Stephen Edward Greenwald

Scopus Publications

Investigation of monotherapeutic high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy for thrombolysis in highly occluded vessels: anin vitrostudy
Mohammed Mohammed, Fanbing Cui, Jonghyok Ri, Lisheng Xu, Chunyan Zhang, Stephen E Greenwald
Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2026
Objective. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of monotherapeutic high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for thrombolysis in highly occluded vessels using an in vitro model, with emphasis on thermal safety. Approach. HIFU was applied to vessel phantom with various occlusion ratios (60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%) of the lumen cross-sectional area, each with an equal clot length of 15 mm, under a pulsatile flow of 5 ml min −1 generated by a peristaltic pump operated at 70 rpm. The insonation was conducted at a frequency of 1.1 MHz, power ( P elect ) of 180 W, duty cycle of 0.4%, pulse repetition frequency of 1 Hz and total exposure time of 30 min. A step-by-step exposure technique was employed, where the focus of the HIFU beam was progressively moved from one end of the clot to the other. A multi-layer simulation model was used to estimate the acoustic pressure and temperature at the focal point, with temperature distribution monitored throughout the exposure to ensure thermal safety. Thrombolysis efficiency was assessed by measuring the pre- and post-treatment clot weights. Main results. HIFU achieved a thrombolysis efficiency (defined as fractional reduction in clot weight) of 65.99% at 100% occlusion when high power and step-by-step exposure were used. This efficiency increased to 78.6% at 60% occlusion. These results were achieved while ensuring thermal safety by maintaining the temperature below 43 °C. Significance. This study further confirms that HIFU is a promising non-invasive method for thrombolysis in highly occluded vessels while ensuring thermal safety by using high power and a step-by-step exposure method.
Investigation of Thrombolysis and Safety of Stand-Alone High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Therapy in Partially Occluded Ex-Vivo Animal Models
Jonghyok Ri, Lisheng Xu, Longzhong Shang, Xiangji Yue, Stephen E. Greenwald, Mohammed Mohammed, Li Shen
Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 2025
Ferulic Acid Attenuates Aortic Stiffening and Cardiovascular Remodeling by Suppressing Inflammation and the Renin-Angiotensin System in Rats Fed a High-Fat/High-Carbohydrate Diet
Ketmanee Senaphan, Weerapon Sangartit, Veerapol Kukongviriyapan, Orachorn Boonla, Stephen E. Greenwald, Upa Kukongviriyapan
Journal of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome, 2025
Background: Ferulic acid (FA) is an antioxidant compound present in cereals, fruits, and vegetables. Chronic consumption of a high-fat and high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet can lead to metabolic syndrome and increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This study examined whether FA could mitigate vascular inflammation, aortic stiffness, and cardiovascular remodeling in rats fed a HFHC diet. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups (eight rats/group): one group was fed a standard chow diet with or without FA supplementation, while the others were fed a HFHC diet plus a 15% fructose solution for 16 weeks. Rats on the HFHC diet received FA at doses of 0, 30, or 60 mg/kg/day during the final 6 weeks of the study. Various cardiovascular parameters, plasma biochemical markers, and the expression of biomarker proteins were measured. Results: , and vascular-adhesion molecule 1 proteins and prevented hypertrophic remodeling of the aortic wall by reducing protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. Conclusion: This study provides insightful findings on the beneficial effects of FA in reducing aortic stiffness and cardiovascular remodeling associated with metabolic syndrome.
DIEN: A dual-factor iterative enhancement network with the global Re-calibration feature for coronary artery segmentation
Jinzhong Yang, Peng Hong, Bu Xu, Lu Wang, Lisheng Xu, Dongming Chen, Chengbao Peng, An Ping, Benqiang Yang, Xia Zhang, Stephen E. Greenwald
Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 2025
Automated pericardium segmentation and epicardial adipose tissue quantification from computed tomography images
Ying Wang, Ankang Wang, Lu Wang, Wenjun Tan, Lisheng Xu, Jinsong Wang, Songang Li, Jinshuai Liu, Yu Sun, Benqiang Yang, Steve Greenwald
Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 2025
TSARDC-Net: A Temporal–Spatial Anisotropic Network for Human Activity Recognition Using 3-D Radar Data Cube
Nan Bao, Zhikun Li, Jinfei Hou, Yanyan Guo, Wei Qian, Yudong Yao, Stephen E. Greenwald, Lisheng Xu
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2025
The application of the 3-D radar data cube (RDC) which integrates time, distance and Doppler frequency information for accurate human activity recognition (HAR), has attracted much recent research interest in the field of smart healthcare. However, existing methods often fail to fully exploit the temporal-spatial characteristics and the anisotropic nature of RDC, limiting their performance in HAR. To address these limitations, we propose a new temporal-spatial anisotropic radar data cube network (TSARDC-Net) for HAR. This network utilizes a convolutional neural networks-long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) architecture to simultaneously extract spatial and temporal features from radar signals, aiming to obtain joint modeling of the temporal-spatial characteristics of human motion. We adopted a unique anisotropic multi-scale convolution (AMSC) module to address the anisotropic spatial distribution characteristics of RDC and enhance feature extraction capability. We also introduced Squeeze and Excitation normalization (SENM) to adjust the learned features, thereby improving the model’s ability to recognize action features. Furthermore, considering practical deployment requirements, we explored a lightweight strategy based on separable convolutions. We used a public dataset which includes 1,754 samples, recording 6 different human activities. In addition, we recruited a group of volunteers using an off-the-shelf WiFi radar device and obtained a dataset containing 2,148 samples of 5 different activities. TSARDC-Nets were trained separately on these two datasets. Experimental results show that, on the public dataset, the proposed method achieves a classification accuracy of 98.58%, outperforming existing methods. Additionally, the proposed method achieves an accuracy of 95.57% on our dataset, showing good generalization capability.
CT-Less Whole-Body Bone Segmentation of PET Images Using a Multimodal Deep Learning Network
Nan Bao, Jiaxin Zhang, Zhikun Li, Shiyu Wei, Jiazhen Zhang, Stephen E. Greenwald, John A. Onofrey, Yihuan Lu, Lisheng Xu
IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 2025
In bone cancer imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) is ideal for the diagnosis and staging of bone cancers due to its high sensitivity to malignant tumors. The diagnosis of bone cancer requires tumor analysis and localization, where accurate and automated wholebody bone segmentation (WBBS) is often needed. Current WBBS for PET imaging is based on paired Computed Tomography (CT) images. However, mismatches between CT and PET images often occur due to patient motion, which leads to erroneous bone segmentation and thus, to inaccurate tumor analysis. Furthermore, there are some instances where CT images are unavailable for WBBS. In this work, we propose a novel multimodal fusion network (MMF-Net) for WBBS of PET images, without the need for CT images. Specifically, the tracer activity ($\lambda$-MLAA), attenuation map ($\mu$-MLAA), and synthetic attenuation map ($\mu$-DL) images are introduced into the training data. We first design a multi-encoder structure employed to fully learn modalityspecific encoding representations of the three PET modality images through independent encoding branches. Then, we propose a multimodal fusion module in the decoder to further integrate the complementary information across the three modalities. Additionally, we introduce revised convolution units, SE (Squeeze-and-Excitation) Normalization and deep supervision to improve segmentation performance. Extensive comparisons and ablation experiments, using 130 whole-body PET image datasets, show promising results. We conclude that the proposed method can achieve WBBS with moderate to high accuracy using PET information only, which potentially can be used to overcome the current limitations of CT-based approaches, while minimizing exposure to ionizing radiation.
Clinical Validation of Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Measurement Using a Multi-Beam Laser Vibrometer: The CARDIS Study
Smriti Badhwar, Louise Marais, Hakim Khettab, Federica Poli, Yanlu Li, Patrick Segers, Soren Aasmul, Mirko de Melis, Roel Baets, Steve Greenwald, Rosa Maria Bruno, Pierre Boutouyrie
Hypertension, 2024
BACKGROUND: Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) is the gold standard for noninvasive arterial stiffness assessment, an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, and a potential parameter to guide therapy. However, cfPWV is not routinely measured in clinical practice due to the unavailability of a low-cost, operator-friendly, and independent device. The current study validated a novel laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV)-based measurement of cfPWV against the reference technique. METHODS: In 100 (50 men) hypertensive patients, cfPWV was measured using applanation tonometry (Sphygmocor) and the novel LDV device. This device has 2 handpieces with 6 laser beams each that simultaneously measure vibrations from the skin surface at carotid and femoral sites. Pulse wave velocity is calculated using ECG for the identification of cardiac cycles. An ECG-independent method was also devised. Cardiovascular risk score was calculated for patients between 40 and 75 years old using the WHO risk scoring chart. RESULTS: LDV-based cfPWV correlated significantly with tonometry (r=0.86, P <0.0001 ECG-dependent [cfPWV LDV_ECG ] and r=0.80, P <0.001 ECG-independent [cfPWV LDV_w/oECG ] methods). Bland-Altman analysis showed nonsignificant bias (0.65 m/s) and acceptable SD (1.27 m/s) between methods. Intraobserver coefficient of variance for LDV was 4.7% (95% CI, 3.0%–5.5%), and interobserver coefficient of variance was 5.87%. CfPWV correlated significantly with CVD risk (r=0.64, P <0.001; r=0.41, P =0.003; and r=0.37, P =0.006 for tonometry, LDV-with, and LDV-without ECG, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates clinical validity of the LDV device. The LDV provides a simple, noninvasive, operator-independent method to measure cfPWV for assessing arterial stiffness, comparable to the standard existing techniques. REGISTRATION: URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03446430 ; Unique identifier: NCT03446430.
Doppler Radar Sensor-Based Fall Detection Using a Convolutional Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Model
Zhikun Li, Jiajun Du, Baofeng Zhu, Stephen E. Greenwald, Lisheng Xu, Yudong Yao, Nan Bao
Sensors, 2024
Falls among the elderly are a common and serious health risk that can lead to physical injuries and other complications. To promptly detect and respond to fall events, radar-based fall detection systems have gained widespread attention. In this paper, a deep learning model is proposed based on the frequency spectrum of radar signals, called the convolutional bidirectional long short-term memory (CB-LSTM) model. The introduction of the CB-LSTM model enables the fall detection system to capture both temporal sequential and spatial features simultaneously, thereby enhancing the accuracy and reliability of the detection. Extensive comparison experiments demonstrate that our model achieves an accuracy of 98.83% in detecting falls, surpassing other relevant methods currently available. In summary, this study provides effective technical support using the frequency spectrum and deep learning methods to monitor falls among the elderly through the design and experimental validation of a radar-based fall detection system, which has great potential for improving quality of life for the elderly and providing timely rescue measures.
COACT: Coronary artery centerline tracker
Xiaogang Li, Lianchang Ji, Rongrong Zhang, Hongrui You, Lisheng Xu, Stephen E. Greenwald, Yu Sun, Libo Zhang, Benqiang Yang
Medical Physics, 2024
BackgroundThe curved planar reformation (CPR) technique is one of the most commonly used methods in clinical practice to locate coronary arteries in medical images.PurposeThe artery centerline is the cornerstone for the generation of the CPR image. Here, we describe the development of a new fully automatic artery centerline tracker with the aim of increasing the efficiency and accuracy of the process.MethodsWe propose a COronary artery Centerline Tracker (COACT) framework which consists of an ostium point finder (OPFinder) model, an intersection point detector (IPDetector) model and a set of centerline tracking strategies. The output of OPFinder is the ostium points. The function of the IPDetector is to predict the intersections of a sample sphere and the centerlines. The centerline tracking process starts from two ostium points detected by the OPFinder, and combines the results of the IPDetector with a series of strategies to gradually reconstruct the coronary artery centerline tree.ResultsTwo coronary CT angiography (CCTA) datasets were used to validate the models. Dataset1 contains 160 cases (32 for test and 128 for training) and dataset2 contains 70 cases (20 for test and 50 for training). The results show that the average distance between the ostium points predicted by the OPFinder and the manually annotated ostium points was 0.88 mm, which is similar to the differences between the results obtained by two observers (0.85 mm). For the IPDetector, the average overlap of the predicted and ground truth intersection points was 97.82% and this is also close to the inter‐observer agreement of 98.50%. For the entire coronary centerline tree, the overlap between the results obtained by COACT and the gold standard was 94.33%, which is slightly lower than the inter‐observer agreement, 98.39%.ConclusionsWe have developed a fully automatic centerline tracking method for CCTA scans and achieved a satisfactory result. The proposed algorithms are also incorporated in the medical image analysis platform TIMESlice (https://slice‐doc.netlify.app) for further studies.
Patient-specific non-invasive estimation of the aortic blood pressure waveform by ultrasound and tonometry
Shuran Zhou, Kai Xu, Yi Fang, Jordi Alastruey, Samuel Vennin, Jun Yang, Junli Wang, Lisheng Xu, Xiaocheng Wang, Steve E. Greenwald
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 2024
Acoustic detection of coronary artery stenosis: from in-vitro gel measurements towards a low cost diagnostic device
Vincent Adeola, Jon Reeves, Simon Shaw, Emm M. Drakakis, Kostis Petkos, Stephen E. Greenwald
Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering, 2024
Manipulation of Post-Prandial Hyperglycaemia in Type 2 Diabetes: An Update for Practitioners
Lina Shibib, Mo Al-Qaisi, Nicola Guess, Alexander Miras, Steve Greenwald, Marc Pelling, Ahmed Ahmed
Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 2024
TSP-UDANet: two-stage progressive unsupervised domain adaptation network for automated cross-modality cardiac segmentation
Yonghui Wang, Yifan Zhang, Lisheng Xu, Shouliang Qi, Yudong Yao, Wei Qian, Stephen E. Greenwald, Lin Qi
Neural Computing and Applications, 2023
Automatic coronary artery segmentation of CCTA images using UNet with a local contextual transformer
Qianjin Wang, Lisheng Xu, Lu Wang, Xiaofan Yang, Yu Sun, Benqiang Yang, Stephen E. Greenwald
Frontiers in Physiology, 2023
Three-dimensional numerical analysis of wall stress induced by asymmetric oscillation of microbubble trains inside micro-vessels
Jonghyok Ri, Na Pang, Shi Bai, Jialin Xu, Lisheng Xu, Songchol Ri, Yudong Yao, Stephen E. Greenwald
Physics of Fluids, 2023
Improving the accuracy and robustness of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity measurement using a simplified tube-load model
Lisheng Xu, Shuran Zhou, Lu Wang, Yang Yao, Liling Hao, Lin Qi, Yudong Yao, Hongguang Han, Ramakrishna Mukkamala, Stephen E. Greenwald
Scientific Reports, 2022
Relationship between epicardial fat volume on cardiac CT and atherosclerosis severity in three-vessel coronary artery disease: a single-center cross-sectional study
Yu Sun, Xiao-gang Li, Kai Xu, Jie Hou, Hong-rui You, Rong-rong Zhang, Miao Qi, Li-bo Zhang, Li-sheng Xu, Stephen E. Greenwald, Ben-qiang Yang
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 2022
Editorial: In vivo opto-physiological imaging
Sijung Hu, Steve Greenwald, Vincent Dwyer, Janis Spigulis, Yutao Guo
Frontiers in Physics, 2022
Automatic Coronary Artery Segmentation of CCTA Images With an Efficient Feature-Fusion-and-Rectification 3D-UNet
Along Song, Lisheng Xu, Lu Wang, Bin Wang, Xiaofan Yang, Bu Xu, Benqiang Yang, Stephen E. Greenwald
IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 2022
Estimation of central pulse wave velocity from radial pulse wave analysis
Yang Yao, Shuran Zhou, Jordi Alastruey, Liling Hao, Stephen E. Greenwald, Yuelan Zhang, Lin Xu, Lisheng Xu, Yudong Yao
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 2022
Noninvasive estimation of aortic pressure waveform based on simplified Kalman filter and dual peripheral artery pressure waveforms
Wenyan Liu, Shuo Du, Shuran Zhou, Tiemin Mei, Yuelan Zhang, Guozhe Sun, Shuang Song, Lisheng Xu, Yudong Yao, Stephen E. Greenwald
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 2022
Statistical Analysis of the Consistency of HRV Analysis Using BCG or Pulse Wave Signals
Huiying Cui, Zhongyi Wang, Bin Yu, Fangfang Jiang, Ning Geng, Yongchun Li, Lisheng Xu, Dingchang Zheng, Biyong Zhang, Peilin Lu, Stephen E. Greenwald
Sensors, 2022
Estimation of coronary artery movement using a non-rigid registration with global-local structure preservation
Bu Xu, Benqiang Yang, Junrui Xiao, Along Song, Bin Wang, Lu Wang, Lisheng Xu, Stephen E. Greenwald, Yudong Yao
Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2022
Detection and Localization of Myocardial Infarction Based on Multi-Scale ResNet and Attention Mechanism
Yang Cao, Wenyan Liu, Shuang Zhang, Lisheng Xu, Baofeng Zhu, Huiying Cui, Ning Geng, Hongguang Han, Stephen E. Greenwald
Frontiers in Physiology, 2022
Reversal and Remission of T2DM – An Update for Practitioners
Lina Shibib, Mo Al-Qaisi, Ahmed Ahmed, Alexander D Miras, David Nott, Marc Pelling, Stephen E Greenwald, Nicola Guess
Vascular Health and Risk Management, 2022
A Bi-Directional LSTM Network for Estimating Continuous Upper Limb Movement from Surface Electromyography
Chenfei Ma, Chuang Lin, Oluwarotimi Williams Samuel, Weiyu Guo, Hang Zhang, Steve Greenwald, Lisheng Xu, Guanglin Li
IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 2021
Automatic quantification of epicardial adipose tissue volume
Xiaogang Li, Yu Sun, Lisheng Xu, Stephen E. Greenwald, Libo Zhang, Rongrong Zhang, Hongrui You, Benqiang Yang
Medical Physics, 2021
Aortic pressure waveform reconstruction using a multi-channel Newton blind system identification algorithm
Wenyan Liu, Zongpeng Li, Yufan Wang, Daiyuan Song, Ning Ji, Lisheng Xu, Tiemin Mei, Yingxian Sun, Stephen E. Greenwald
Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2021
Elastase treatment of tendon specifically impacts the mechanical properties of the interfascicular matrix
Marta S. Godinho, Chavaunne T. Thorpe, Steve E. Greenwald, Hazel R.C. Screen
Acta Biomaterialia, 2021
Photoplethysmographic assessment of arterial stiffness and endothelial function
Dingchang Zheng, Yang Yao, Iona Morrison, Steve Greenwald
Photoplethysmography Technology Signal Analysis and Applications, 2021
Noncontact Heart Rate Measurement Using a Webcam, Based on Joint Blind Source Separation and a Skin Reflection Model: For a Wide Range of Imaging Conditions
Boyuan Zhang, Hengkang Li, Lisheng Xu, Lin Qi, Yudong Yao, Stephen E. Greenwald
Journal of Sensors, 2021
Quality evaluation of signals collected by portable ECG devices using dimensionality reduction and flexible model integration
Zeyang Zhu, Jianhua Li, Shuang Zhang, Ning Geng, Lisheng Xu, Stephen E Greenwald
Physiological Measurement, 2020
Silicon photonics-based laser Doppler vibrometer array for carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurement
Yanlu Li, Louise Marais, Hakim Khettab, Zhiheng Quan, Soren Aasmul, Rob Leinders, Ralf Schüler, Padraic E. Morrissey, Stephen Greenwald, Patrick Segers, Michael Vanslembrouck, Rosa M. Bruno, Pierre Boutouyrie, Peter O’Brien, Mirko de Melis, Roel Baets
Biomedical Optics Express, 2020
Quantitative Comparison of the Performance of Piezoresistive, Piezoelectric, Acceleration, and Optical Pulse Wave Sensors
Hongju Wang, Lu Wang, Nannan Sun, Yang Yao, Liling Hao, Lisheng Xu, Stephen E. Greenwald
Frontiers in Physiology, 2020
Ultrasound Assessment of the Relation between Local Hemodynamic Parameters and Plaque Morphology
Lisheng Xu, Yanling Zhang, Long Meng, Shuai Li, Lili Niu, Stephen E. Greenwald, Hui Zhang, Lu Wang
IEEE Access, 2020
A high-performance 8 nV/√Hz 8-channel wearable and wireless system for real-time monitoring of bioelectrical signals
Konstantinos Petkos, Simos Koutsoftidis, Thomas Guiho, Patrick Degenaar, Andrew Jackson, Stephen E. Greenwald, Peter Brown, Timothy Denison, Emmanuel M. Drakakis
Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 2019
Robust heart-rate estimation from facial videos using Project_ICA
Lin Qi, Huidong Yu, Lisheng Xu, Ramadhani Selemani Mpanda, Stephen E Greenwald
Physiological Measurement, 2019
Physics of within-tissue wave propagation generated by pulse propagation in the carotid artery
Tommasin, Caenen, Verhegghe, Greenwald, Segers
Applied Sciences Switzerland, 2019
Detecting carotid stenosis from skin vibrations using Laser Doppler Vibrometry – An in vitro proof-of-concept
Viviana Mancini, Daniela Tommasin, Yanlu Li, Jonathan Reeves, Roel Baets, Steve Greenwald, Patrick Segers, and
Plos One, 2019
Role of fetal nutrient restriction and postnatal catch-up growth on structural and mechanical alterations of rat aorta
Perla Y. Gutiérrez-Arzapalo, Pilar Rodríguez-Rodríguez, David Ramiro-Cortijo, Ángel L. López de Pablo, María Rosario López-Giménez, Luis Condezo-Hoyos, Stephen E. Greenwald, Maria del Carmen González, Silvia M. Arribas
Journal of Physiology, 2018
Evaluation of cardiorespiratory function during cardiopulmonary exercise testing in untreated hypertensive and healthy subjects
Yahui Zhang, Zhihao Jiang, Lin Qi, Lisheng Xu, Xingguo Sun, Xinmei Chu, Yanling Liu, Tianjing Zhang, Stephen E. Greenwald
Frontiers in Physiology, 2018
Effects of exercise modalities on central hemodynamics, arterial stiffness and cardiac function in cardiovascular disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Yahui Zhang, Lin Qi, Lisheng Xu, Xingguo Sun, Wenyan Liu, Shuran Zhou, Frans van de Vosse, Stephen E. Greenwald
Plos One, 2018
Rice bran protein hydrolysates reduce arterial stiffening, vascular remodeling and oxidative stress in rats fed a high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet
Ketmanee Senaphan, Weerapon Sangartit, Poungrat Pakdeechote, Veerapol Kukongviriyapan, Patchareewan Pannangpetch, Supawan Thawornchinsombut, Stephen E. Greenwald, Upa Kukongviriyapan
European Journal of Nutrition, 2018
Non-invasive cardiovascular disease assessment with miniaturized multi-beam laser Doppler vibrometry
Yanlu Li, Stephen Greenwald, Daniela Tommasin, Jinghao Zhu, Patrick Segers, Soren Aasmul, Mirko de Melis, Matthieu Duperron, Peter O'Brien, Ralf Schüler, Roel Baets
Optics Infobase Conference Papers, 2018
Elastin is Localised to the Interfascicular Matrix of Energy Storing Tendons and Becomes Increasingly Disorganised With Ageing
Marta S. C. Godinho, Chavaunne T. Thorpe, Steve E. Greenwald, Hazel R. C. Screen
Scientific Reports, 2017
Towards a consensus on the understanding and analysis of the pulse waveform: Results from the 2016 Workshop on Arterial Hemodynamics: Past, present and future
Patrick Segers, Michael F. O’Rourke, Kim Parker, Nico Westerhof, Alun Hughes
Artery Research, 2017
Effects of vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk among people at risk of type 2 diabetes: Results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
N. G. Forouhi, R. K. Menon, S. J. Sharp, N. Mannan, P. M. Timms, A. R. Martineau, A. P. Rickard, B. J. Boucher, T. A. Chowdhury, C. J. Griffiths, S. E. Greenwald, S. J. Griffin, G. A. Hitman
Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, 2016
Characterisation of Elastic and Acoustic Properties of an Agar-Based Tissue Mimicking Material
M. P. Brewin, M. J. Birch, D. J. Mehta, J. W. Reeves, S. Shaw, C. Kruse, J. R. Whiteman, S. Hu, Z. R. Kenz, H. T. Banks, S. E. Greenwald
Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2015
Ferulic acid alleviates changes in a rat model of metabolic syndrome induced by high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet
Ketmanee Senaphan, Upa Kukongviriyapan, Weerapon Sangartit, Poungrat Pakdeechote, Patchareewan Pannangpetch, Parichat Prachaney, Stephen Greenwald, Veerapol Kukongviriyapan
Nutrients, 2015
Tetrahydrocurcumin protects against cadmium-induced hypertension, raised arterial stiffness and vascular remodeling in mice
Weerapon Sangartit, Upa Kukongviriyapan, Wanida Donpunha, Poungrat Pakdeechote, Veerapol Kukongviriyapan, Praphassorn Surawattanawan, Stephen E. Greenwald
Plos One, 2014
Curcumin improves endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling in 2K-1C hypertensive rats by raising nitric oxide availability and reducing oxidative stress
Orachorn Boonla, Upa Kukongviriyapan, Poungrat Pakdeechote, Veerapol Kukongviriyapan, Patchareewan Pannangpetch, Parichat Prachaney, Stephen E. Greenwald
Nitric Oxide Biology and Chemistry, 2014
3D imaging of arterial wall using confocal microscopy
Mehrube Mehrubeoglu, Stephen Greenwald, Christopher Evagora
Ist 2014 2014 IEEE International Conference on Imaging Systems and Techniques Proceedings, 2014
Model validation for a noninvasive arterial stenosis detection problem
H. Thomas Banks, 1. Center for Research in Scientific Computation, Center for Quantitative Sciences in Biomedicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8212, Shuhua Hu, Zackary R. Kenz, Carola Kruse, Simon Shaw, John Whiteman, Mark P. Brewin, Stephen E. Greenwald, Malcolm J. Birch, 2. Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8212, 3. Brunel Institute of Computational Mathematics, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, 4. Blizard Institute, Barts, the London School of Medicine, Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, 5. Clinical Physics, Barts Health Trust
Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2014
High-order space-time finite element schemes for acoustic and viscodynamic wave equations with temporal decoupling
H. T. Banks, Malcolm J Birch, Mark P Brewin, Stephen E Greenwald, Shuhua Hu, Zackary R Kenz, Carola Kruse, Matthias Maischak, Simon Shaw, John R Whiteman
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2014
High dose multiple micronutrient supplementation improves villous morphology in environmental enteropathy without HIV enteropathy: Results from a double-blind randomised placebo controlled trial in Zambian adults
John Louis-Auguste, Stephen Greenwald, Michelo Simuyandi, Rose Soko, Rose Banda, Paul Kelly
BMC Gastroenterology, 2014
Carotid atherosclerotic plaque characterisation by measurement of ultrasound sound speed in vitro at high frequency, 20 MHz
M.P. Brewin, P.D. Srodon, S.E. Greenwald, M.J. Birch
Ultrasonics, 2014
Cardiac function in 10-year-old twins following different fetal therapies for twin-twin transfusion syndrome
H. M. Gardiner, H. Matsui, M. Roughton, S. E. Greenwald, A. Diemert, M. J. O. Taylor, K. Hecher
Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2014
Supersonic shear wave imaging to assess arterial nonlinear behavior and anisotropy: Proof of principle via ex vivo testing of the horse Aorta
D. A. Shcherbakova, C. Papadacci, A. Swillens, A. Caenen, S. De Bock, V. Saey, K. Chiers, M. Tanter, S. E. Greenwald, M. Pernot, P. Segers
Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 2014
Comparing the effect of moderate intensity exercise on arterial stiffness in resistance trained athletes, endurance trained athletes and sedentary controls: A cross-sectional observational study
Bhupinder Hoonjan, Rajdip Dulai, Zakariya Ahmed, Alice Lucey, Richard Twycross-Lewis, Dylan Morrissey, Stephen E. Greenwald
Artery Research, 2013
Are geometrical and structural variations along the length of the aorta governed by a principle of "optimal mechanical operation"?
Alexander Rachev, Stephen Greenwald, Tarek Shazly
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 2013
Noncontact imaging photoplethysmography to effectively access pulse rate variability
Yu Sun, Sijung Hu, Vicente Azorin-Peris, Roy Kalawsky, Stephen Greenwald
Journal of Biomedical Optics, 2013
Association of arterial stiffness with single nucleotide polymorphism rs1333049 and metabolic risk factors
Suphawadee Phababpha, Upa Kukongviriyapan, Poungrat Pakdeechote, Laddawan Senggunprai, Veerapol Kukongviriyapan, Chatri Settasatian, Pyatat Tatsanavivat, Phongsak Intharaphet, Vichai Senthong, Nantarat Komanasin, Nongnuch Settasatian, Stephen E Greenwald
Cardiovascular Diabetology, 2013
Material parameter estimation and hypothesis testing on a 1D viscoelastic stenosis model: Methodology
H. Thomas Banks, Shuhua Hu, Zackary R. Kenz, Carola Kruse, Simon Shaw, John R. Whiteman, Mark P. Brewin, Steve E. Greenwald, Malcolm J. Birch
Journal of Inverse and Ill Posed Problems, 2013
Histology and Staining
Eiji Kawasaki
Biomedical Technology and Devices Second Edition, 2013
Altered vascular function, arterial stiffness, and antioxidant gene responses in pediatric thalassemia patients
Pantipa Detchaporn, Upa Kukongviriyapan, Auemduan Prawan, Arunee Jetsrisuparb, Stephen E. Greenwald, Veerapol Kukongviriyapan
Pediatric Cardiology, 2012
Vascular programming in twins: The effects of chorionicity and fetal therapy for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
H. M. Gardiner, A. Barlas, H. Matsui, A. Diemert, M. J. O. Taylor, J. Preece, F. Gordon, S. E. Greenwald, K. Hecher
Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 2012
Use of ambient light in remote photoplethysmographic systems: Comparison between a high-performance camera and a low-cost webcam
Yu Sun, Charlotte Papin, Vicente Azorin-Peris, Roy Kalawsky, Stephen Greenwald, Sijung Hu
Journal of Biomedical Optics, 2012
The Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Antagonists on Arterial Stiffness in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Literature Review
Rajdip Dulai, Mark Perry, Richard Twycross-Lewis, Dylan Morrissey, Fabiola Atzeni, Stephen Greenwald
Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 2012
Comparison of scientific CMOS camera and webcam for monitoring cardiac pulse after exercise
Yu Sun, Charlotte Papin, Vicente Azorin-Peris, Roy Kalawsky, Stephen Greenwald, Sijung Hu
Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering, 2011
Motion-compensated noncontact imaging photoplethysmography to monitor cardiorespiratory status during exercise
Yu Sun
Journal of Biomedical Optics, 2011
Detection of physiological changes after exercise via a remote opto-physiological imaging system
Yu Sun, Sijung Hu, Vicente Azorin-Peris, Jia Zheng, Stephen Greenwald, Jonathon Chambers, Yisheng Zhu
Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging Proceedings of SPIE, 2011
A novel approach to the assessment of vascular endothelial function
S Sathasivam, S Phababpha, P Sengmeuan, P Detchaporn, Z Siddiqui, U Kukongviriyapan, S Greenwald
Journal of Physics Conference Series, 2011
Inbuilt mechanisms for overcoming functional problems inherent in hepatic microlobular structure
Robert D. Cohen, Christopher L. Brown, Carole Nickols, Pauline Levey, Barbara J. Boucher, Stephen E. Greenwald, Wen Wang
Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2011
Structural inhomogeneity and fiber orientation in the inner arterial media
Lucas H. Timmins, Qiaofeng Wu, Alvin T. Yeh, James E. Moore, Stephen E. Greenwald
American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 2010
Experimental investigation of mechanical and structural inhomogeneity in bovine carotid arteries
Proceedings of the ASME Summer Bioengineering Conference Sbc2008, 2009
Ageing of the conduit arteries
SE Greenwald
Journal of Pathology, 2007
The effect of in utero growth retardation on the structure and composition of the cardiovascular system
Perfusion, 2006
The influence of swelling and matrix degradation on the microstructural integrity of tendon
Hazel R.C. Screen, Vivek H. Chhaya, Steve E. Greenwald, Dan L. Bader, David A. Lee, Julia C. Shelton
Acta Biomaterialia, 2006
Commentary: Modelling emboli with floating fir cones
British Medical Journal, 2004
Responses of small intestinal architecture and function over time to environmental factors in a tropical population
PAUL KELLY, IAN MENZIES, ROGER CRANE, ISAAC ZULU, CAROLE NICKOLS, ROGER FEAKINS, JAMES MWANSA, VICTOR MUDENDA, MAX KATUBULUSHI, STEVE GREENWALD, MICHAEL FARTHING
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2004
Erratum: Residual strains in conduit arteries (Journal of Biomechanics (2003) 36 (661-670))
A. Rachev, S.E. Greenwald
Journal of Biomechanics, 2003
Erratum: Residual strains in conduit arteries (Journal of Biomechanics (2003) 36 (661-670) PII: S002192900200444X)
A. Rachev, S.E. Greenwald
Journal of Biomechanics, 2003
Residual strains in conduit arteries
A Rachev, S.E Greenwald
Journal of Biomechanics, 2003
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome: The influence of intrauterine laser photocoagulation on arterial distensibility in childhood
Helena M. Gardiner, Myles J.O. Taylor, Ageliki Karatza, Tina Vanderheyden, Agnes Huber, Stephen E. Greenwald, Nicholas M. Fisk, Kurt Hecher
Circulation, 2003
Histology and staining
Biomedical Technology and Devices Handbook, 2003
Pulse pressure and arterial elasticity
S.E. Greenwald
QJM an International Journal of Medicine, 2002
Validation of a device to measure arterial pulse wave velocity by a photoplethysmographic method
Stavros Loukogeorgakis, Rex Dawson, Nirree Phillips, Christopher N Martyn, Stephen E Greenwald
Physiological Measurement, 2002
Prolonged calcium transients and myocardial remodelling in early experimental uraemia
A. C. McMahon
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 2002
The AORTA: Built to last a lifetime?
Annual Reports of the Research Reactor Institute Kyoto University, 2001
A hypothesis about a mechanism for the programming of blood pressure and vascular disease in early life
Cn Martyn, Se Greenwald
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 2001
Assessing the homogeneity of the elastic properties and composition of the pig aortic media
N. Stergiopulos, S. Vulliémoz, A. Rachev, J.-J. Meister, S.E. Greenwald
Journal of Vascular Research, 2001
Improving vascular grafts: The importance of mechanical and haemodynamic properties
S. E. Greenwald, C. L. Berry
Journal of Pathology, 2000
Noninvasive measurement of vascular compliance by a photoplesythmographic technique
Stephen E. Greenwald, Howard T. Denyer, Mohammed S. Sobeh
Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering, 1997
Re-endothelialization following balloon injury and photodynamic therapy of the rabbit aorta
Thomas C. Koenig, Mohammed S. Sobeh, Robert J. Ham, Frank W. Cross, Stephen E. Greenwald
Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering, 1997
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of vascular restenosis using mTHPC
Lasers in Medical Science, 1997
Impaired synthesis of elastin in walls of aorta and large conduit arteries during early development as an initiating event in pathogenesis of systemic hypertension
CN Martyn, SE Greenwald
Lancet, 1997
The effects of maternal protein deprivation on the fetal rat pancreas: Major structural changes and their recuperation
D. M. Berney, M. Desai, D. J. Palmer, S. Greenwald, A. Brown, C. N. Hales, C. L. Berry
Journal of Pathology, 1997
Comparison of different methods for the determination of the true wave propagation coefficient, in rubber tubes and the canine thoracic aorta
C.D. Bertram, B.S. Gow, S.E. Greenwald
Medical Engineering and Physics, 1997
Experimental investigation of the distribution of residual strains in the artery wall
S. E. Greenwald, J. E. Moore, A. Rachev, T. P. C. Kane, J.-J. Meister
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 1997
The effect of age on residual strain in the rat aorta
A. Badreck-Amoudi, C. K. Patel, T. P. C. Kane, S. E. Greenwald
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 1996
Pulse wave velocity as a marker of vascular disease [6]
James Cameron, Anthony Dart
Lancet, 1996
Two-layer model for the arterial wall: Elastic properties and distribution of stresses
American Society of Mechanical Engineers Bioengineering Division Publication BED, 1995
Development of an optical technique for the non-invasive measurement of arterial compliance
IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual Conference, 1995
Induction or prevention of intimal hyperplasia by photodynamic therapy in the porcine model
Mohammed S. Sobeh, Stephen E. Greenwald, Robert J. Ham, Barrie J. Phypers, Frank W. Cross, York N. Hsiang
Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering, 1995
Effect of age and sex on residual stress in the aorta
Ashish Saini, Colin Berry, Stephen Greenwald
Journal of Vascular Research, 1995
Desmin expression in rhabdomyosarcoma: Influence of the desmin clone and immunohistochemical method
L Pollock, D Rampling, S E Greenwald, M Malone
Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1995
Modele a deux couches de la paroi arterielle: Proprietes elastiques et distribution des contraintes
S. Vulliemoz, N. Stergiopulos, S. E. Greenwald, A. Pannatier, J.-J. Meister
Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 1995
Erratum: Analysis of the strain and stress distribution in the wall of the developing and mature rat aorta (Biorheology, Vol. 32, No.4, (1995), Page 477)
Biorheology, 1995
Analysis of the strain and stress distribution in the wall of the developing and mature rat aorta
A RACHEV, S GREENWALD, T KANE, J MOOREJR, J MEISTER
Biorheology, 1995
Growth in utero, adult blood pressure, and arterial compliance
C. N. Martyn, D. J. Barker, S. Jespersen, S. Greenwald, C. Osmond, C. Berry
Heart, 1995
Contribution of the structural components of the arterial wall to residual strains
American Society of Mechanical Engineers Bioengineering Division Publication BED, 1994
Suppression of neointimal hyperplasia by photodynamic therapy: in vitro and in vivo results
Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering, 1994
Selective treatment of atherosclerosis using photodynamic therapy in the Yucatan miniswine: preliminary results
Proceedings of SPIE the International Society for Optical Engineering, 1994
The relationship between wall tension, lamellar thickness, and intercellular junctions in the fetal and adult aorta: Its relevance to the pathology of dissecting aneurysm
Colin L. Berry, Jorge A. Sosa‐Melgarejo, Stephen E. Greenwald
Journal of Pathology, 1993
A general method of determining the frequency-dependent propagation coefficient and characteristic impedance of an artery in the presence of reflections
C. D. Bertram, S. E. Greenwald
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 1992
The development of an in-vitro perfusion system for studies on cultured cells
International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 1992
Morbid anatomy in neonates with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve: Pathophysiologic and clinical implications
David S. Celermajer, Susan M. Dodd, Stephen E. Greenwald, Richard K.H. Wyse, John E. Deanfield
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 1992
Axonal Injury in Closed Head Injury by Assault: A Quantitative Study
D A Crooks, C L Scholtz, G Vowles, S Greenwald, S Evans
Medicine Science and the Law, 1992
The glial reaction in closed head injuries
D. A. CROOKS, C. L. SCHOLTZ, G. VOWLES, S. GREENWALD, S. EVANS
Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 1991
Effect of age on the in vitro reflection coefficient of the aortoiliac bifurcation in humans
S E Greenwald, A C Carter, C L Berry
Circulation, 1990
Coronary vasodilation induced by calcitonin gene-related peptide in the anaesthetised pig
J.R. Tippins, S.E. Greenwald, M.J. Lever, I. MacIntyre, H.R. Morris
Neuropeptides, 1989
In vitro determination of lung airway compliance in small animals
S. E. Greenwald, C. E. Collino, C. L. Berry
Medical Biological Engineering Computing, 1988
The validity of negative necropsy reports from metastases in solid organs.
Journal of Pathology, 1987
Letters to the editor
M. Chilosi, F. Bonetti, F. Menestrina, M. Lestani, S. E. Greenwald, C. L. Berry
Journal of Pathology, 1987
Letters to the editor
C. L. Berry, S. E. Greenwald, L. Weiss, J. P. Harlos, A. J. Norton, P. G. Isaacson
Journal of Pathology, 1987
Impulse propagation in liquid filled distensible tubes: Theory and experiment for intermediate to long wavelengths
T. B. Moodie, D. W. Barclay, S. E. Greenwald
Acta Mechanica, 1986
High frequency characteristics of the arterial system
D.L. Newman, P. Sipkema, S.E. Greenwald, N. Westerhof
Journal of Biomechanics, 1986
The static elastic properties and chemical composition of the rat aorta in spontaneously occurring and experimentally induced hypertension: the effect of an anti-hypertensive drug
British Journal of Experimental Pathology, 1985
Impulse propagation in rubber-tube analogues of arterial stenoses and aneurysms
S. E. Greenwald, D. L. Newman, T. B. Moodie
Medical Biological Engineering Computing, 1985
Reflection of pressure transients in rubber tube analogues of arterial stenoses and aneurysms.
undefined, 1985
Pulmonary vascular input impedance in the newborn and infant pig
Cardiovascular Research, 1985
Waves in fluid filled tubes: Theory and experiment
T. B. Moodie, D. W. Barclay, S. E. Greenwald, D. L. Newman
Acta Mechanica, 1984
Actions of cysteinyl leukotrienes in coronary, femoral and carotid vessels of the pig
Stephen E. Greenwald, L.Gordon Letts, David L. Newman, Priscilla J. Piper
European Journal of Pharmacology, 1984
Modified Blalock-Taussig operation using polytetrafluoroethylene (Impra) grafts
S E Greenwald, C L Berry, P H Kay, R E Franks, A Capuani, C Lincoln
British Heart Journal, 1984
Reflection from elastic discontinuities
D. L. Newman, S. E. Greenwald, T. Bryant Moodie
Medical Biological Engineering Computing, 1983
Pulse propagation characteristics by an impulse technique
D. L. Newman, S. J. Penney, S. E. Greenwald
Medical Biological Engineering Computing, 1983
Effects of intra-coronary administration of leukotriene D4 in the anaesthetized dog
L.G. Letts, D.L. Newman, S.E. Greenwald, Priscilla J. Piper
Prostaglandins, 1983
Impulse propagation through junctions
S. E. Greenwald, D. L. Newman
Medical Biological Engineering Computing, 1982
Effect of smooth muscle activity on the static and dynamic elastic properties of the rabbit carotid artery
S. E GREENWALD, D. L NEWMAN, H. T DENYER
Cardiovascular Research, 1982
Changes in the distensibility of the intrapulmonary arteries in the normal newborn and growing pig
S E GREENWALD, C L BERRY, S G HAWORTH
Cardiovascular Research, 1982
Impulse propagation in normal and stenosed vessels
D. L NEWMAN, S. E GREENWALD, H. T DENYER
Cardiovascular Research, 1981
Effect of beta-aminopropionitrile on the static elastic properties and blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats
C L BERRY, S E GREENWALD, N MENAHEM
Cardiovascular Research, 1981
Analysis of forward and backward pressure waves by a total-occlusion method
D. L. Newman, S. E. Greenwald
Medical Biological Engineering Computing, 1980
An in vivo study of the total occlusion method for the analysis of forward and backward pressure waves
D. L. NEWMAN, S. E. GREENWALD, N. L. R. BOWDEN
Cardiovascular Research, 1979
Static mechanical properties and chemical composition of the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats: A comparison with the effects of induced hypertension
S. E. GREENWALD, C. L. BERRY
Cardiovascular Research, 1978
Comparison between theoretical and directly measured pulse propagation velocities in the aorta of the anaesthetised dog
S. E. GREENWALD, D. L. NEWMAN, N. L. R. BOWDEN
Cardiovascular Research, 1978
Effects of hypertension on the static mechanical properties and chemical composition of the rat aorta
C. L. BERRY, S. E. GREENWALD
Cardiovascular Research, 1976
Static mechanical properties of the developing and mature rat aorta
C. L. BERRY, S. E. GREENWALD, J. F. RIVETT
Cardiovascular Research, 1975
Comparative morphological and functional aspects of the aorta of the major vertebrate classes
C. L. Berry, Jocelyn Germain, D. L. Newman, S. E. Greenwald
Laboratory Animals, 1974
Changes in structure and mechanical properties of the rat aorta induced by a hypertensive period during development.
Journal of Pathology, 1973

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