Antimicrobial Resistance in Agrarian Distress Neelam Chaudhary, Chandan Singh, Deepak Vyas Antimicrobial Resistance in Agriculture and Its Consequences, 2024 The extensive use of antibiotics in agriculture has escalated with the increasing demand for food by the world’s rising population; the use of antibiotics has pros and cons. As bacteria become resistant to traditional antibiotics, newly discovered antibiotics were used to combat emerging infections. This, in turn, led to increased resistance in bacteria, resulting in a dramatic and ever-increasing war and race between bacteria and new antimicrobials developed by pharmaceutical corporations. Sadly for human health, germs adapt considerably more swiftly and cheaply than pharmaceutical corporations, and as a result, we are losing the race. Several emerging diseases are resistant to almost all antimicrobials. Antimicrobials are the foundations of modern medicine and have made significant contributions to the advancement of healthcare over the last half century. As a result, the ongoing trends in AMR must be reversed or we shall return to the dark ages of medicine. Antibiotic resistance is a naturally occurring mechanism that can be reduced but not totally eliminated because resistance is an unavoidable result of antibiotic selection pressure. The negative impacts of antibiotics have been associated with severe health hazards in humans and animals and induce antibiotic resistance among the vast range of plant pathogenic microbes. The antimicrobial resistant microbes cause massive losses to crop yield and productivity. Apart from the health issue for humans, the resistant microbe escalates elements of agrarian distress in agricultural-dependent countries, like poverty, rise in agricultural input cost, reduced productivity, uncontrol plant diseases, etc. The chapter deals with the grief caused by the application of antibiotics in the agricultural system.
Use of Ganoderma lucidum extract to elevate the resistance in chickpea against the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Chandan Singh, Deepak Vyas Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 2023 Biological based formulation for inducing systematic resistance in the crop is a sustainable measure to control plant disease by utilizing the natural defence system of the host plant and meet the strategic needs of pesticide application for agricultural products worldwide. The crude extract of Ganoderma lucidum was used to induce systematic resistant in the chickpeas against the Fusarium wilt caused by soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Schletend: Fr) f. sp. ciceri (Padwick) (FOC). The formulation was made using a crude extract of Ganoderma lucidum and an emulsion (water in oil: W/O); different dilutions of the formulation were made and applied to the chickpea and then challenged with the FOC. After the incubation with FOC, the chickpea was assayed for the enzyme involved in Phenylpropanoid pathways, i.e. Peroxidase (PO), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). The activity levels of these enzymes were changed in chickpea treated with the formulations as compared to the control (water treated chickpea). The GC-MS analysis confirmed bioactive compounds responsible for the enhanced level of enzyme in chickpea. The findings of the study would lead to the development of a bio-formulation based inducer of resistance molecules in the chickpea against the Fusarium wilt.
Effects of Different Compost on Vegetative and Yield Performance of Pea Neelam Chaudhary, Chandan Singh, Priya Pathak, Deepak Vyas Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2022 The present study deals with the effects of Biosolid (animal manure), Spent Mushroom Compost (SMC), and Leaf Compost on the vegetative growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.). We have examined the physicochemical properties and fungal flora of soil (control) and different composts (amendments). The composts (amendments) were taken in four concentrations, i.e., 25, 50, 75, and 100%, along with complete loam soil as a control. The result reveals the differential response of compost (amendments), showing that Biosolid gives a higher yield at 25%, whereas SMC with 50% and Leaf compost best results at 75% concentrations, respectively. The other parameters of the test plant, such as height, numbers of leaflets, numbers of pods, 100 seeds weight, are found in accordance with respective yields in all the amendments. However, SMC found better fertilizers compared to other test organic substances.
Antioxidant and organic acid evaluation of Geaster saccatum mushroom by chemical and electrochemical assay at carbon nanotube paste electrode Javed Ahmad Wagay, Amer M. Alanazi, Deepak Vyas, Shauket Ahmad Pala, Qazi Inamur Rahman Journal of King Saud University Science, 2021 The study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant and organic acid composition of Geaster saccatum mushroom by chemical and electrochemical assay. The antioxidant activity was done by using DPPH and ABTS reagents while the cyclovoltametry (CV) and differential pulse voltamery (DPV) were used to determine its electrochemical behavior at single walled carbon nano tube paste electrode in 0.02 M acetate buffer (pH 5.0), to explore the adsorptive character of its antioxidant compounds at working electrode as a function of pH, scan rate and potential. The organic acid analysis of this mushroom was carried out by High performance liquid chromatography. In DPPH, the scavenging rate was 56.4 ± 0.78%, at 20 µg/ml, reached to 93.4 ± 0.93% at 100 µg/ml, with 61.01 μg/ml as its IC50. Similarly, in ABTS, at same concentrations, scavenging rates were 38.14 ± 0.54% and 95.16 ± 0.43%, with 58.03 μg/ml as its IC50, respectively. HPLC quantified eight organic acids with gallic acid at highest concentration (193.34 mg/kg dry wt) followed by ketoglutaric acid (181.16 mg/kg dry wt.) and oxallic acid (69.54 mg/kg dry wt.). The CV produced a clear irreversible anodic peak at Epa = 0.69 ± 0.01 V, while, ascorbic acid produced a single anodic peak at Epa = 0.29 ± 0.01 V and gallic acid produced two anodic peaks at Epa = 0.41 ± 0.01 V and second at Epa = 0.69 ± 0.01 V. However, only one anodic peak of mushroom was found in DPV at 0.56 ± 0.01 V, which increased proportionally at each increasing concentration of mushroom extract. The results declared this mushroom as one of the best source of organic acids which characterized it as a better antioxidant food as well as medicine.
Evaluation of the impact of pathogenic fungi on the growth of Pisum sativum L.- A review article International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 2021
Phenolic profiling and antioxidant capacity of Morchella esculenta L. by chemical and electrochemical methods at multiwall carbon nanotube paste electrode Javed Ahmad Wagay, Gulzar Ahmad Nayik, Sajad Ahmad Wani, Rouf Ahmad Mir, Mir Ashfaq Ahmad, Qazi Inamur Rahman, Deepak Vyas Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2019 The present investigation was carried out to know the aboriginal usage of Morchella esculenta L. as an ethnomedicinal food by tribals of Kashmir, an extreme northern state of India for curing of arthritis, osteoporosis, general bone weakness and cure child labour pain and post menopause pain of women. The average long-life expectancy (~ 80 years) and delayed aging ensured the abundant use of M. esculenta L. as the bases of their daily foods as well as their traditional medicine. The antioxidant character of this mushroom was carried out by chemical and electrochemical assays. The chemical assay was done by DPPH, nitric- oxide, super-oxide scavenging and reducing power while as, electrochemical assay was done by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using multi-wall carbon nanotube paste electrode (MWCNTPE) at 0.02 M acetate buffer (pH 4.5). The phenolic profiling of the mushroom was evaluated through Folin–Ciocalteu reagent using gallic acid/ascorbic acid as standard which were qualified and quantified by HPLC-UV technique, respectively. The IC50 values found were 57.02 µg ml−1, 58.02 µg ml−1 and 40.01 µg ml−1 for DPPH, nitric-oxide and superoxide. The electrochemical results have shown one oxidation potential at 1.12 V and positive potential at 1.119 ± 0.01 V in CV and 1.19 V in DPV. DPV at superoxide radical scavenging level of mushroom at dropping mercury electrode (DME) in 0.1 M KCl, produced a reduction peak potential at − 0.160 V. HPLC-UV have confirmed the presence of eight phenolic compounds namely, p-coumaric acid, tocopherol, catechol, rutin, hyperoside, quercetin, ellagic acid and cinnamic acid with quercetin at highest percentage (169.76%).
Cellulase production by Bacillus subtilis M1 using pretreated groundnut shell based liquid state fermentation A. Vyas, Chayanika Putatunda, J. Singh, D. Vyas Biotropia, 2016 Groundnut shell which is rich in natural cellulose was assessed as a substrate for production of cellulase enzyme by cellulolytic bacteria. In the present investigation the bacterial isolate Bacillus subtilis M1 was found to be capable of producing high amount of endoglucanase and exoglucanase on alkali treated groundnut shell. The effect of some nitrogen sources, amino acids and Ca++ ionsin the medium containing pretreated groundnut shell were also evaluated. It was observed that 2% substrate concentration, 1mM calcium concentration were optimum for cellulase production. Ammonium nitrate was found to be the best among nitrogen sources tested. Asparagine, tryptophan and methionine were found to be stimulatory for cellulase activity. Keywords: Bacillus subtilis , cellulase, endoglucanase, exoglucanase, groundnut shell
Partial characterization of cellulase production by Jeotgalibacillus marinus MTCC 6233 Ashish Vyas, Chayanika Putatunda, Deepak Vyas Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 2015 Cellulases form a very important group of enzymes which find application in a wide array of processes including production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials, biopulping, textile processing, as additives in animal feeds and laundry detergents etc. In the present research investigation, Jeotgalibacillus marinus MTCC 6233 was isolated from decomposing cellulosic waste material. The isolate was further screened and characterized for production of cellulases. The bacterial strain was found to be a potent producer of endoglucanase, exoglucanase as well as β –glucosidase. Highest production of all the three cellulolytic enzymes was observed at 6th day of incubation. Activity of all the three enzymes was found to be optimum at pH 6 and temperature 500 C. Endoglucanase activity was found to be inhibited by 2,4-Di Nitro Phenol (2,4-DNP) and HgCl2. Thus, the isolate Jeotgalibacillus marinus MTCC 6233 can be further assessed for these enzymatic activities and may prove to be a potential candidate for production of various cellulolytic enzymes at commercial scale.
Trichoderma and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi based biocontrol of fusarium udum butler and their growth promotion effects on pigeon pea Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2015
HPLC determination of phenolics and free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts of two polypore mushrooms International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014
Mushroom nutraceuticals on different substrates International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013
Biocontrol of plant diseases and sustainable agriculture Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India Section B Biological Sciences, 2009
Occurrence of AM fungi at varying stages of growth of rice plants Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India Section B Biological Sciences, 2008
Production of fungal cellulases by solid state bioprocessing of groundnut shell wastes Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 2005
Production and optimization of cellulases on pretreated groundnut shell by Aspergillus terreus AV49 Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 2005
Effects of Amino Acids, Carbohydrates and Phosphorus Sources on Growth and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of the Marine Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. Strain CA Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1997
