Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Immunotoxicological Evaluation: Insights Into Macrophage Polarization, Tissue Engineering, and Biomedical Applications Bhimankshi R. Wakde, Bhagyashri N. Nehete, Dilip L. Pawara, Anup A. Telgote, Rahul S. Tade Advanced Therapeutics, 2026 Graphene‐based nanomaterials (GBNs) have emerged as promising platforms for biomedical applications, yet their clinical translation is largely governed by interactions with the immune system. Among immune cells, macrophages act as key regulators of the biological fate of GBNs through polarization toward pro‐inflammatory (M1) or anti‐inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. This polarization is strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of GBNs, including structural characteristics and surface chemistry, and directly impacts nanomaterial clearance, biodistribution, immunotoxicity, and therapeutic efficacy. This review synthesizes recent studies examining how GBN properties dictate macrophage polarization and the resulting immunological outcomes. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo investigations demonstrates that controlled macrophage responses can support beneficial effects such as tissue repair and cancer immunotherapy, whereas inappropriate activation may lead to oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and adverse immune reactions. These findings highlight the dual role of macrophage polarization in mediating both therapeutic potential and immunotoxicity risk. We emphasize the need for standardized immunological assays and rational design strategies to predict and modulate macrophage responses to GBNs. A clearer understanding of the relationship between GBN physicochemical properties and macrophage polarization is essential for minimizing immunotoxicity while enabling safe and effective therapeutic applications.
The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Rahul S. Tade Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Trends Applications and Future Directions, 2026 Artificial intelligence (AI) stands at the forefront of transformative advancements in both the pharmaceutical and biomedical sectors. Its integration reshapes the landscape of research, development, and decision-making processes, fostering heightened efficiency, precision, and innovation. This chapter delves into AI’s potential to revolutionize the pharmaceutical realm, amplifying the efficiency and efficacy of drug development, curtailing associated costs, and advancing personalized medicine. Moreover, it underscores AI and machine learning’s (ML) promise in averting diseases and predicting outbreaks through exhaustive analysis of expansive datasets, unveiling crucial patterns and trends for targeted interventions. Additionally, the chapter explores AI and ML’s pivotal roles in enhancing biomedical research, spanning genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and the patient–physician interface, fostering enhanced accuracy and efficacy in diagnosis and treatment modalities. In sum, this chapter offers a panoramic view of AI and ML’s current standing in the pharmaceutical and biomedical domains, hinting at their prospective trajectories and consequential impacts on patient welfare.
Black phosphorous based heterogeneous nanocomposites in the photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes Sudhakar Reddy Baddam, Balaraju Vudari, Seshadri Nalla, Praneeth Ivan Joel Fnu, Srinivas Ganta, Srinivas Enganati, Ramya Gollamudi, Rahul Tade Composite Interfaces, 2026 The widespread use of azo dyes in industrial processes and their persistence in wastewater pose serious environmental and health concerns due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. This review presents recent progress in the application of black phosphorous-based heterogeneous nanocomposites for the photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes. Black phosphorous has emerged as a promising photocatalyst owing to its tunable band gap, high charge carrier mobility, and strong visible light absorption. The review examines how structural modifications, such as silver doping, enhance electron – hole separation and reactive oxygen species generation, leading to improved degradation efficiency for dyes like methyl orange and Congo red. The role of black phosphorous quantum dots is highlighted, particularly their high surface area and catalytic activity. Ternary composites combining black phosphorous with titanium dioxide and noble metals are discussed for their synergistic effects, including enhanced photostability and reusability. Mechanistic insights into photoinduced charge transfer and hydroxyl radical formation are also analyzed. While these materials show great potential for sustainable water remediation, challenges such as material stability, environmental safety, and scalability are identified. The review outlined future research directions for advancing black phosphorous-based nanostructures in industrial wastewater treatment with industrial applications.
Targeted delivery aspects of proanthocyanidins in breast cancer treatment: from discovery to development Krishna Kuna, Seshadri Nalla, Jailani Shiekmydeen, Pavan C. Akkiraju, Mahesh P. More, Srinivas Ganta, Srinivas Enaganti, Rahul S. Tade Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2025 Proanthocyanidins (PACs), a group of naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds, have shown remarkable potential in the treatment of breast cancer (BC). These bioactive molecules exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties by triggering apoptosis, halting cell cycle progression, and suppressing angiogenesis and metastasis. PACs further contribute to immune modulation and regulate critical signaling pathways like PI3K/Akt and MAPK, which are closely linked to cancer development. When combined with other bioactive agents, PACs have been shown to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Advanced delivery approaches, including PAC conjugation with targeting molecules and natural biopolymers, such as proteins and polysaccharides, are being explored to improve their effectiveness. Despite increasing interest in the anticancer potential of PACs, a comprehensive analysis of their molecular mechanisms, synergistic effects, and formulation strategies specifically in the context of breast cancer is lacking. This review aims to fill that gap by compiling and critically evaluating current preclinical evidence, novel delivery approaches, and safety considerations related to PACs in breast cancer therapy. Although preclinical investigations provide encouraging evidence, the availability of clinical studies remains scarce, emphasizing the need for further exploration. The discussion also encompasses the safety profile and possible toxicological concerns of PACs, underlining their therapeutic potential and existing challenges. Despite current limitations, PACs hold promise for BC treatment, with future research aiming to refine their clinical applicability.
Antibody-mediated diagnosis of biomolecules Pravin O. Patil, Mahesh P. More, Zamir G. Khan, Rahul S. Tade, Prashant K. Deshmukh, Ashwini G. Patil, Sanjay B. Bari Nanobiosensors for Biomolecular Targeting, 2018
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Graphene‐Based Nanomaterials in Immunotoxicological Evaluation: Insights Into Macrophage Polarization, Tissue Engineering, and Biomedical Applications BR Wakde, BN Nehete, DL Pawara, AA Telgote, RS Tade Advanced Therapeutics 9 (3), e00562 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences RS Tade Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Trends, Applications, and Future … , 2026 2026
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MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Graphene-based nanocomposites for sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance sensor for biological and chemical sensing: A review PO Patil, GR Pandey, AG Patil, VB Borse, PK Deshmukh, DR Patil, ... Biosensors and Bioelectronics 139, 111324 , 2019 2019 Citations: 265
Pharmaceutical applications of citric acid S Nangare, Y Vispute, R Tade, S Dugam, P Patil Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 7 (1), 54 , 2021 2021 Citations: 125
Emerging era of microneedle array for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications: recent advances and toxicological perspectives S Dugam, R Tade, R Dhole, S Nangare Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 7 (1), 19 , 2021 2021 Citations: 91
Theranostic prospects of graphene quantum dots in breast cancer RS Tade, PO Patil ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 6 (11), 5987-6008 , 2020 2020 Citations: 77
Recent advancement in bio-precursor derived graphene quantum dots: synthesis, characterization and toxicological perspective RS Tade, SN Nangare, AG Patil, A Pandey, PK Deshmukh, DR Patil, ... Nanotechnology 31 (29), 292001 , 2020 2020 Citations: 65
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Fabrication and In vitro drug release characteristics of magnetic nanocellulose fiber composites for efficient delivery of nystatin RS Tade, MP More, VK Chatap, PO Patil, PK Deshmukh Materials Research Express 5 (11), 116102 , 2018 2018 Citations: 17