonstrates osteogenic potential, providing valuable mechanistic insights into their therapeutic actions. Collectively, these findings position Aerides, Coelogyne , and Eria as promising yet underexplored sources of pharmacologically active natural products. However, despite extensive ethnomedicinal evidence supporting their use, comprehensive scientific validation, encompassing mechanistic elucidation, rigorous pharmacological testing, and systematic toxicity studies, is still needed, as clinical evaluations remain absent. This review also identifies key knowledge gaps and proposes future research priorities to support the translational advancement of these orchid genera from traditional use to evidence-based clinical applications.
Rising Trend of Colistin Resistance and Shift in Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations Toward the Higher Side Among Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Clinical Samples Shila K. Singh, Lahunlyne Kaharakor, Najmiara S. Ahmed Medical Journal of Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, 2025 Background: The emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria is a major global health issue that arises a concern for humanity especially when fewer options for antibiotics are available. Colistin used indiscriminately against gram-negative bacteria has led to a rise in Colistin resistance. In our study, we tried to find out the prevalence of Colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from outpatient/Inpatient departments (OPD/IPD) of a Tertiary care hospital. Methodology: 162 clinical samples were collected and processed by using different microbiological techniques gram staining, motility test, and biochemical tests which include catalase test, indole test, oxidase test, vogues-Proskauer test, citrate utilization test, triple sugar iron test, and urease production test. Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing (AST) was done by Kirby Bauer’s method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination by Broth dilution/macro dilution method. Results: Out of 162 Enterobacteriaceae isolates 84 (51.8%) were found to be resistant to Colistin. MIC of 4 mcg/ml was reported in 19.75%, 8 mcg/ml in 17.28%, 16 mcg/ml in 9.25%, and 32 mcg/ml in 5.5% of isolates. Conclusion: In this study, the overall resistance to Colistin was high (51.8%), which highlights an increasing trend of Colistin resistance amongst Enterobacteriaceae isolates, which impacts the clinical outcome and limits the treatment options. This study calls for more research by implementing newer methods to understand the pattern of resistance against Colistin both phenotypically and genotypically.
Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec typing and detection of Panton valentine leukocidin gene in methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospitalized patients in Guwahati city Shila Kumari Singh, Minakshi Bhattacharjee, Balagopalan Unni Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology, 2025 Objectives: Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus are known to cause hospital acquired as well as community acquired infections. They are one of the most common pathogens of nosocomial infections. In this study we tried to find out the presence of community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospital acquired infections. Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing PCR was done to differentiate MRSA to community acquired-MRSA and hospital acquired-MRSA. Materials & methods: Total of 150 clinical strains of S. aureus isolated from various clinical samples of hospitalized patients were collected from A multiplex PCR was performed to carry out the SCCmec typing for the MRSA. Antibiotic resistance was done by Kirby Bauer method and the detection of LukS-PV and LukF-PV gene was done to see the ability of MRSA to produce panton valentine leukocidin. Result: We found that out of 53 MRSA 38 (71.7%) were HA-MRSA and 13 (24.5%) were CA-MRSA. We also found the presence of pvl gene, it was more common among the CA-MRSA (69.2%) as compared to HA-MRSA (13.1%). We also found that the CA-MRSA showed more resistance as compared to HA-MRSA to antibiotics like, Ciprofloxacin(84.6%), Ampicillin (100%), Cefotaxime (61.53%), Erythromycin (53.8%). Conclusion: In this study, we found that there is a mixing between the MRSA associated with community and hospital infections. We also found that increased antibiotic resistance in CA-MRSA and presence of PVL gene in them. This could be an indication of exchange of virulence factor or antibiotic resistance among the two types of MRSA which can be a threat to the existing healthcare policy used for their treatment and control.
Potential Role of Natural Oil in the Management of Diabetic Neuropathy- A Review Partha Pratim Dutta, Shiny Ahmed, Lunasmrita Saikia, Douglas Law, Seydur Rahman, Shila Kumari Singh, Saikat Sen, Manash Pratim Pathak, Pal Gogoi, Manish Kumar Gautam, Narayan Chandra Talukdar Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2025 Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common complication of diabetes with limited therapeutic options. Given its complex pathophysiology involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired nerve function, there is increasing interest in complementary therapies. This review aims to summarize the potential use of natural oils, both as dietary supplements and topical agents, for the prevention and management of DN. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using databases such as SciFinder and PubMed for studies published from 1988 to January 2024. The search employed keywords including "diabetic neuropathy," "natural oils," and "bioactive constituents." Relevant studies involving preclinical and clinical evaluation of natural oils or their active compounds in DN were selected, analyzed, and categorized based on the type of oil, mode of application, and mechanism of action. Results: Several natural oils of plant and animal origin demonstrated protective and therapeutic effects against DN in both animal models and limited clinical settings. Their beneficial effects were attributed to antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties, enhanced nerve conduction velocity, and modulation of vascular and neurotrophic factors. Both oral and topical applications contributed to symptom improvement. Discussion: Due to the involvement of various signalling pathways and complex pathophysiology, DN has long been a condition with few acceptable treatment options. Although several natural oils have demonstrated activity against DN, very few clinical studies have been conducted to explore their therapeutic potential fully. Conclusion: Natural oils represent a potential complementary strategy for managing DN. However, more rigorous clinical investigations are essential to confirm their safety, efficacy, and translational value.
In silico testing to identify compounds that inhibit ClfA and ClfB binding to the host for the formulation of future drugs against Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection Shila Kumari Singh, Minakshi Bhattacharjee, Balagopalan Unni, Rajpal Singh Kashyap, Abdul Malik, Suhail Akhtar, Sabiha Fatima Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2024 IntroductionStaphylococcus aureus is a highly resistant pathogen. It has multiple virulence factors, which makes it one of the most pathogenic bacteria for humankind. The vast increase in antibiotic resistance in these bacteria is a warning of existing healthcare policies. Most of the available antibiotics are ineffective due to resistance; this situation requires the development of drugs that target specific proteins and are not susceptible to resistance.MethodsIn this study, we identified a compound that acts as an antagonist of ClfA and ClfB by inhibiting their binding to host cells.ResultsThe shortlisted compound’s binding activity was tested by docking and molecular dynamics during its interaction with proteins. The identified compound has excellent binding energy with both ClfA (-10.11 kcal/mol) and ClfB (-11.11 kcal/mol).DiscussionThe molecular dynamics of the protein and compound were stable and promising for further in vitro and in vivo tests. The performance of our compound was tested and compared with that of the control molecule allantodapsone, which was reported in a previous study as a pan inhibitor of the clumping factor. An ADMET study of our selected compound revealed its reliable drug likeliness. This compound is an ideal candidate for in vitro studies.
Inducible resistance to clindamycin in staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples in tertiary care hospitals in Guwahati City ShilaKumari Singh, Minakshi Bhattacharjee, Balagopalan Unni, RajpalSingh Kashyap Medical Journal of Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, 2023 Background: Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are responsible for many hospital-acquired infections. Clindamycin (CL) is used to treat methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA. Antibiotic sensitivity testing (AST) can miss out the inducible CL resistance (CL-R) and result in failure of treatment. D-test detects inducible CL-R. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and ten S. aureus strains were tested. D-test was performed using erythromycin (ER) (15 mcg) and CL (2 mcg). The absence of inhibition around ER and a zone of inhibition around CL with flattening of the zone facing ER side is taken as positive D-test. Results: Of the total S. aureus strains, 36% were MRSA and 74% were MSSA. A total of 20 (18.18%) strains out of 110 were found to have inducible CL-R. In this study, MRSA (19.4%) were found to have higher percentage of D-test positivity as compared to MSSA (17.56%). Conclusion: D-test must be performed routinely as a part of AST for the presence of inducible phenotype.
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Possible Dysbiosis and Altered Normal Flora in the Oral Cavity of Tobacco Chewers SK Singh Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 34 (3) , 2026 2026.0
Possible Dysbiosis and Altered Normal Flora in the Oral Cavity of Tobacco Chewers P Debbarma, SK Singh Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 34 (3), e1611 , 2026 2026.0
Breaking the Chain of Colonization and Circulation of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Between Human and Livestock Can Be a Significant Preventive Measure:: A Review SK Singh Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 34 (3), e1548 , 2026 2026.0
Role of surface adhesin proteins of Staphylococcus aureus in virulence and its clinical significances: a review S kumari Singh, M Bhattacharjee, B Unni, RS Kashyap Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology 37 (2), 79-86 , 2026 2026.0
A study on emerging resistance to carbapenem antibiotics in gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical samples MJ Das, JM Pohsnem, SK Singh, V Kera, V Resuh Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India), 1-6 , 2026 2026.0 Citations: 1
Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec typing and detection of Panton valentine leukocidin gene in methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospitalized … SK Singh, M Bhattacharjee, B Unni Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology, 10.1097 , 2026 2026.0
Genus Aerides, Coelogyne and Eria: A Comprehensive Review of Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology PP Dutta, PP Das, J Bhattacharyya, L Saikia, S Rahman, SK Singh, S Sen, ... Phytomedicine Plus, 100915 , 2025 2025.0
A study on emerging resistance to carbapenem antibiotics in gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical samples VR Mandip Jyoti Das1, Jubanlak Mary Pohsnem1,, Shila Kumari Singh1 ... Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) , 2025 2025.0
Immunoglobulin A S Singh Practical Guide for Medical Laboratory Science 1, 254-255 , 2025 2025.0
Immunoglobulin M S Singh Practical Guide for Medical Laboratory Science 1, 252-253 , 2025 2025.0
Rising Trend of Colistin Resistance and Shift in Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations Toward the Higher Side Among Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Clinical Samples SK Singh, L Kaharakor, NS Ahmed Medical Journal of Dr. DY Patil Vidyapeeth 18 (2), 282-287 , 2025 2025.0 Citations: 1
Potential Role of Natural Oil in the Management of Diabetic Neuropathy-A Review PP Dutta, S Ahmed, L Saikia, D Law, S Rahman, SK Singh, S Sen, ... Current Pharmaceutical Design , 2025 2025.0 Citations: 1
Age-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis promotes the loss ofdendritic cells tolerance R Kumar, RP Singh, S Singh, H Bashir, JN Agrewala 2024.0
In silico testing to identify compounds that inhibit ClfA and ClfB binding to the host for the formulation of future drugs against Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection SK Singh, M Bhattacharjee, BG Unni, RS Kashyap, A Malik, A S, S Fatima Frontiers in cellular and Infection microbiology , 2024 2024.0 Citations: 7
Detection of Extended spectrum beta lactamase in Escherichia coli isolated from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital in Assam, India S Singh, V Resuh, L Ahmed, D Elemi Advances in Bioresearch 15 (1), 473-477 , 2024 2024.0
Detection of Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm-Producing Ability of Staphylococcus Species in Clinical Isolates SK Singh, M Bhattacharjee, B Unni, RS Kashyap Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) 59 (02), 104-108 , 2023 2023.0
Serology S Singh Laboratory Techniques in diagnostic Microbiology, 1 , 2023 2023.0
Inducible resistance to clindamycin in staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples in tertiary care hospitals in … SK Singh, M Bhattacharjee, B Unni, RS Kashyap Medknow Publications , 2022 2022.0
Fungal Slide Culture S Singh Laboratory techniques in biological sciences 1, 181-186 , 2020 2020.0
Entrepreneurship Education View Project Entrepreneurship Education: Concept, Characteristics and Implications for Teacher Education. 2015 MK Gautam, MK Gautam, R Scholar, SK Singh Citations: 5
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
In silico testing to identify compounds that inhibit ClfA and ClfB binding to the host for the formulation of future drugs against Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection SK Singh, M Bhattacharjee, BG Unni, RS Kashyap, A Malik, A S, S Fatima Frontiers in cellular and Infection microbiology , 2024 2024.0 Citations: 7
Entrepreneurship Education View Project Entrepreneurship Education: Concept, Characteristics and Implications for Teacher Education. 2015 MK Gautam, MK Gautam, R Scholar, SK Singh Citations: 5
A study on emerging resistance to carbapenem antibiotics in gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical samples MJ Das, JM Pohsnem, SK Singh, V Kera, V Resuh Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India), 1-6 , 2026 2026.0 Citations: 1
Rising Trend of Colistin Resistance and Shift in Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations Toward the Higher Side Among Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Clinical Samples SK Singh, L Kaharakor, NS Ahmed Medical Journal of Dr. DY Patil Vidyapeeth 18 (2), 282-287 , 2025 2025.0 Citations: 1
Potential Role of Natural Oil in the Management of Diabetic Neuropathy-A Review PP Dutta, S Ahmed, L Saikia, D Law, S Rahman, SK Singh, S Sen, ... Current Pharmaceutical Design , 2025 2025.0 Citations: 1
Possible Dysbiosis and Altered Normal Flora in the Oral Cavity of Tobacco Chewers SK Singh Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 34 (3) , 2026 2026.0
Possible Dysbiosis and Altered Normal Flora in the Oral Cavity of Tobacco Chewers P Debbarma, SK Singh Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 34 (3), e1611 , 2026 2026.0
Breaking the Chain of Colonization and Circulation of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Between Human and Livestock Can Be a Significant Preventive Measure:: A Review SK Singh Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 34 (3), e1548 , 2026 2026.0
Role of surface adhesin proteins of Staphylococcus aureus in virulence and its clinical significances: a review S kumari Singh, M Bhattacharjee, B Unni, RS Kashyap Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology 37 (2), 79-86 , 2026 2026.0
Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec typing and detection of Panton valentine leukocidin gene in methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospitalized … SK Singh, M Bhattacharjee, B Unni Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology, 10.1097 , 2026 2026.0
Genus Aerides, Coelogyne and Eria: A Comprehensive Review of Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology PP Dutta, PP Das, J Bhattacharyya, L Saikia, S Rahman, SK Singh, S Sen, ... Phytomedicine Plus, 100915 , 2025 2025.0
A study on emerging resistance to carbapenem antibiotics in gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical samples VR Mandip Jyoti Das1, Jubanlak Mary Pohsnem1,, Shila Kumari Singh1 ... Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) , 2025 2025.0
Immunoglobulin A S Singh Practical Guide for Medical Laboratory Science 1, 254-255 , 2025 2025.0
Immunoglobulin M S Singh Practical Guide for Medical Laboratory Science 1, 252-253 , 2025 2025.0
Age-mediated gut microbiota dysbiosis promotes the loss ofdendritic cells tolerance R Kumar, RP Singh, S Singh, H Bashir, JN Agrewala 2024.0
Detection of Extended spectrum beta lactamase in Escherichia coli isolated from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital in Assam, India S Singh, V Resuh, L Ahmed, D Elemi Advances in Bioresearch 15 (1), 473-477 , 2024 2024.0
Detection of Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm-Producing Ability of Staphylococcus Species in Clinical Isolates SK Singh, M Bhattacharjee, B Unni, RS Kashyap Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) 59 (02), 104-108 , 2023 2023.0
Serology S Singh Laboratory Techniques in diagnostic Microbiology, 1 , 2023 2023.0
Inducible resistance to clindamycin in staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples in tertiary care hospitals in … SK Singh, M Bhattacharjee, B Unni, RS Kashyap Medknow Publications , 2022 2022.0
Fungal Slide Culture S Singh Laboratory techniques in biological sciences 1, 181-186 , 2020 2020.0
