Animal Science and Zoology, Agricultural and Biological Sciences
37
Scopus Publications
614
Scholar Citations
15
Scholar h-index
22
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Measuring sleep in farm animals: Achievements and challenges Sarah Maria Möseler, Jenny Stracke Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2026 Sleep is a biological necessity for all living mammals. It is known for its restorative properties and plays an important role in various physiological mechanisms. Furthermore, studies in humans could show that sleep also affects psychological processes, which means that sleep is essential only for physical health but also mental well-being. This interconnection makes sleep a promising candidate for assessing animal welfare on a multidimensional scale. However, studies on sleep in farm animals are scarce, even though this field of research can be traced back to the middle of the 20th century. The objective of this narrative review is to give a comprehensive overview over the development and current state of sleep research in cattle, horses and pigs. The focus lies on analyzing studies using polysomnography, the gold standard in human sleep research by which sleep can be identified based on electrophysiological characteristics, and studies using body posture and sleep-associated behaviors as indicators of sleep. By highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of these methods we aim to point out opportunities for improvement. The use of polysomnography to study sleep in farm animals is feasible, though it is time and cost intensive and still highly experimental. Protocols for proper electrode placement and consistent scoring criteria still need to be developed for non-human species. Behavioral observations on the other hand are an established method, however their application for predicting stages of vigilance currently lacks validation. We therefore suggest combining electrophysiological and behavioral recordings in future studies. Further, we hypothesize that including additional parameters such as heart rate, heart rate variability, respiration rate, or body temperature may help to improve validity. Addressing these issues will lay the foundation for studying sleep under on-farm conditions. This, in turn, opens new perspectives for animal welfare research.
Effects of automated short-term incomplete milking during peak to mid lactation on udder firmness, heart-rate variability, and behavior recordings in dairy cows Robin Joest, Jenny Stracke, Ute Müller Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2025 ABSTRACT Incomplete Milking can strategically be used to induce short-term milk yield reduction, benefiting dairy cows’ metabolism without affecting long-term productivity. However, while intermitted milking has been associated with elevated udder pressure and discomfort in dairy cows, incomplete milking´s welfare effects remain less well studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of automated short-term incomplete milking on udder filling and udder firmness, as well as on the welfare of dairy cows, by assessing heart rate variability (HRV) and behavior recordings. Udder healthy, multiparous dairy cows in peak- to mid-lactation were randomly assigned to the complete milking treatment (COMP; n = 23, 95 ± 49 days in milk, lactation number 3.0 ± 1.3 (mean ± SD)) or the incomplete milking treatment (INCL; n = 23, 93 ± 46 days in milk, lactation number 2.6 ± 0.8 (mean ± SD)). The incomplete milking consisted of two phases: In the 1 st phase, milk withdrawal was gradually reduced by 9%/day over 5.5 days, resulting in app. 40% reduction and was followed by 3 complete milkings. Subsequently, in the 2 nd phase, the 40% reduction was maintained consistently for further 5.5 days. Milk yield did not differ between treatments before incomplete milking (COMP: 39.1 ± 1.42 kg/day; INCL: 40.2 ± 1.66 kg/day (mean ± SEM) and a 43% reduced milk withdrawal was effectively achieved at the end of the 1 st phase and throughout the 2 nd phase. In INCL cows, udder filling increased, and udder firmness before milking was elevated on average by 18% during the 1 st and by 22% during the 2 nd phase, compared to COMP cows. After milking, udder firmness was on average 33% higher in INCL cows throughout both phases. Udder health was not affected by incomplete milking and it had no effect on HRV indices, which remained consistent between groups and over time ( P > 0.05). No defense behavior was observed in the milking parlor, and behavior recordings in the barn showed no differences between treatments. This study demonstrates that, even though automated short-term incomplete milking resulted in increased udder filling and firmness – suggesting elevated residual milk and internal udder pressure –, incomplete milking does not indicate adverse effects on the welfare of dairy cows based on the indicators evaluated in this study. These findings support incomplete milking as a viable management strategy for dairy cows.
Use of an elevated platform with perforated surface and manure belt by fast-growing broilers on commercial farms F. May, B. Spindler, J. Müsse, K. Skiba, N. Kemper, J. Stracke Poultry Science, 2024 Like other members of the species Gallus gallus, fast-growing broilers are motivated to perch. However, broilers in the European Union are kept in unstructured barns, with no opportunity to sit elevated and rest undisturbed. A possible solution to this problem is elevated platforms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an elevated platform with perforated surface and manure belt by fast-growing broilers. On 2 commercial farms, an elevated platform was installed in 1 barn per farm. Approximately 35,000 Ross 308 broilers were housed in each barn for 3 fattening periods. On 1 d per wk, the number of broilers per m² on the platform and the ramp was determined every 30 min from video recordings. Besides, focal animals were observed to analyze their behavior on the platform at different ages and during light and dark periods. Broilers used the elevated platform and the ramp from the first week until the end of the fattening period (platform: 9.92 broilers per m², ramp: 6.47 broilers per m²), with a peak in the fourth week of life (platform: 13.00 broilers per m²). In wk 2, 4, and 5, platform use was higher during the light period than during the dark period. Broilers stayed longer on the platform in the dark period (dark: 01:54:23 [hh:mm:ss], light: 00:19:54 [hh:mm:ss]). In every phase of the fattening period, broilers on the platform were inactive to a high proportion (on average 80.60%). This indicates that broilers used the platform also for resting behavior. Thus, the elevated platform with perforated surface and manure belt is a suitable option to structure broiler barns. It allows the broilers to sit elevated and provides additional space. Factors such as a shallow ramp incline of 20°, wide ramps, and appropriate material used for the surface and ramps may have contributed to its high use by broilers of all ages. Further research is needed to evaluate the design of platforms that allow broilers to rest undisturbed.
Dietary tryptophan supplementation and affective state in pigs Proceedings of the 51st Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology Understanding Animal Behaviour, 2023
Sexual Dimorphism in Bone Quality and Performance of Conventional Broilers at Different Growth Phases Johanna Müsse, Helen Louton, Birgit Spindler, Jenny Stracke Agriculture Switzerland, 2022 The objective of this study was to analyze sexual dimorphism with regard to the bone quality of Ross 308 broilers. The relationship between carcass traits, performance and bone quality was analyzed. The effect of sex and age at slaughter was examined in four replicates, always on day 31 and day 38. The weight, length, minimum diameter and breaking strength of the tibiotarsi were measured to determine the bone quality. Female tibiotarsi were shorter, lighter and had a lower minimum diameter and breaking strength compared to male ones. The tibiotarsi of older broilers were found to show higher values in the three-point bending test. The effects on broiler performance were determined by measuring the live body weight, carcass and cut weights. The results demonstrate significant effects of the age at slaughter and the sex (p < 0.001) on all measured parameters, with males always reaching higher values compared to females. A strong correlation of performance and bone parameters could be observed between live weight and weight of the tibiotarsi on both days of data collection. Therefore, it could be beneficial to raise female and male broilers separately. However, in order to make specific recommendations for practice, further knowledge is necessary.
Keypoint Detection for Injury Identification during Turkey Husbandry Using Neural Networks Nina Volkmann, Claudius Zelenka, Archana Malavalli Devaraju, Johannes Brünger, Jenny Stracke, Birgit Spindler, Nicole Kemper, Reinhard Koch Sensors, 2022 Injurious pecking against conspecifics is a serious problem in turkey husbandry. Bloody injuries act as a trigger mechanism to induce further pecking, and timely detection and intervention can prevent massive animal welfare impairments and costly losses. Thus, the overarching aim is to develop a camera-based system to monitor the flock and detect injuries using neural networks. In a preliminary study, images of turkeys were annotated by labelling potential injuries. These were used to train a network for injury detection. Here, we applied a keypoint detection model to provide more information on animal position and indicate injury location. Therefore, seven turkey keypoints were defined, and 244 images (showing 7660 birds) were manually annotated. Two state-of-the-art approaches for pose estimation were adjusted, and their results were compared. Subsequently, a better keypoint detection model (HRNet-W48) was combined with the segmentation model for injury detection. For example, individual injuries were classified using “near tail” or “near head” labels. Summarizing, the keypoint detection showed good results and could clearly differentiate between individual animals even in crowded situations.
DEEP LEARNING-BASED TRACKING OF MULTIPLE OBJECTS IN THE CONTEXT OF FARM ANIMAL ETHOLOGY R. Ali, M. Dorozynski, J. Stracke, M. Mehltretter International Archives of the Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ISPRS Archives, 2022 Automatic detection and tracking of individual animals is important to enhance their welfare and to improve our understanding of their behaviour. Due to methodological difficulties, especially in the context of poultry tracking, it is a challenging task to automatically recognise and track individual animals. Those difficulties can be, for example, the similarity of animals of the same species which makes distinguishing between them harder, or sudden changes in their body shape which may happen due to putting on or spreading out the wings in a very short period of time. In this paper, an automatic poultry tracking algorithm is proposed. This algorithm is based on the well-known tracktor approach and tackles multi-object tracking by exploiting the regression head of the Faster R-CNN model to perform temporal realignment of object bounding boxes. Additionally, we use a multi-scale re-identification model to improve the re-association of the detected animals. For evaluating the performance of the proposed method in this study, a novel dataset consisting of seven image sequences that show chicks in an average pen farm in different stages of growth is used.
Footpad Monitoring: Reliability of an Automated System to Assess Footpad Dermatitis in Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) During Slaughter Jenny Stracke, Robby Andersson, Nina Volkmann, Birgit Spindler, Jan Schulte-Landwehr, Ronald Günther, Nicole Kemper Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2022 Footpad dermatitis (FPD) is an indicator of animal welfare in turkeys, giving evidence of the animals' physical integrity and providing information on husbandry management. Automated systems for assessing FPD at slaughter can present a useful tool for objective data collection. However, using automated systems requires that they reliably assess the incidence. In this study, the feet of turkeys were scored for FPD by both an automated camera system and a human observer, using a five-scale score. The observer reliability between both was calculated (Krippendorff's alpha). The results were not acceptable, with an agreement coefficient of 0.44 in the initial situation. Therefore, pictures of 3,000 feet scored by the automated system were evaluated systematically to detect deficiencies. The reference area (metatarsal footpad) was not detected correctly in 55.0% of the feet, and false detections of the alteration on the footpad (FPD) were found in 32.9% of the feet. In 41.3% of the feet, the foot was not presented straight to the camera. According to these results, the algorithm of the automated system was modified, aiming to improve color detection and the distinction of the metatarsal footpad from the background. Pictures of the feet, now scored by the modified algorithm, were evaluated again. Observer reliability could be improved (Krippendorff's alpha = 0.61). However, detection of the metatarsal footpad (50.9% incorrect detections) and alterations (27.0% incorrect detections) remained a problem. We found that the performance of the camera system was affected by the angle at which the foot was presented to the camera (skew/straight; p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the laterality of the foot (left/right) was found to have a significant effect (p &lt; 0.001). We propose that the latter depends on the slaughter process. This study also highlights a high variability in observer reliability of human observers. Depending on the respective target parameter, the reliability coefficient (Krippendorff's alpha) ranged from 0.21 to 0.82. This stresses the importance of finding an objective alternative. Therefore, it was concluded that the automated detection system could be appropriate to reliably assess FPD at the slaughterhouse. However, there is still room to improve the existing method, especially when using FPD as a welfare indicator.
Structuring Broiler Barns: How a Perforated Flooring System Affects Animal Behavior Franziska May, Jenny Stracke, Sophia Heitmann, Carolin Adler, Alica Krasny, Nicole Kemper, Birgit Spindler Animals, 2022 Broiler chickens in Europe are usually raised in a barren environment. Elevated perforated platforms address this problem and can positively influence animal health and welfare. To evaluate the effect of an elevated perforated floor on the behavior of broiler chickens, one of two barns was equipped with a perforated flooring system under the food and water supply. The second barn was used as a control. In total, three fattening periods were observed, with 500 broiler chickens (Ross 308 breed) kept in each barn. To compare the behavior of the birds in these groups, cameras were installed in the two barns. The videos were analyzed by counting the number of birds and observing focal animals while recording their behavior. More animals were observed on the perforated floor than in the littered control area (p < 0.001), but focal animals spent less time on the perforated floor compared to the observed littered area in the control barn (p < 0.05). There were no differences in the length of the recorded behaviors between the treatments. These findings suggest that, in general, the elevated perforated floor is attractive for the animals. However, it does not promote one of the recorded behavior patterns. Our results show that an elevated perforated floor could be an option for structuring broiler barns.
Automatic Scoring System for Monitoring Foot Pad Dermatitis in Broilers Helen Louton, Shana Bergmann, Andre Piller, Michael Erhard, Jenny Stracke, Birgit Spindler, Paul Schmidt, Jan Schulte-Landwehr, Angela Schwarzer Agriculture Switzerland, 2022 The assessment of foot pad dermatitis at slaughter is a suitable method to assess and monitor the welfare of broilers. The goals of this study were to define and validate a camera-based score that could identify macroscopic lesions of the foot pads, to identify errors, and to assess possible external factors that could influence the assessment. In the first phase 200 feet of broilers and in the second phase 500 feet were collected at slaughter, assessed visually, hung back into the evisceration line, and assessed by an automatic system. The camera score cut-off values were defined in the first (=calibration) phase. In the second (=validation) phase, the performance of diagnosis for these cut-off values was evaluated, and possible errors in the assessment of reference surface area and foot pad lesions were analyzed. The results showed that, in particular, Macro Scores 0, 2, and 3 could be identified with sufficiently high sensitivity. For Macro Score 1, the sensitivity of diagnosis was not sufficiently high in the two evaluated software versions. The current automatic assessment systems at slaughter could be adjusted to the cut-off values in order to classify foot pad dermatitis lesions. Furthermore, software updates can enhance the performance measures and lower the probability of errors.
Where does it hurt? Injury identification in turkeys using keypoint detection Precision Livestock Farming 2022 Papers Presented at the 10th European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming Ecplf 2022, 2022
Scratch the surface: Histopathology of foot pad dermatitis in turkeys Precision Livestock Farming 2019 Papers Presented at the 9th European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming Ecplf 2019, 2019
Measuring Sleep in Farm Animals: Achievements and Challenges SM Möseler, J Stracke Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 106907 , 2025 2025
Effects of automated short-term incomplete milking during peak to mid lactation on udder firmness, heart-rate variability, and behavior recordings in dairy cows. R Joest, J Stracke, U Müller Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 106798 , 2025 2025
Do elevated platforms in the barn provide a positive effect on the footpad health of broiler chicken? N Volkmann, F May, J Stracke, J Müsse, N Kemper, B Spindler 19th International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals: ICPD … , 2025 2025
Nichttraumatischer prähospitaler Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand bei einer Schwangeren S Imach, J Stracke, C Adler, T Ahnert, C Domröse, S Banaschak, C Paul, ... Notfall+ Rettungsmedizin 27 (5), 351-359 , 2024 2024
Nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in pregnant women. Example of treatment options and resource allocation in a German metropolitan area S Imach, J Stracke, C Adler, T Ahnert, C Domroese, S Banaschak, C Paul, ... NOTFALL & RETTUNGSMEDIZIN 27 (5), 351-359 , 2024 2024
Selbstkontrolle bei Schweinen im Zusammenhang mit Persönlichkeit und Sozialverhalten M Kreiser, B Puppe, J Stracke, B Eusemann-Keller, S Düpjan 2024
Make some noise!: Vokalisation von Putenküken in einem Open Novel Objekt Test in Abhängigkeit vom Aufzuchtsystem (Ammenzucht vs. Handaufzucht) J Stracke, M Bellersen, M Fölsing, L Drieling, J Ockenfels, N Kemper, ... Aktuelle Arbeiten zur artgemäßen Tierhaltung 2024: Vorträge anläßlich der 56 … , 2024 2024
Shout it out loud: effects of the rearing system on vocalization of turkey chicks J Stracke, M Bellersen, L Fölsing, L Lütge Drieling, J Ockenfels, N Kemper, ... Book of abstracts of the 9th International Conference on the Welfare … , 2024 2024
Use of an elevated platform with perforated surface and manure belt by fast-growing broilers on commercial farms F May, B Spindler, J Müsse, K Skiba, N Kemper, J Stracke Poultry science 103 (1), 103243 , 2024 2024 Citations: 8
Elevated platforms for broilers on commercial farms: usage and effects on health and performance J Stracke, F May, J Müsse, N Kemper, B Spindler Book of Abstracts of the 74th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of … , 2023 2023
Effects of an elevated platform on behaviour and animal welfare indicators in broiler housing B Spindler, F May, J Müsse, J Stracke, N Kemper XXIInd Congress of the WVPA, Verona (Italy) September 4-8, 2023: Book of … , 2023 2023
Picken, Scharren, Staubbaden-Praxistest automatische Beschäftigung im Hühnermaststall B Spindler, F May, N Kemper, J Stracke Aktuelle Arbeiten zur artgemäßen Tierhaltung 2023: Vorträge anläßlich der 55 … , 2023 2023
Establishing elevated perforated platforms in broiler chicken housing: is hygiene a barrier? B Sake, J Müsse, F May, J Stracke, N Kemper, J Schulz, B Spindler Book of Abstracts of the 74th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of … , 2023 2023
Strukturierung und angepasste Fütterung im Masthühnerstall: Optionen für verhaltensgerechte und umweltschonende Haltung (MaVeTi) J Müsse, F May, M Tillmanns, P Hiller, S Sagkob, L Diekmann, N Kemper, ... Leistungs-und Qualitätsprüfungen sowie Projekte in der Tierhaltung … , 2023 2023
Is one annotation enough?-a data-centric image classification benchmark for noisy and ambiguous label estimation L Schmarje, V Grossmann, C Zelenka, S Dippel, R Kiko, M Oszust, ... Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35, 33215-33232 , 2022 2022 Citations: 70
A data-centric approach for improving ambiguous labels with combined semi-supervised classification and clustering L Schmarje, M Santarossa, SM Schröder, C Zelenka, R Kiko, J Stracke, ... European Conference on Computer Vision, 363-380 , 2022 2022 Citations: 29
Automatic detection of injuries in turkeys: dealing with the prerequisites for a consistent annotation assessment N Volkmann, J Brünger, C Zelenka, J Stracke, B Spindler, R Koch, ... Practical Precision Livestock Farming, 103-117 , 2022 2022 Citations: 3
ManyGoats–an initiative to promote open and reproducible research on goat behaviour and welfare F Amici, O Atay, M Balaro, M Battini, D Brucks, HC Joao, R Daros, S David, ... 2022 Citations: 2
Sexual dimorphism in bone quality and performance of conventional broilers at different growth phases J Müsse, H Louton, B Spindler, J Stracke Agriculture 12 (8), 1109 , 2022 2022 Citations: 19
Keypoint detection for injury identification during turkey husbandry using neural networks N Volkmann, C Zelenka, AM Devaraju, J Brünger, J Stracke, B Spindler, ... Sensors 22 (14), 5188 , 2022 2022 Citations: 22
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Is one annotation enough?-a data-centric image classification benchmark for noisy and ambiguous label estimation L Schmarje, V Grossmann, C Zelenka, S Dippel, R Kiko, M Oszust, ... Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35, 33215-33232 , 2022 2022 Citations: 70
On-farm detection of claw lesions in dairy cows based on acoustic analyses and machine learning N Volkmann, B Kulig, S Hoppe, J Stracke, O Hensel, N Kemper Journal of dairy science 104 (5), 5921-5931 , 2021 2021 Citations: 46
Serotonin depletion induces pessimistic-like behavior in a cognitive bias paradigm in pigs J Stracke, W Otten, A Tuchscherer, B Puppe, S Düpjan Physiology & behavior 174, 18-26 , 2017 2017 Citations: 41
An improved design for the spatial judgement task in domestic pigs S Düpjan, J Stracke, A Tuchscherer, B Puppe Applied Animal Behaviour Science 187, 23-30 , 2017 2017 Citations: 39
First approach validating a scoring system for foot-pad dermatitis in broiler chickens developed for application in practice S Heitmann, J Stracke, H Petersen, B Spindler, N Kemper Preventive veterinary medicine 154, 63-70 , 2018 2018 Citations: 33
A data-centric approach for improving ambiguous labels with combined semi-supervised classification and clustering L Schmarje, M Santarossa, SM Schröder, C Zelenka, R Kiko, J Stracke, ... European Conference on Computer Vision, 363-380 , 2022 2022 Citations: 29
Automatic scoring system for monitoring foot pad dermatitis in broilers H Louton, S Bergmann, A Piller, M Erhard, J Stracke, B Spindler, ... Agriculture 12 (2), 221 , 2022 2022 Citations: 28
A field study on the prevalence of and risk factors for endoparasites in beef suckler cow herds in Germany K Gillandt, J Stracke, T Hohnholz, R Waßmuth, N Kemper Agriculture 8 (9), 132 , 2018 2018 Citations: 26
Histologically validated scoring system for the assessment of hock burn in broilers H Louton, A Piller, S Bergmann, M Erhard, J Stracke, B Spindler, ... Avian Pathology 49 (3), 230-242 , 2020 2020 Citations: 24
Validation of histological and visual scoring systems for foot-pad dermatitis in broiler chickens A Piller, S Bergmann, A Schwarzer, M Erhard, J Stracke, B Spindler, ... Animal welfare 29 (2), 185-196 , 2020 2020 Citations: 24
Effects of a slatted floor on bacteria and physical parameters in litter in broiler houses S Heitmann, J Stracke, C Adler, MFE Ahmed, J Schulz, W Büscher, ... Veterinary and animal science 9, 100115 , 2020 2020 Citations: 23
Keypoint detection for injury identification during turkey husbandry using neural networks N Volkmann, C Zelenka, AM Devaraju, J Brünger, J Stracke, B Spindler, ... Sensors 22 (14), 5188 , 2022 2022 Citations: 22
Dietary tryptophan supplementation and affective state in pigs J Stracke, W Otten, A Tuchscherer, M Witthahn, CC Metges, B Puppe, ... Journal of Veterinary Behavior 20, 82-90 , 2017 2017 Citations: 21
Sexual dimorphism in bone quality and performance of conventional broilers at different growth phases J Müsse, H Louton, B Spindler, J Stracke Agriculture 12 (8), 1109 , 2022 2022 Citations: 19
First approach to validate a scoring system to assess footpad dermatitis in Pekin ducks L Klambeck, J Stracke, B Spindler, D Klotz, P Wohlsein, HG Schön, ... European Poultry Science 83, 1-16 , 2019 2019 Citations: 16
Assessment of stress in laboratory beagle dogs constrained by a Pavlov sling J Stracke, B Bert, H Fink, J Böhner 2011 Citations: 15
Evaluation of a gait scoring system for cattle by using cluster analysis and Krippendorff's α reliability N Volkmann, J Stracke, N Kemper Veterinary Record 184 (7), 220-220 , 2019 2019 Citations: 14
Learn to train: Improving training data for a neural network to detect pecking injuries in turkeys N Volkmann, J Brünger, J Stracke, C Zelenka, R Koch, N Kemper, ... Animals 11 (9), 2655 , 2021 2021 Citations: 13
Walking on tiptoes: digital pads deserve increased attention when scoring footpad dermatitis as an animal welfare indicator in turkeys J Stracke, N Volkmann, F May, S Döhring, N Kemper, B Spindler Frontiers in veterinary science 7, 613516 , 2021 2021 Citations: 12
Foot pad health and growth performance in broiler chickens as affected by supplemental charcoal and fermented herb extract (FKE): an on-farm study K Hinz, J Stracke, JK Schättler, B Spindler, N Kemper European Poultry Science 83, 1-13 , 2019 2019 Citations: 12