Electrocatalytic performance of synthesized sawdust biochar-based adsorbents as electrocatalysts for methanol electrooxidation in fuel cells M.R.M Chuene, E. Prabakaran, T.R. Maumau, P. Msomi, A. Maity, K. Pillay South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2026 In order to electrocatalytically oxidize methanol in an alkaline media, the catalytic activity of Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Fe2+-loaded sawdust (Ms-LSD) adsorbents and their combination with Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Fe2+-loaded sawdust biochar (Ms-LSDBC) adsorbents made from sawdust were investigated. Several instrument methods, including energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), were used to characterize Ms-LSD and Ms-LSDBC. These findings verified that the functional groups and crystalline intensity peaks of the SD and SDBC catalysts changed when Ms were loaded onto them. On a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE), a combination of 0.5 M KOH and 1 M CH3OH was used to evaluate the electrocatalytic performance of Ms-LSD and Ms-LSDBC. At 0 to 0.6 V with a scan rate of 50 mV/s, the Ms-LSDBC demonstrated a high current density and a noticeably better electrocatalytic performance than the Ms-LSD, particularly, Fe2+-LSDBC (95.90 mA/cm-2) and Fe2+-LSD (5.51 mA/cm-2) verified superior electrocatalytic methanol oxidation and a higher current density. Compared to Ms-LSD, Ms-LSDBC has reduced charge transfer resistance (Rct) values. Throughout the entire 1000 s test period for methanol oxidation, the Ms-LSDBC catalysts demonstrated superior stability and greater catalytic activity compared to the Ms-LSD catalysts in 0.5 M KOH with 1 M CH3OH at 0.1 V. These findings highlighted the Ms-LSDBC potential as a significant electrocatalyst for fuel cell methanol oxidation.
Congo red loaded carbon aerogel/polypyrrole spent adsorbent in combination with polypyrrole supported carbon aerogel composite adsorbent for removal of Congo red dye from wastewater and for the reuse of latent fingerprint detection Eswaran Prabakaran, Kriveshini Pillay Results in Materials, 2026 In this study, a Congo red loaded carbon aerogel/polypyrrole (CR-CA/PPy) spent adsorbent in combination with a polypyrrole supported carbon aerogel composite adsorbent was used for more effective removal of Congo red (CR) dye from wastewater and for reuse in latent fingerprint detection. By wrapping CA in the PPy polymer, a carbon aerogel coated polypyrrole (CA/PPy) composite was created by an adsorption process. To verify the successful formation of the CA/PPy composite various instrument methods were used including Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–visible), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The results showed that the specific surface area (7.68 m 2 /g) of the CA/PPy composite was greater than that of the base materials. Congo red (CR) dye was removed using a batch adsorption approach with this CA/PPy composite as the adsorbent, reaching adsorption equilibrium at pH 6.5 in 180 min. Additionally, the Freundlich isotherm model provided a good fit to the adsorption process occurring on the CA/PPy composite's heterogeneous surface. It was shown that the Freundlich isotherm model more accurately depicted the adsorption processes than the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 324.64 mg/g, a high coefficient of determination (R 2 = 0.9999), and an adsorption intensity factor (1/n = 0.9905). The pseudo-second-order kinetic model most closely matched the adsorption kinetics data. The adsorption of CR dye utilizing the CA/PPy composite showed that the adsorption process was both spontaneous and endothermic, as indicated by the ΔG 0 and ΔH 0 values respectively, and the endothermic nature was clearly evident by the most favorable adsorption of CR at 45 °C. It is interesting to note that the CA/PPy composite demonstrated superior reusability during four repeated adsorption/desorption cycles. In order to control pollution, this composite is practically applicable for the adsorptive removal of contaminants such as CR dye from wastewater. Additionally, by employing the powder dusting approach under visible light irradiation, CR-CA/PPy spent adsorbent powder was used for latent fingerprint detection on various porous and non-porous substrates. Moreover, aged and multiple LFP detection tests were conducted on this spent adsorbent powder. As a result, it has been determined that CR-CA/PPy spent adsorbent powder is superior to other fingerprint powders and lowers environmental secondary pollution caused by adsorption treatment methods.
Preparation of rhodamine 6G dye coated nano-coal fly ash nanocomposite: Novel forensic powder for latent fingerprint detection Eswaran Prabakaran, Kriveshini Pillay Advanced Nanocomposites, 2025 This study reports on a novel powder-based rhodamine 6G dye coated nano-coal fly ash (Rh6G/nano-CFA) nanocomposite that was used in a powder dusting technique to develop latent fingerprint (LFP) images under day light conditions. Several instrumental methods, including UV–visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) were used to characterize the Rh6G/nano-CFA nanocomposite. In order to enhance the established latent fingerprint detection on a variety of porous and non-porous substrates using the powder dusting approach in daylight conditions, Rh6G dye was loaded onto the nano-CFA. According to the data, clear LFPs images with ridge patterns in levels 2 and 3 were examined for personal identification using Rh6G/nano-CFA nanocomposite powder with powder dusting technique on a variety of substrates, including aluminum foil, glass slides, tiles, paper money, plastic bottles and tin cans. Aged LFPs images were also effectively developed using this Rh6G/nano-CFA nanocomposite on the aluminum foil substrate with minimal background contrast. Thus, the Rh6G/nano-CFA nanocomposite demonstrated that its excellent contrast and high sensitivity made it a promising powder for use in practical forensic science applications. • Preparation of nano-CFA from Raw CFA by using a hydrothermal treatment method. • Rh6G/nano-CFA was prepared by an adsorption method. • A novel Rh6G/nano-CFA nanocomposite powder was used as a labeling powder in LFP detection. • Rh6G/nano-CFA nanocomposite was very effective for LFP detection.
The investigations of photocatalytic degradation and defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid using palm kernel shell activated carbon and Fe-Sn binary oxides nanocomposite under visible light irradiation Bernard Barnor, Albert Eshun, Eswaran Prabakaran, Opeoluwa I. Adeiga, Chris Curtis, Kriveshini Pillay Results in Chemistry, 2025 Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent pollutant in the environment that does not break down easily because its strong C F bonds strong. Current methods for degrading organic pollutants such as PFOA often have low mineralization efficiency, need a lot of energy, and cause pollution in other ways. In response to these challenges, this study presents an innovative palm kernel shell activated carbon-supported binary oxide, Fe₂O₃/SnO₂ (PKSAC-Fe₂O₃/SnO₂), as a heterojunction and multifunctional photocatalyst for the decomposition of PFOA under visible light. This research presents an innovative PKSAC-Fe₂O₃/SnO₂ nanocomposite that used the synergistic interaction among the large surface area and adsorption capacity of bio-derived activated carbon, the redox reactivity of Fe₂O₃, and the potent oxidative characteristics of SnO₂. The photocatalytic degradation performance of PKSAC-Fe₂O₃/SnO₂ nanocomposite was tested by irradiation of visible light on it. The optimum conditions were found to be pH 5, a catalyst dose of 5.0 mg, and an initial PFOA concentration of 20 ppm. After 6 h of irradiation, the nanocomposite reached an impressive PFOA degradation efficiency of 92.40 % and a defluorination rate of 51.23 %, showing that the fluorinated compound had been mineralized significantly. Mechanistic investigations showed that the hydroxyl radical (•OH) and direct electron were the main species involved in the partial mineralization of PFOA with five shorter-chain intermediates identified. The catalyst's potential reusability coupled with its low-cost, biomass-derived support, present a sustainable solution for PFAS remediation. This work advanced the design of efficient, solar-driven catalysts for persisting pollutant degradation, bridging critical gaps in energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental safety.
Synthesis of palm kernel shells-biochar adsorbent for removal of methylene blue and then reused for latent fingerprint detection using spent adsorbent Eswaran Prabakaran, Kriveshini Pillay Green Analytical Chemistry, 2025 • The hydrothermal approach was used to successfully preparation the palm kernel shells-biochar (PKS-BC) adsorbent. • Using the PKS-BC adsorbent, dosage-dependent methylene blue dye adsorption was accomplished. • Both the pseudo-second order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm model match the data well. • The MB-PKS-BC spent adsorbent was reused to develop a powder dusting approach for latent fingerprint detection. • This adsorbent provided the dual advantages of forensic use and wastewater treatment. This paper reports that a palm kernel shells-biochar (PKS-BC) adsorbent was prepared using a hydrothermal method to remove methylene Blue (MB) and the spent adsorbent was used in latent fingerprint (LFP) detection. The effect of temperature, pH, contact time, dosage, and concentrations on the elimination of MB dye was investigated. Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) models were used to analyze the adsorption isotherm models. The Freundlich model demonstrated an excellent fit to the experimental data and this implied indirect multilayer MB dye adsorption on the heterogeneous surface of the PKS-BS adsorbent. For MB dye, the maximum adsorption capacity was 263.16 mg/g. The adsorption experimental kinetics was investigated using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle and Elovich kinetic models. The results showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model accurately explained the chemisorptions of MB dye adsorption on PKS-BC In order to verify the best-fitting isotherm and kinetics models, we utilized the sum of normalized errors (SNE) approach to choose the chi-square test (χ 2 ) error function as a common indicator. The PKS-BC heterogeneous surface and sub-monolayer adsorption process were established by the remarkable correlation between the experimental results and the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order models. The elimination of MB dye was shown to be an exothermic, spontaneous adsorption process that was viable based on the thermodynamic analysis of (ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS) values. Additionally, MB loaded on PKS-BC (MB-PKS-BC) spent adsorbent was reused as a superior fingerprint powder with the powder dusting approach for the detection of latent fingerprints (LFPs). Under daylight conditions, this spent adsorbent MB-PKS-BC clearly displayed ridge patterns and LFPs images on a variety of surfaces, including glass slides, aluminum foil, aluminum sheets, and tiles. Aged LFP images were also examined for 5 to 20 days on an aluminum foil substrate. These findings suggest that the PKS-BC adsorbent holds promise for the removal of MB dye from wastewater and for reuse in LFPs detection for criminal identifications using the MB-PKS-BC spent adsorbent.
Silver and Titanium Oxides Coated on g-C3N4 Nanocomposite for Photocatalytic Degradation of Mixture of Brilliant Green-Congo Red Dyes and Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic Under Visible Light Irradiation E. Prabakaran, K. Pillay Water Conservation Science and Engineering, 2025 Silver and titanium oxides coated graphitic carbon nitride (Ag2O/TiO2/g-C3N4) nanocomposite was created by a single-step thermal polymerization. The Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR), UV-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) methods, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), photoluminescence (PL), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were within the numerous techniques used to characterize this nanocomposite. Both the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum and the Tauc plot indicated that the Ag2O/TiO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposite had a lower electron-hole pair recombination rate and lower band gap energy. The coating of Ag2O and TiO2 on g-C3N4 was verified by TEM. The Ag2O/TiO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposite was used in the photocatalytic degradation of a Brilliant green (BG)-Congo red (CR) dye combination and ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic under visible light irradiation. According to the research, under visible light irradiation, the Ag2O/TiO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposite photocatalytic activity simultaneously degraded a mixture of BG-CR dyes, with BG (93%) and CR (85%) degrading percentages in 70 min and CIP (82%) degrading in 120 min. Superoxide and hydroxyl radicals were primarily responsible for the degradation of BG and CR dyes under visible light irradiation, whereas holes and hydroxyl radicals were investigated as important oxidative species in the photocatalytic degradation of CIP utilizing the Ag2O/TiO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposite. Graphical Abstract
Electrocatalytic performance of synthesized sawdust biochar-based adsorbents as electrocatalysts for methanol electrooxidation in fuel cells MRM Chuene, E Prabakaran, TR Maumau, P Msomi, A Maity, K Pillay South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 100909 , 2026 2026
Reusable Polyaniline–Biochar for Silver Adsorption and Dye Photocatalysis E Prabakaran, AO Akinola, K Pillay Carbon Trends, 100637 , 2026 2026
Extraction of Activated Carbon from Areca Bat Waste from Areca Bat Plate Making Industry E Prabakaran, M Veerapathran, R Sivaprashad, R Gowtham E3S Web of Conferences 702, 01020 , 2026 2026
Artificial neural network model of the capacity of diethylenetriamine functionalised zinc oxide-apricot stone shell nanocomposite for sequestering 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic … AO Akinola, E Prabakaran, K Govender, K Pillay RSC advances 16 (16), 14199-14215 , 2026 2026
Congo red loaded carbon aerogel/polypyrrole spent adsorbent in combination with polypyrrole supported carbon aerogel composite adsorbent for removal of Congo red dye from … E Prabakaran, K Pillay Results in Materials, 100864 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
The investigations of photocatalytic degradation and defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid using palm kernel shell activated carbon and Fe-Sn binary oxides nanocomposite … B Barnor, A Eshun, E Prabakaran, OI Adeiga, C Curtis, K Pillay Results in Chemistry, 102607 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Magnetically-derived pecan nut shells for the adsorptive removal of cadmium: artificial neural network modelling and photodegradation of sulfamethoxazole using the spent sorbent AO Akinola, E Prabakaran, K Govender, K Pillay Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 118057 , 2025 2025 Citations: 9
Synthesis of palm kernel shells-biochar adsorbent for removal of methylene blue and then reused for latent fingerprint detection using spent adsorbent E Prabakaran, K Pillay Green Analytical Chemistry 13, 100259 , 2025 2025 Citations: 12
Silver and Titanium Oxides Coated on g-C 3 N 4 Nanocomposite for Photocatalytic Degradation of Mixture of Brilliant Green-Congo Red Dyes and Ciprofloxacin … E Prabakaran, K Pillay Water Conservation Science and Engineering 10 (1), 9 , 2025 2025 Citations: 10
Preparation of rhodamine 6 G dye coated nano-coal fly ash nanocomposite: Novel forensic powder for latent fingerprint detection E Prabakaran, K Pillay Advanced Nanocomposites , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide modified magnetic apricot shells for removing Congo red dye and an artificial neural network model AO Akinola, E Prabakaran, K Govender, K Pillay New Journal of Chemistry 49 (13), 5529-5544 , 2025 2025 Citations: 12
Eco and user–friendly curcumin based nanocomposite forensic powder from coal fly ash for latent fingerprint detection in crime scenes E Prabakaran, K Pillay Carbon Trends 17, 100427 , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
Preparation of Z-Scheme G-C3n4/Mno2 Nanocomposite with Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Brilliant Green Dye Under Visible Light Irradiation E Prabakaran, K Pillay Available at SSRN 4940639 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Lead removal from aqueous using carbon nanomaterials and reuse of the lead-loaded adsorbent as a filler material in cement production SD Ndlovu, E Prabakaran, K Pillay South African journal of chemical engineering 48 (1), 138-155 , 2024 2024 Citations: 3
Evaluation of the Quality of Groundwater for Irrigation Purposes in Karur District, Tamilnadu, South India R Gopinath, J Rooby, E Prabakaran, M Kaarthick Materials Science Forum 1111, 177-193 , 2023 2023 Citations: 1
An Experimental Study of Stone Matrix Asphalt with Different Fillers E Prabakaran, A Vijayakumar, DV kumar International Conference on Internet of Things and Connected Technologies … , 2023 2023 Citations: 3
New product development for millet separating, cleaning and grinding process KVS Kumar, M Dharmaraj, S Punithkumar, GVS Kumar, E Prabakaran, ... AIP Conference Proceedings 2764 (1), 070003 , 2023 2023 Citations: 2
Nickel ion removal from aqueous media using polyaniline–macadamia nutshells and its reuse for photodegradation of orange dye PN Omo-Okoro, OI Adeiga, T Velempini, E Prabakaran, CJ Curtis, K Pillay International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 20 (8), 8655-8672 , 2023 2023 Citations: 8
Coal fly ash decorated with graphene and polyaniline nanocomposites for effective adsorption of hexavalent chromium and its reuse for photocatalysis EC Umejuru, E Prabakaran, K Pillay ACS omega 8 (20), 17523-17537 , 2023 2023 Citations: 35
Carbon nanosheets coated on zirconium oxide nanoplate nanocomposite for Zn 2+ ion adsorption and reuse of spent adsorbent for fingerprint detection BG Fouda-Mbanga, E Prabakaran, K Pillay Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 40 (4), 824-840 , 2023 2023 Citations: 3
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Recent developments in the use of metal oxides for photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants in water—a review T Velempini, E Prabakaran, K Pillay Materials Today Chemistry 19, 100380 , 2021 2021 Citations: 421
Nanomaterials for latent fingerprint detection: a review E Prabakaran, K Pillay Journal of materials research and technology 12, 1856-1885 , 2021 2021 Citations: 269
One pot synthesis and characterization of alginate stabilized semiconductor nanoparticles P Sundarrajan, P Eswaran, A Marimuthu, LB Subhadra, P Kannaiyan Bull. Korean Chem. Soc 33 (10), 3218-3224 , 2012 2012 Citations: 211
Carbohydrate biopolymers, lignin based adsorbents for removal of heavy metals (Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+) from wastewater, regeneration and reuse for spent adsorbents including latent … BG Fouda-Mbanga, E Prabakaran, K Pillay Biotechnology Reports 30, e00609 , 2021 2021 Citations: 204
Synthesis of N-doped ZnO nanoparticles with cabbage morphology as a catalyst for the efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under UV and visible light E Prabakaran, K Pillay RSC advances 9 (13), 7509-7535 , 2019 2019 Citations: 172
Amperometric detection of Sudan I in red chili powder samples using Ag nanoparticles decorated graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode E Prabakaran, K Pandian Food chemistry 166, 198-205 , 2015 2015 Citations: 91
Comparative study of KF, KCl and KBr doped with graphitic carbon nitride for superior photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light E Prabakaran, T Velempini, M Molefe, K Pillay Journal of materials research and technology 15, 6340-6355 , 2021 2021 Citations: 69
Hydrothermal synthesis of magnetic-biochar nanocomposite derived from avocado peel and its performance as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue from wastewater E Prabakaran, K Pillay, H Brink Materials Today Sustainability 18, 100123 , 2022 2022 Citations: 68
Synthesis and characterization of fluorescent N-CDs/ZnONPs nanocomposite for latent fingerprint detection by using powder brushing method E Prabakaran, K Pillay Arabian Journal of Chemistry 13 (2), 3817-3835 , 2020 2020 Citations: 64
Coal Fly Ash Decorated with Graphene Oxide–Tungsten Oxide Nanocomposite for Rapid Removal of Pb 2+ Ions and Reuse of Spent Adsorbent for Photocatalytic … EC Umejuru, E Prabakaran, K Pillay ACS omega 6 (17), 11155-11172 , 2021 2021 Citations: 61
Coal fly ash coated with carbon hybrid nanocomposite for remediation of cadmium (II) and photocatalytic application of the spent adsorbent for reuse EC Umejuru, E Prabakaran, K Pillay Results in Materials 7, 100117 , 2020 2020 Citations: 52
Synthesis and characterization of CDs/Al2O3 nanofibers nanocomposite for Pb2+ ions adsorption and reuse for latent fingerprint detection BG Fouda-Mbanga, E Prabakaran, K Pillay Arabian Journal of Chemistry 13 (8), 6762-6781 , 2020 2020 Citations: 52
Synthesis and characterization of fluorescent Europium (III) complex based on D-dextrose composite for latent fingerprint detection E Prabakaran, K Pillay Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 24 (8), 584-605 , 2020 2020 Citations: 36
Coal fly ash decorated with graphene and polyaniline nanocomposites for effective adsorption of hexavalent chromium and its reuse for photocatalysis EC Umejuru, E Prabakaran, K Pillay ACS omega 8 (20), 17523-17537 , 2023 2023 Citations: 35
Cd2+ ion adsorption and re-use of spent adsorbent with N-doped carbon nanoparticles coated on cerium oxide nanorods nanocomposite for fingerprint detection BG Fouda-Mbanga, E Prabakaran, K Pillay Chemical Physics Impact 5, 100083 , 2022 2022 Citations: 32
Preparation of manganese oxide coated coal fly ash adsorbent for the removal of lead and reuse for latent fingerprint detection MW Mofulatsi, E Prabakaran, T Velempini, E Green, K Pillay Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 329, 111480 , 2022 2022 Citations: 27
Self-assembled silver nanoparticles decorated on exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride/carbon sphere nanocomposites as a novel catalyst for catalytic reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr … E Prabakaran, K Pillay ACS omega 6 (51), 35221-35243 , 2021 2021 Citations: 27
One step synthesis of AgClNPs/PANI/D-dextrose nanocomposite by interfacial polymerization method and its catalytic and photocatalytic applications E Prabakaran, K Pillay Journal of Molecular Liquids 283, 6-29 , 2019 2019 Citations: 22
A novel approach of fluorescent porous graphite carbon nitride based silica gel powder for latent fingerprint detection K.Pillay, E.Prabakaran Applied Nanoscience, 1-23 , 2018 2018 Citations: 21
Electrochemical detection of 4-nitrophenol by using graphene based nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrodes: A mini review E Prabakaran, K Pillay Nanoarchitectonics 2 (2), 61-87 , 2021 2021 Citations: 20