Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Respiratory Care
85
Scopus Publications
Scopus Publications
Echocardiographic Parameters and Athlete Performance: Associations and Training Profile Comparisons Emiliano Guerra, Andrea Segreti, Myriam Carpenito, Martina Ciancio, Lorenzo Guarino, Danilo Ricciardi, Chiara Fossati, Sergio Suma, Nicola Gaibazzi, Renato Rosiello, Corrado Lettieri, Rocco Papalia, Fabio Pigozzi, Giuseppe Boriani, Francesco Grigioni Echocardiography, 2026 Purpose This study investigated standard and advanced echocardiographic parameters in endurance athletes with different training profiles, and their association with exercise performance. Methods Consecutive endurance athletes undergoing cardiological screening or orthopedic evaluation for knee injuries at Campus Bio‐Medico University Hospital underwent advanced echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Athletes were categorized into three groups: (1) Long‐Distance (marathon and ultramarathon runners, n = 30); (2) Mid‐Distance (middle‐distance runners, n = 27); and (3) Detrained (≥ 6 months training interruption, n = 31). Results Left ventricular ejection fraction did not differ among groups. The Long‐Distance group had the highest stroke volume index, followed by the Mid‐Distance and Detrained groups ( p <0.001). Long‐Distance athletes showed lower left ventricular global longitudinal strain ( p = 0.003) and left atrial reservoir strain ( p = 0.003) compared to the other groups, with no differences in right ventricular free wall strain. Myocardial work analysis showed higher work index and constructive work, and lower wasted work, leading to greater global work efficiency in the Long‐Distance group ( p <0.001). In multivariable linear regression analysis, stroke volume index ( β = 1.02, p < 0.001) and global work efficiency ( β = 1.00, p = 0.001) were independently associated with Peak VO 2 , whereas global longitudinal strain was not. Conclusion Advanced echocardiography provides additional insights into the athlete's heart. Myocardial work indices reflect training‐related cardiac adaptations, and left atrial reservoir strain is influenced by training status. These findings, together with the association of stroke volume index and global work efficiency with Peak VO 2 , support the integration of advanced echocardiographic parameters into athlete evaluation and monitoring.
High-Risk Cardiomyopathy Genotypes and Arrhythmic Risk: LMNA, FLNC, RBM20, PLN and Desmosomal Genes in the ESC 2023 Era Nardi Tetaj, Andrea Segreti, Aurora Ferro, Virginia Ligorio, Alberto Spagnolo, Francesco Grigioni Genes, 2026 Inherited cardiomyopathies represent a major cause of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), frequently occurring in the absence of advanced systolic dysfunction. Traditional strategies for the primary prevention of SCD have relied predominantly on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), an approach that fails to capture the substantial biological and clinical heterogeneity of non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. Over the past decade, advances in cardiac genetics and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging have identified specific genotypes associated with a disproportionate arrhythmic risk, which often precedes overt ventricular remodeling. The 2023 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines on cardiomyopathies formalize this paradigm shift by integrating etiology, myocardial substrate, and electrical phenotype into contemporary risk stratification. In this narrative review, we focus on cardiomyopathy-associated genotypes consistently linked to high arrhythmic risk—LMNA, truncating variants in FLNC, RBM20, PLN p.Arg14del, and desmosomal genes—and examine their molecular mechanisms, phenotypic trajectories, and arrhythmogenic profiles. We discuss how genotype-specific patterns of myocardial fibrosis, conduction disease, and VA inform implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) decision-making beyond LVEF-based thresholds. By synthesizing genetic, imaging, and clinical evidence in light of ESC 2023 recommendations, this review highlights the evolving role of genotype-informed strategies in the personalized prevention of SCD and underscores remaining gaps in evidence and risk prediction.
AI-Enabled Sensor Technologies for Remote Arrhythmic Monitoring in High-Risk Cardiomyopathy Genotypes Nardi Tetaj, Andrea Segreti, Francesco Piccirillo, Aurora Ferro, Virginia Ligorio, Alberto Spagnolo, Michele Pelullo, Simone Pasquale Crispino, Francesco Grigioni Sensors, 2026 Inherited cardiomyopathies associated with high-risk genotypes, are characterized by a disproportionate risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, often independent of left ventricular systolic dysfunction or advanced structural remodeling. Traditional surveillance strategies based on intermittent electrocardiography and phenotype-driven risk assessment are insufficient to capture the dynamic and often silent progression of electrical instability in these populations. This narrative review evaluates the emerging role of artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled sensor technologies in remote arrhythmic monitoring of genetically defined cardiomyopathy cohorts. Wearable ECG devices, implantable cardiac monitors, multisensor cardiac implantable electronic device algorithms, pulmonary artery pressure sensors, and contact-free systems enable continuous acquisition of electrophysiological and hemodynamic data, generating digital biomarkers that may reflect early arrhythmic vulnerability and subclinical decompensation. AI-driven analytics enhance signal processing, automated event detection, and remote data triage, with the potential to reduce clinical workload while preserving diagnostic sensitivity. However, current evidence predominantly derives from heterogeneous heart failure or general arrhythmia populations, and prospective validation in genotype-specific cohorts remains limited. Key challenges include algorithm generalizability, signal quality in ambulatory environments, data governance, interpretability of AI models, and integration into structured remote-care pathways. The convergence of genotype-informed risk stratification and multimodal AI-enabled sensing represents a promising strategy to transition from reactive device-based protection to proactive, precision-guided arrhythmic prevention. Dedicated genotype-focused studies and standardized digital endpoints are required to support safe and effective implementation in inherited cardiomyopathies.
Resting and Exercise Lactate Dynamics in Heart Failure: Guiding Therapeutic Optimization Aurora Ferro, Andrea Segreti, Nardi Tetaj, Martina Ciancio, Simone Pasquale Crispino, Riccardo Cricco, Chiara Fossati, Fabio Pigozzi, Francesco Grigioni Biomedicines, 2026 In heart failure (HF), elevated blood lactate levels, particularly during exercise or in advanced disease stages, reflect impaired tissue perfusion and altered metabolic regulation. Beyond its traditional role as a marker of anaerobic metabolism, lactate has emerged as a dynamic indicator of metabolic reserve and ventilatory control. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on lactate dynamics at rest and during exercise, highlighting their pathophysiological and clinical relevance. In HF patients, exercise-induced lactate accumulation occurs earlier and at lower workloads, reflecting impaired oxidative capacity and reduced peripheral oxygen utilization. This phenomenon is closely associated with ventilatory inefficiency, as demonstrated by the relationship between lactate levels and the VE/VCO2 slope during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Emerging data suggest that lactate is not only a marker of disease severity but also a potential mediator of chemoreflex activation and abnormal ventilatory responses. Furthermore, both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions may influence lactate production and utilization, supporting its role as a potential tool for therapeutic monitoring. Overall, the integration of lactate assessment, particularly during exercise, into clinical evaluation may provide additional insight into disease mechanisms, improve risk stratification, and contribute to personalized therapeutic optimization in patients with HF.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Arterial Blood Gas and Electrolyte Analyses in Heart Failure Nardi Tetaj, Andrea Segreti, Francesco Piccirillo, Michele Pelullo, Simone Pasquale Crispino, Martina Ciancio, Gian Paolo Ussia, Francesco Grigioni Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2026 Heart failure (HF) is a multifaceted clinical syndrome that frequently precipitates disturbances in perfusion, ventilation, and metabolic regulation, all of which are rapidly detectable through arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. Meanwhile, clinical markers such as lactate, arterial pH, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), bicarbonate, and electrolyte concentrations provide dynamic insight into the pathophysiologic status of patients and can serve as early indicators of decompensation. This review evaluates the clinical significance of key ABG and electrolyte parameters in both acute and chronic HF, emphasizing the prognostic value of the analyses, contribution to risk stratification, and utility in guiding therapy. In acute HF and cardiogenic shock, hyperlactatemia and acidosis are associated with increased mortality and the need for hemodynamic or ventilatory support. Furthermore, electrolyte abnormalities, particularly those involving sodium and potassium, are common and driven by neurohormonal activation, pharmacological therapies, and volume shifts. Therefore, integrating ABG and electrolyte monitoring into routine HF management can enhance diagnostic precision and support timely, targeted interventions. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence and proposes a practical framework for interpreting ABG results in the context of contemporary HF care.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Coronary Artery Disease: An Overlooked Cardiovascular Risk Factor Nardi Tetaj, Andrea Segreti, Michele Pelullo, Virginia Ligorio, Martina Ciancio, Aurora Ferro, Riccardo Cricco, Simone Pasquale Crispino, Gian Paolo Ussia, Francesco Grigioni Biomedicines, 2026 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) is increasingly recognized as a common and clinically relevant comorbidity in coronary artery disease (CAD). Epidemiological studies demonstrate that OSA is highly prevalent among patients with CAD and independently increases the risk of myocardial infarction, accelerated atherosclerosis, and recurrent adverse events. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this association include intermittent hypoxia, sympathetic overactivation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, systemic inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and pro-prothrombotic changes. These processes converge to promote coronary plaque formation, instability, and ischemia. Clinical evidence indicates that OSA contributes to silent nocturnal ischemia, higher rates of acute coronary syndromes, restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention, and worse prognosis following myocardial infarction or surgical revascularization. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy improves blood pressure, endothelial function, and surrogate markers of ischemia, but large randomized trials have yielded neutral results on major cardiovascular events, largely due to suboptimal adherence. However, observational studies, however, suggest improved survival in patients who are adherent to CPAP therapy. Lifestyle interventions, particularly weight reduction, remain essential adjunctive strategies. This review synthesizes current evidence, evaluates therapeutic implications, and highlights the need for systematic OSA screening in CAD populations. Future research should focus on patient phenotyping, treatment adherence, and integrated care models to improve cardiovascular outcomes.
Electrocardiographic Alterations in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance Andrea Segreti, Michele Pelullo, Virginia Ligorio, Aurora Ferro, Riccardo Cricco, Martina Ciancio, Simone Pasquale Crispino, Francesco Grigioni Life, 2026 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent yet frequently underdiagnosed disorder strongly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of intermittent hypoxia, intrathoracic pressure swings, and sleep fragmentation that trigger sympathetic hyperactivation, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and progressive structural cardiac remodeling. These mechanisms translate into a wide range of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities, including both nocturnal brady- and tachyarrhythmias, as well as daytime conduction and repolarization changes. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on ECG manifestations of OSA, encompassing atrial and ventricular ECG characteristics and the burden of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Emerging evidence suggests that several daytime ECG markers may represent accessible, low-cost indicators of subclinical cardiac remodeling and autonomic imbalance, with potential clinical implications. In addition, there is a rapidly evolving landscape of artificial intelligence applications and wearable-based ECG monitoring for OSA detection and risk stratification. Standardization of ECG-derived markers, validation across diverse populations, and integration into clinical workflows represent key priorities for future research. Recognizing ECG alterations associated with OSA may support earlier diagnosis, improved arrhythmic risk stratification, and more effective multidisciplinary management.
Cardiac involvement of Gorlin-Goltz syndrome: new light among the shadows of an old congenital disorder Mihail Celeski, Andrea Segreti, Annunziata Nusca, Giuseppe Di Gioia, Raffaele Rinaldi, Gian Paolo Ussia, Francesco Grigioni Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, 2026 Mutations in the PTCH1, PTCH2, or SUFU genes cause the hereditary, autosomal dominant Gorlin-Goltz syndrome (GGS), which is characterized by high penetrance and variable expressivity. Although its clinical manifestations are primarily marked by multiple basal cell carcinomas, other endocrine, neurological, ophthalmologic, genital, and respiratory alterations have been reported in the literature. Despite the association with cardiac fibromas, cardiovascular involvement is rarely reported. Here, we present a case of a patient with myocarditis of unknown origin, later diagnosed with GGS. We discuss the potential underlying mechanisms of this association, emphasizing the importance of recognizing cardiac manifestations in GGS individuals.
Respiratory Support in Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Clinical Insights from Cardiology and Intensive Care Nardi Tetaj, Giulia Capecchi, Dorotea Rubino, Giulia Valeria Stazi, Emiliano Cingolani, Antonio Lesci, Andrea Segreti, Francesco Grigioni, Maria Grazia Bocci Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 2026 Cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE) is a life-threatening manifestation of acute heart failure characterized by rapid accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and alveolar spaces, leading to severe dyspnea, hypoxemia, and respiratory failure. The condition arises from elevated left-sided filling pressures that increase pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure, disrupt alveolo-capillary barrier integrity, and impair gas exchange. Neurohormonal activation further perpetuates congestion and increases myocardial workload, creating a vicious cycle of hemodynamic overload and respiratory compromise. Respiratory support is a cornerstone of management in CPE, aimed at stabilizing oxygenation, reducing the work of breathing, and facilitating ventricular unloading while definitive therapies, such as diuretics, vasodilators, inotropes, or mechanical circulatory support (MCS), address the underlying cause. Among available modalities, non-invasive ventilation (NIV) with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) has the strongest evidence base in moderate-to-severe CPE, consistently reducing the need for intubation and providing rapid relief of dyspnea. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) represents an emerging alternative in patients with moderate hypoxemia or intolerance to mask ventilation, and should be considered an adjunctive option in selected patients with less severe disease or NIV intolerance, although its efficacy in severe presentations remains uncertain. Invasive mechanical ventilation is reserved for refractory cases, while extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and other advanced circulatory support modalities may be necessary in cardiogenic shock. Integration of respiratory strategies with hemodynamic optimization is essential, as positive pressure ventilation favorably modulates preload and afterload, synergizing with pharmacological unloading. Future directions include personalization of ventilatory strategies using advanced monitoring, novel interfaces to improve tolerability, and earlier integration of MCS. In summary, respiratory support in CPE is both a bridge and a decisive therapeutic intervention, interrupting the cycle of hypoxemia and hemodynamic deterioration. A multidisciplinary, individualized approach remains central to improving outcomes in this high-risk population.
A noninvasive strategy for multi-disease diagnosis via multi-sensor platform: integrative analysis of five years of exhaled breath–based diagnostics for seven diseases Alessandro Zompanti, Giorgio Pennazza, Simone Grasso, Anna Sabatini, Maria Vittoria Di Loreto, Costanza Cenerini, Ludovica La Monica, Luca Vollero, Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi, Claudio Pedone, Panaiotis Finamore, Simone Scarlata, Antonio De Vincentis, Antonio Picardi, Pierfilippo Crucitti, Filippo Longo, Gaetano Rocco, Andrea Segreti, Francesco Grigioni, Marco Santonico Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2026 Sensors used for collecting high-value physiological and biochemical data strongly support a precision medicine approach, by enabling the integration of these complex datasets with routine clinical outcomes to provide more accurate diagnostic and prognostic evaluations. Building on extensive experience in this field, the authors have developed multi-sensor technologies designed to analyze multiple biological fluids, with a particular focus on exhaled breath both in as it is and processed in liquid media. These technologies have been implemented in a large-scale clinical study involving 863 patients affected by seven different diseases, allowing for the acquisition of heterogeneous data suitable for computational modeling and the identification of disease-related characteristics. By integrating multiple sensors and analyzing diverse breath samples, this work aims to generate a comprehensive reference library of breathprints and thereby advance the clinical applicability of breath analysis. The study demonstrates the potential of this multi-omic, multisensory approach to differentiate healthy individuals from patients with various respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders, while pioneering investigations of exhaled breath in liquid media—although conducted on a smaller patient cohort—highlight promising opportunities for technological innovation in multisensory diagnostics. While the overall results support the feasibility and potential impact of this methodology, further research will be required to refine the technique, enlarge patient cohorts, and improve the accuracy and specificity of disease detection.
The current paradigm of cardiac troponin increase among athletes Mihail Celeski, Andrea Segreti, Mariagrazia Piscione, Luigi Maria Monticelli, Giuseppe Di Gioia, Chiara Fossati, Gian Paolo Ussia, Fabio Pigozzi, Francesco Grigioni Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, 2025
Athlete’s ECG Made Easy: A Practical Guide to Surviving Everyday Clinical Practice Valerio Fanale, Andrea Segreti, Chiara Fossati, Giuseppe Di Gioia, Federica Coletti, Simone Pasquale Crispino, Francesco Picarelli, Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi, Rocco Papalia, Fabio Pigozzi, Francesco Grigioni Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 2024
Long-Term Evaluation of Lipid Profile Changes in Olympic Athletes Giuseppe Di Gioia, Lorenzo Buzzelli, Viviana Maestrini, Maria Rosaria Squeo, Erika Lemme, Sara Monosilio, Andrea Serdoz, Roberto Fiore, Domenico Zampaglione, Andrea Segreti, Antonio Pelliccia International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2024
Effects of Environmental Conditions on Athlete’s Cardiovascular System Andrea Segreti, Mihail Celeski, Emiliano Guerra, Simone Pasquale Crispino, Francesca Vespasiano, Lorenzo Buzzelli, Chiara Fossati, Rocco Papalia, Fabio Pigozzi, Francesco Grigioni Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2024
Assessment of cardiopulmonary capacity in deconditioned athletes because of knee injury Andrea SEGRETI, Chiara FOSSATI, Maria T. MULÈ, Valerio FANALE, Simone P. CRISPINO, Federica COLETTI, Francesco R. PARISI, Biagio ZAMPOGNA, Sebastiano VASTA, Elena MANNACIO, Rocco PAPALIA, Raffaele ANTONELLI-INCALZI, Fabio PIGOZZI, Francesco GRIGIONI Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 2024
Eosinophilic Myocarditis: From Bench to Bedside Francesco Piccirillo, Sara Mastroberardino, Vincenzo Nafisio, Matteo Fiorentino, Andrea Segreti, Annunziata Nusca, Gian Paolo Ussia, Francesco Grigioni Biomedicines, 2024
Simultaneous presence of Brugada and overgrowth syndromes Andrea Segreti, Francesco Piccirillo, Simone Pasquale Crispino, Francesca Cocchia, Arianna Martucciello, Vito Calabrese, Fiorella Gurrieri, Francesco Grigioni Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, 2024
Mitral and Tricuspid Valve Disease in Athletes Andrea Segreti, Mihail Celeski, Luigi Maria Monticelli, Alfonso Perillo, Simone Pasquale Crispino, Giuseppe Di Gioia, Valeria Cammalleri, Chiara Fossati, Simona Mega, Rocco Papalia, Fabio Pigozzi, Gian Paolo Ussia, Francesco Grigioni Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2023
Chemoreceptor hyperactivity in heart failure: Is lactate the culprit? Andrea Segreti, Francesco Grigioni, Jeness Campodonico, Alessandra Magini, Denise Zaffalon, Gianfranco Sinagra, Germano Di Sciascio, Erik Richard Swenson, Piergiuseppe Agostoni European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2021
Persistence of both reversible airway obstruction and higher blood eosinophils may predict lung function decline in severe asthma Bruno Sposato, Marco Scalese, Alberto Ricci, Paola Rogliani, Pierluigi Paggiaro, B. Sposato, M. G. Migliorini, M. Di Tomassi, C. Olivieri, A. Perrella, G. Camiciottoli, R. Maselli, G. Pelaia, M. T. Busceti, E. Sabato, M. G. Cagnazzo, F. Colombo, L. Palumbo, A. Ravazzi, C. Bucca, M. F. Caiaffa, A. Berra, C. Calabrese, A. A. Stanziola, P. Schino, M. Di Gioacchino, P. Rogliani, M. Cazzola, A. Segreti, E. A. Pastorello, G. Scibilia, A. Vianello, M. R. Marchi, L. Paladini, S. Baglioni, M. Abbritti, F. Almerigogna, A. Matucci, A. Vultaggio, E. Maggi, P. Maestrelli, G. Guarnieri, G. Steinhilber, M Bonavia, P. Rottoli, E. Bargagli, G. Senna, M. Caminati, L. Macchia, V. Bellia, N. Scichilone, P. Paggiaro, F. Novelli, M. Latorre, L. Vergura, S. Masieri, M. Scalese, Y. Rosati, M. Milanese, I. Folletti, R. Pio, A. Pio, U. Maccari, C. Maggiorelli, R. Scala, L. Vignale, N. Pulerà, G. E. Carpagnano, M. P. Foschino Barbaro, and Clinical Respiratory Journal, 2021
Higher blood eosinophil levels after omalizumab treatment may be associated with poorer asthma outcomes Bruno Sposato, Marco Scalese, Manlio Milanese, Simonetta Masieri, Carlo Cavaliere, Manuela Latorre, Nicola Scichilone, Alberto Ricci, Alberto Cresti, Pierachille Santus, Carmela Olivieri, Antonio Perrella, Paola Rogliani, Pierluigi Paggiaro, B. Sposato, M.G. Migliorini, M. Di Tomassi, C. Olivieri, A. Perrella, G. Camiciottoli, R. Maselli, G. Pelaia, M.T. Busceti, E. Sabato, M.G. Cagnazzo, F. Colombo, L. Palumbo, A. Ravazzi, C. Bucca, M.F. Caiaffa, A. Berra, C. Calabrese, A.A. Stanziola, P. Schino, M. Di Gioacchino, P. Rogliani, M. Cazzola, A. Segreti, E.A. Pastorello, G. Scibilia, A. Vianello, M.R. Marchi, L. Paladini, S. Baglioni, M. Abbritti, F. Almerigogna, A. Matucci, A. Vultaggio, E. Maggi, P. Maestrelli, G. Guarnieri, G. Steinhilber, M. Bonavia, P. Rottoli, E. Bargagli, G. Senna, M. Caminati, L. Macchia, V. Bellia, N. Scichilone, P. Paggiaro, F. Novelli, M. Latorre, L. Vergura, S. Masieri, M. Scalese, Y. Rosati, M. Milanese, I. Folletti, R. Pio, A. Pio, U. Maccari, C. Maggiorelli, R. Scala, L. Vignale, N. Pulerà, G.E. Carpagnano, M.P. Foschino Barbaro Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in Practice, 2019
Analysis of exhaled breath fingerprints and volatile organic compounds in COPD Mario Cazzola, Andrea Segreti, Rosamaria Capuano, Alberto Bergamini, Eugenio Martinelli, Luigino Calzetta, Paola Rogliani, Chiara Ciaprini, Josuel Ora, Roberto Paolesse, Corrado Di Natale, Arnaldo D’Amico Copd Research and Practice, 2015
COPD identification by the analysis of breath with an electronic nose Rosamaria Capuano, Marco Santonico, Eugenio Martinelli, Roberto Paolesse, Alberto Bergamini, Mario Cazzola, Chiara Ciaprini, Andrea Segreti, Corrado Di Natale, Arnaldo D’Amico, Perena Gouma Aip Conference Proceedings, 2011