Makiko Nakajima

@it-hiroshima.ac.jp

Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Hiroshima Institute of Technology

Makiko Nakajima


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https://researchid.co/m.nakajima
I received my Master’s and Ph.D. degrees in Engineering from Kyoto University. My research focuses on building environmental engineering, particularly the growth and prevention of airborne algae—a type of bioaerosol—that cause façade soiling. I have quantified the relationships between physical environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and solar radiation, and the growth dynamics of airborne algae, in order to develop effective mitigation strategies. More recently, my work has expanded to the indoor environment, where I investigate the interactions between microbial communities and indoor physical conditions, aiming at quantitative assessment and control. In addition, I actively address moisture-related problems such as summer condensation in humid subtropical regions, and have organized symposia and professional training workshops in Okinawa to disseminate these findings.

RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS

Architecture, Building and Construction, Civil and Structural Engineering
18

Scopus Publications

99

Scholar Citations

6

Scholar h-index

4

Scholar i10-index

Scopus Publications

  • Microbial Communities in Japanese Residences: Part 2 Similarity of Indoor Air Microbial Communities and Their Environmental Influences
    Makiko Nakajima, Tomohide Akiyama, Jianjian Hou, Daisuke Ogura, Fumito Maruyama, Jun Noda
    Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2026
  • Microbial Communities in Japanese Residences: Part 1 Effects of Housing Type, Indoor Climate, and Lifestyle on Microbial Community
    Yosuke Yamamoto, Daisuke Ogura, Tomohide Akiyama, Jianjian Hou, Makiko Nakajima, Fumito Maruyama, Jun Noda, So Fujiyoshi
    Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2026
  • Microbial Communities in Japanese Residences: Part 3 Relationship Between Eukaryotic and Bacterial Diversity in Indoor Air and Environmental Factors
    Yuki Yananose, Jianjian Hou, Makiko Nakajima, Tomohide Akiyama, Daisuke Ogura, Fumito Maruyama, Jun Noda, So Fujiyoshi
    Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2026
  • Occupants and surface types drive microbial dynamics in controlled indoor environments
    Jianjian Hou, Makiko Nakajima, Yukiko Nishiuchi, Daisuke Ogura, Atsushi Teramoto, China Kuratomi, Yoko Iwamoto, Yoshiko Okamura, Kazuki Moriguchi, Mateja Dovjak, Kento Takayama, Yusaku Tsugami, So Fujiyoshi, Fumito Maruyama
    Environmental Microbiome, 2025
    BACKGROUND: Indoor microbial communities play a critical role in influencing indoor environmental quality and human health and are shaped by occupant activity, surface characteristics, and environmental conditions. While previous studies have examined these factors individually, systematic evaluations of their combined interactions, particularly involving Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) and drainage systems, remain limited. This controlled, long-term (1.5-year) investigation assessed how human occupancy, surface moisture (dry vs. wet), aquaponics (soilless plant-aquarium systems), and environmental parameters (humidity, ventilation, and seasonal variations) influence bacterial and eukaryotic dynamics in tightly sealed residential units. RESULTS: Continuous air-conditioner operation without fresh-air intake led to elevated CO₂ levels during occupancy and pronounced seasonal humidity fluctuations, emphasizing the need for improved ventilation and adaptive humidity control in compact urban residences. Amplicon sequencing revealed higher microbial diversity on dry surfaces (aerosols, air-conditioner filter dust, and floor dust) than on wet surfaces (waste drains and showerheads). Wet environments supported biofilm-associated taxa adapted to moist conditions (e.g., Methylobacterium, Vermamoeba). Human occupancy significantly enriched air-conditioner filter dust with opportunistic bacteria (e.g., Finegoldia and Streptococcus), underscoring occupant-driven microbial accumulation via recirculated air. Additionally, the small-scale aquaponic system had minimal measurable influence on microbial composition at the room scale, suggesting limited aerosolization or dispersal under typical usage conditions. Indoor relative humidity was significantly correlated with microbial diversity in air systems, notably enhancing moisture-adapted taxa such as Sphingomonas during humid seasons. Seasonal variations markedly influenced eukaryotic communities (e.g., pollen influx), whereas bacterial communities were more strongly influenced by human occupancy. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the critical role of human-driven microbial accumulation in air-conditioner filters and the distinct microbial profiles associated with dry and wet indoor surfaces. Although small-scale aquaponics demonstrated minimal room-wide microbial impact, its potential localized influence warrants further exploration. These insights offer practical guidance for targeted hygiene protocols, HVAC system maintenance, and building design strategies aimed at improving indoor microbial quality and supporting occupant health.
  • Impact of Microstructure and Mycelium Proliferation on Water Uptake and Moisture Transfer Along the Longitudinal Direction of Wood
    Hiroaki Saito, Makiko Nakajima, Daisuke Ogura, Takuro Mori, Sakae Horisawa
    Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2025
  • Fungal Community and Diversity in a Frequently Ventilated Traditional and Modern Japanese House
    Tomohide Akiyama, Jianjian Hou, Daisuke Ogura, Makiko Nakajima, Fumito Maruyama, So Fujiyoshi, Jun Noda, Ayako Fujieda
    Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2025
  • Impact of Indoor Environmental Factors on Similarity of Eukaryotic and Bacterial Communities in Japanese Residences
    ASHRAE Transactions, 2024
  • Perspectives on Sampling and New Generation Sequencing Methods for Low-Biomass Bioaerosols in Atmospheric Environments
    Jianjian Hou, So Fujiyoshi, Ishara Uhanie Perera, Yukiko Nishiuchi, Makiko Nakajima, Daisuke Ogura, Kyoko Yarimizu, Fumito Maruyama
    Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, 2023
  • Indoor temperature, humidity, and microorganisms in traditional and modern houses in Japan
    Makoto Kokubo, Daisuke Ogura, Makiko Nakajima, Fumito Maruyama, So Fujiyoshi, Jun Noda, Ayako Fujieda
    E3s Web of Conferences, 2023
    Microorganisms in our living environment may affect human health. Microbial suppression by air cleaners and disinfecting agents may provide protection from pathogenic materials. However, excessive microbial suppression can negatively affect human health; thus, an appropriate level of microbiome control is beneficial. It is not well understood how physical environmental conditions, such as temperature and relative humidity, and human lifestyles and behaviors affect indoor microorganisms. To understand the relationship between physical environmental conditions and microbial communities in the human living environment, we measured temperature and relative humidity and collected microbial samples in modern and traditional Japanese houses. In this study, bacteria and fungi were the target microorganisms. In both houses, the DNA concentration of microorganisms on floor surfaces was high when the average relative humidity of the room was high. The same tendency was observed for the beam and pillar surfaces in the traditional house. Although more careful consideration is needed for some indoor surfaces, such as storage ceilings and air conditioner outlets, seasonal changes in relative humidity and DNA concentrations of microorganisms on indoor surfaces exhibit some correlation.
  • Relationship between the microbiome and indoor temperature/humidity in a traditional japanese house with a thatched roof in kyoto, japan
    Makoto Kokubo, So Fujiyoshi, Daisuke Ogura, Makiko Nakajima, Ayako Fujieda, Jun Noda, Fumito Maruyama
    Diversity, 2021
    In our living environment, there are various microorganisms that are thought to affect human health. It is expected that excessive microbial suppression can have a negative effect on human health and that the appropriate control of the microbiome is beneficial to health. To understand how the physical environment, such as temperature and relative humidity, or housing itself affects the microbiome in a rural house, we measured temperature and humidity and collected microbial samples in a traditional Japanese house with a thatched roof. The relative humidity of outdoor air was over 60% most of the day throughout the year. Indoor and outdoor air temperature and humidity were closer to each other in summer than in winter. The DNA concentration of indoor surfaces correlated with the relative humidity, especially with the lowest annual relative humidity. In the thatched roof, outside surface relative humidity often reached 100%, and the occurrence of condensation can affect the DNA concentrations. A high percentage of archaea were detected in the house, which is not a common characteristic in houses. In addition, the microbial community was similar outdoors and indoors or in each room. These characteristics reflect the occupants’ behaviour, including opening the windows and partitions in summer. In the future, it will be necessary to conduct continuous surveys in various houses, including traditional and modern houses, in Japan.
  • Airborne Algal growth on roofs of membrane-structured residences in cold area of Japan
    Makiko Nakajima, Daisuke Masueda, Shuichi Hokoi, Takayuki Matsushita
    Journal of Building Physics, 2021
  • Measurement of airborne algal mortality rates due to heat shock treatment
    Makiko Nakajima, Daisuke Masueda, Shuichi Hokoi, Chikahiro Miyake, Shinya Wada, Satoru Takada
    Building and Environment, 2020
  • Field survey of the relationship between environmental conditions and algal growth on exterior walls
    Makiko Nakajima, Shuichi Hokoi, Daisuke Ogura, Chiemi Iba
    Building and Environment, 2020
  • Airborne Algal Growth on the Roofs of Membrane-Structured Residences in Cold Areas of Japan
    M. Nakajima, D. Masueda, S. Hokoi, T. Matsushita
    Current Topics and Trends on Durability of Building Materials and Components Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components Dbmc 2020, 2020
  • Relationship between environmental conditions and algal growth on the exterior walls of the Ninna-ji Temple, Kyoto
    Makiko Nakajima, Shuichi Hokoi, Daisuke Ogura, Chiemi Iba
    Energy Procedia, 2015
  • Relationship between environmental conditions and algal growth on the exterior walls at Kusyo Myojin Shrine, Ninna-Ji Temple
    Makiko NAKAJIMA, Shuichi HOKOI, Daisuke OGURA
    Journal of Environmental Engineering Japan, 2015
  • Algal growth on the exterior walls of buildings
    Makiko NAKAJIMA, Shuichi HOKOI, Daisuke OGURA
    Journal of Environmental Engineering Japan, 2015
  • Modeling of algal gorwth and death on exterior walls of buildings
    Makiko NAKAJIMA, Shuichi HOKOI, Daisuke OGURA, Chiemi IBA
    Journal of Environmental Engineering Japan, 2015

RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

  • Moisture Damage in Hot-Humid Buildings: Drying Deficit, Envelope Moisture Response, Mold Risk Assessment, and Building Adaptation
    M Nakajima
    Preprints , 2026
    2026
  • Microbial Communities in Japanese residences: part 2 similarity of indoor air microbial communities and their environmental influences
    M Nakajima, T Akiyama, J Hou, D Ogura, F Maruyama, J Noda
    Central European Symposium on Building Physics, 900-910 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 1
  • Microbial communities in japanese residences: part 1 effects of housing type, indoor climate, and lifestyle on microbial community
    Y Yamamoto, D Ogura, T Akiyama, J Hou, M Nakajima, F Maruyama, ...
    Central European Symposium on Building Physics, 885-899 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 2
  • Microbial Communities in Japanese Residences: Part 3 Relationship Between Eukaryotic and Bacterial Diversity in Indoor Air and Environmental Factors
    Y Yananose, J Hou, M Nakajima, T Akiyama, D Ogura, F Maruyama, ...
    Central European Symposium on Building Physics, 911-925 , 2025
    2025
  • Occupants and surface types drive microbial dynamics in controlled indoor environments
    J Hou, M Nakajima, Y Nishiuchi, D Ogura, A Teramoto, C Kuratomi, ...
    Environmental microbiome 20 (1), 114 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 9
  • Proliferation on Water Uptake and Moisture Transfer Along the Longitudinal Direction
    M Nakajima, D Ogura, T Mori
    Multiphysics and Multiscale Building Physics: Proceedings of the 9th … , 2024
    2024
  • Fungal Community and Diversity in a Frequently Ventilated Traditional and Modern Japanese House
    T Akiyama, J Hou, D Ogura, M Nakajima, F Maruyama, S Fujiyoshi, ...
    International Association of Building Physics, 147-153 , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 2
  • Impact of Microstructure and Mycelium Proliferation on Water Uptake and Moisture Transfer Along the Longitudinal Direction of Wood
    H Saito, M Nakajima, D Ogura, T Mori, S Horisawa
    International Association of Building Physics, 297-302 , 2024
    2024
  • Impact of Indoor Environmental Factors on Similarity of Eukaryotic and Bacterial Communities in Japanese Residences
    MN Eng, T Akiyama, DO Eng
    ASHRAE Transactions 130, 370-378 , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 1
  • Perspectives on sampling and new generation sequencing methods for low-biomass bioaerosols in atmospheric environments
    J Hou, S Fujiyoshi, IU Perera, Y Nishiuchi, M Nakajima, D Ogura, ...
    Journal of the Indian Institute of Science 103 (3), 687-697 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 9
  • 住環境の微生物と温湿度及び住まい方の関係:(その 2) 住宅における微生物群集と住人の皮膚表面の微生物群集の把握と比較
    秋山友秀， 中嶋麻起子， 候建建， 小久保舞香， 小椋大輔， 丸山史人， ...
    室内環境学会学術大会講演要旨集 2023 , 2023
    2023
  • 住環境の微生物と温湿度及び住まい方との関係:(その 1) 現代住宅と伝統住宅における真菌の群集構造
    中嶋麻起子， 小久保舞香， 候建建， 秋山友秀， 小椋大輔， 丸山史人， ...
    室内環境学会学術大会講演要旨集 2023 , 2023
    2023
  • 室内バイオエアロゾルと構成微生物のリアルタイム測定の現状
    侯建建， 西内由紀子， 藤吉奏， 丸山史人， 中嶋麻起子， 小椋大輔
    クリーンテクノロジー= Clean technology: クリーン環境と清浄化技術の専門誌/クリーンテクノロジ … , 2023
    2023
  • Indoor temperature, humidity, and microorganisms in traditional and modern houses in Japan
    M Kokubo, D Ogura, M Nakajima, F Maruyama, S Fujiyoshi, J Noda, ...
    E3S Web of Conferences 396, 01054 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 2
  • 外壁面での気生藻類による汚れの発生と評価指標についての研究 吸放湿性状を考慮した増殖予測モデル作成と人の汚れ感覚の調査
    中嶋麻起子， 高田暁
    住総研研究論文集・実践研究報告集 48, 61-72 , 2022
    2022
  • Relationship between the microbiome and indoor temperature/humidity in a traditional Japanese house with a thatched roof in Kyoto, Japan
    M Kokubo, S Fujiyoshi, D Ogura, M Nakajima, A Fujieda, J Noda, ...
    Diversity 13 (10), 475 , 2021
    2021
    Citations: 21
  • Airborne Algal growth on roofs of membrane-structured residences in cold area of Japan
    M Nakajima, D Masueda, S Hokoi, T Matsushita
    Journal of Building Physics 45 (2), 113-147 , 2021
    2021
    Citations: 10
  • Relationship between the Microbiome and Indoor Temperature/Humidity in a Traditional Japanese House with a Thatched Roof in Kyoto, Japan. Diversity 2021, 13, 475
    M Kokubo, S Fujiyoshi, D Ogura, M Nakajima, A Fujieda, J Noda, ...
    s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published … , 2021
    2021
  • Measurement of airborne algal mortality rates due to heat shock treatment
    M Nakajima, D Masueda, S Hokoi, C Miyake, S Wada, S Takada
    Building and Environment 183, 107123 , 2020
    2020
    Citations: 5
  • 保存科学研究集会 遺跡保存に関する最近の動向
    宇野
    埋蔵文化財ニュース 179 , 2020
    2020

MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

  • Relationship between the microbiome and indoor temperature/humidity in a traditional Japanese house with a thatched roof in Kyoto, Japan
    M Kokubo, S Fujiyoshi, D Ogura, M Nakajima, A Fujieda, J Noda, ...
    Diversity 13 (10), 475 , 2021
    2021
    Citations: 21
  • Field survey of the relationship between environmental conditions and algal growth on exterior walls
    M Nakajima, S Hokoi, D Ogura, C Iba
    Building and Environment 169, 106575 , 2020
    2020
    Citations: 18
  • Airborne Algal growth on roofs of membrane-structured residences in cold area of Japan
    M Nakajima, D Masueda, S Hokoi, T Matsushita
    Journal of Building Physics 45 (2), 113-147 , 2021
    2021
    Citations: 10
  • Relationship between environmental conditions and algal growth on the exterior walls of the Ninna-ji temple, Kyoto
    M Nakajima, S Hokoi, D Ogura, C Iba
    Energy Procedia 78, 1329-1334 , 2015
    2015
    Citations: 10
  • Occupants and surface types drive microbial dynamics in controlled indoor environments
    J Hou, M Nakajima, Y Nishiuchi, D Ogura, A Teramoto, C Kuratomi, ...
    Environmental microbiome 20 (1), 114 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 9
  • Perspectives on sampling and new generation sequencing methods for low-biomass bioaerosols in atmospheric environments
    J Hou, S Fujiyoshi, IU Perera, Y Nishiuchi, M Nakajima, D Ogura, ...
    Journal of the Indian Institute of Science 103 (3), 687-697 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 9
  • Measurement of airborne algal mortality rates due to heat shock treatment
    M Nakajima, D Masueda, S Hokoi, C Miyake, S Wada, S Takada
    Building and Environment 183, 107123 , 2020
    2020
    Citations: 5
  • Microbial communities in japanese residences: part 1 effects of housing type, indoor climate, and lifestyle on microbial community
    Y Yamamoto, D Ogura, T Akiyama, J Hou, M Nakajima, F Maruyama, ...
    Central European Symposium on Building Physics, 885-899 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 2
  • Fungal Community and Diversity in a Frequently Ventilated Traditional and Modern Japanese House
    T Akiyama, J Hou, D Ogura, M Nakajima, F Maruyama, S Fujiyoshi, ...
    International Association of Building Physics, 147-153 , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 2
  • Indoor temperature, humidity, and microorganisms in traditional and modern houses in Japan
    M Kokubo, D Ogura, M Nakajima, F Maruyama, S Fujiyoshi, J Noda, ...
    E3S Web of Conferences 396, 01054 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 2
  • Microbial Communities in Japanese residences: part 2 similarity of indoor air microbial communities and their environmental influences
    M Nakajima, T Akiyama, J Hou, D Ogura, F Maruyama, J Noda
    Central European Symposium on Building Physics, 900-910 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 1
  • Impact of Indoor Environmental Factors on Similarity of Eukaryotic and Bacterial Communities in Japanese Residences
    MN Eng, T Akiyama, DO Eng
    ASHRAE Transactions 130, 370-378 , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 1
  • 低湿度環境下での乾燥感に関する研究 (その 16) 湿度環境が眼の状態および主観申告に与える影響
    伊藤佳乃子， 高田暁， 中嶋麻起子
    日本建築学会近畿支部研究報告集. 環境系, 229-232 , 2020
    2020
    Citations: 1
  • 仁和寺九所明神の外壁における藻類生育と周辺環境との関係
    中嶋麻起子， 鉾井修一， 小椋大輔
    日本建築学会環境系論文集 80 (713), 575-582 , 2015
    2015
    Citations: 1
  • 建物外壁に生育する藻類の増殖と死滅のモデル化に関する研究
    中嶋麻起子， 鉾井修一， 小椋大輔， 伊庭千恵美
    日本建築学会環境系論文集 80 (718), 1125-1131 , 2015
    2015
    Citations: 1
  • 建物外壁における藻類の生育状況に関する研究
    中嶋麻起子， 鉾井修一， 小椋大輔
    日本建築学会環境系論文集 80 (710), 331-337 , 2015
    2015
    Citations: 1
  • 41044 仁和寺九所明神における外壁の変色状態と周辺環境条件との関係 (外皮の熱性能 (3), 環境工学 II, 2014 年度日本建築学会大会 (近畿) 学術講演会・建築デザイン発表会)
    中嶋麻起子， 鉾井修一， 小椋大輔
    環境工学 II, 87-88 , 2014
    2014
    Citations: 1
  • 41044 建物外壁における藻類の生育状況に関する研究: 仁和寺九所明神での藻類生育と外壁表面温度についての考察 (外皮の熱性能・劣化, 環境工学 II, 2013 年度日本建築学会大会 (北海道) 学術講 …
    中嶋麻起子， 鉾井修一， 小椋大輔
    環境工学 II, 87-88 , 2013
    2013
    Citations: 1
  • 41130 建物外壁における藻類の生育状況に関する研究: 仁和寺九所明神における温湿度測定 (水分による劣化と保存, 環境工学 II, 2012 年度大会 (東海) 学術講演会・建築デザイン発表会)
    中嶋麻起子， 鉾井修一， 小椋大輔
    環境工学 II, 259-260 , 2012
    2012
    Citations: 1
  • 41122 軒下外壁における藻類の生育状況に関する研究 (水分による劣化と保全, 環境工学 II)
    中嶋麻起子， 鉾井修一， 小椋大輔
    学術講演梗概集. D-2, 環境工学 II, 熱, 湿気, 温熱感, 自然エネルギー, 気流・換 … , 2010
    2010
    Citations: 1