Renewable Energy, Biocatalysis, Oil and Fats, Bioprocess, Sustainability, Extraction
46
Scopus Publications
1059
Scholar Citations
18
Scholar h-index
29
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Lipid feedstocks for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production via hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) pathway: Current status and challenges in quality, sustainability, availability and cost Min Ying Liow, Wei Zhe Ng, Cher Pin Song, Mun Yuen Chang, Siti Hanifah Adiiba, Chee Sheau Chien, Noorazlenawati Borhan, Azima Syafaini Japar, M. Syazwan M. Shukor, Tg M.Uzaini Tg Mat, M. Ghadaffi M. Nor, Eng-Seng Chan Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2026 As the aviation industry faces an existential challenge from climate change, sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) has emerged as a critical solution for achieving net-zero emissions by mid-century. Currently, hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) technology represents the most established industrial process for SAF production. However, the quality and limited availability of sustainable lipid feedstocks pose a significant challenge to the decarbonization effort. This review provides a rigorous and prospective analysis of lipid feedstocks for SAF production, categorizing them into first, second, and third-generation sources. The compositional characteristics, including fatty acid profiles and other relevant components, and their implication for hydroprocessing and resulting fuel properties were examined. The review also critically assessed the environmental impacts, economic viability, technological challenges, and innovation potential associated with these feedstocks. First-generation feedstocks derived from edible oil crops demonstrate technical maturity but raise significant sustainability concerns due to land-use competition and food-energy conflicts. Second-generation feedstocks, including used cooking oils (UCO) and non-edible plant oils, alleviate these issues yet face challenges in supply chain fragmentation, compositional inconsistency, and inadequate production volumes to meet projected global SAF demand. Third-generation feedstocks, particularly microalgae, hold substantial promise due to their high oil content and minimal land-use requirements, though technological and economic barriers currently constrain their commercialization. This review highlights the urgent need for policy changes, ongoing research, and technological innovation to expand the use of diverse, sustainable feedstocks for scaling SAF production and enhancing long-term sustainability. • This review evaluates SAF production via HEFA from a feedstock perspective. • First-generation feedstock faces ILUC and food security concerns. • Second-generation waste feedstock faces quality inconsistencies and high impurities. • Third-generation feedstock has long-term potential pending advanced technology. • Feedstock-specific challenges and future opportunities for SAF are discussed.
Yarrowia lipolytica for microbial oil production: Lipid extraction technologies, quality assessment, and potential industrial applications Zihui Hu, Ken Fong Chen, Charanjit Kaur Surjit Singh, Cher Pin Song, Wail Gourich, Eng-Seng Chan Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2026 The rapid increase in global vegetable oil demand has intensified the search for sustainable alternatives. Yarrowia lipolytica , a robust and metabolically versatile oleaginous yeast, has emerged as a promising platform for single-cell oil production. This review synthesizes recent progress in the extraction methods, quality assessment, and potential industrial applications of oils derived from Y. lipolytica . Extraction strategies ranging from conventional solvent-based systems to mechanical and enzymatic extraction, as well as emerging green approaches such as supercritical CO 2 were critically examined. Key quality parameters of Y. lipolytica oils, such as acid value, phospholipid content, peroxide value, iodine value, and saponification value, were evaluated for their impact on oil stability and shelf life. Notably, these oils can contain impurities, particularly free fatty acids reaching up to 25 wt%, which necessitates refining to meet industrial quality standards. Nevertheless, these oils contain high oleic acid (C18:1) content and favorable stability indices, making them well-suited for a range of applications, including biodiesel, oleochemicals, and selected food and cosmetics. Notable challenges persist in scaling up extraction, reducing energy intensity, and lowering downstream processing costs, while systematic studies on long-term storage stability remain scarce. Looking forward, optimization of low-cost substrates, advances in refining technologies, and integration of computational tools such as artificial intelligence and machine learning are expected to accelerate strain development, process monitoring, and product standardization. Collectively, Y. lipolytica represents a robust microbial oil platform with significant potential to support a sustainable bioeconomy.
Uncovering structure–property–function relationships of high-melting palm fats for cleaner material extrusion 3D printing Derek Kwan-Hoe Chan, Wail Gourich, Cher Pin Song, Camille Keisha Mahendra, Dzulhafiz Said Hasbi, Eng-Seng Chan Bioresource Technology, 2026 • A novel, clean, and sustainable fat-based 3D printing ink was developed. • The ink valorizes underutilized palm oil fractionation by-products. • Ink properties are governed by fatty acid composition and saturation level. • Printed constructs show high thermal and oxidative stability during storage. • A simple in situ recovery process enables potential reuse of the ink. Material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing, valued for its simplicity and precision, often relies on toxic, non-renewable, and non-biodegradable materials. To address this limitation, this study explores renewable high-melting plant fats as non-toxic, solvent-free, and sustainable alternative inks. Specifically, palm mid fraction (PMF) and palm super stearin (SS), both underutilized by-products of palm oil fractionation, were blended across a range of SS:PMF ratios to systematically modulate the saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid (SFA:UFA) balance which affects structure–property–function relationships. Due to their contrasting SFA:UFA ratios, the two fats exhibited distinct thermal behaviors: high-melting triacylglycerols (TAGs) in SS facilitated rapid solidification during deposition, while low-melting TAGs in PMF enabled smooth extrusion. All binary blends exhibited shear-thinning and viscoelastic behavior, supporting their suitability for MEX printing. The optimal blend, comprising 69 wt% SFA and 31 wt% UFA, produced constructs with superior shape fidelity and dimensional accuracy. These constructs retained structural integrity up to 44 °C, indicating suitability for handling at body temperature. Additionally, the constructs maintained oxidative stability over 30 days of ambient storage. Preliminary reuse potential was demonstrated based on reprintability, attributed to the thermoreversible melting-crystallization behavior of the ink. Future work may explore the extended reusability and long-term property retention over multiple reuse cycles. Overall, this study establishes the feasibility of valorizing high-melting palm fat by-products as sustainable and non-toxic inks for MEX 3D printing.
The role of purification of enzymatic biodiesel from sludge palm oil in improving fuel properties, storage stability, engine performance, and exhaust gas emissions Jun Mann Loh, Wail Gourich, Cher Pin Song, Charles R. Sarimuthu, Karthini Nagalingam, Wai Onn Hong, Mun Yuen Chang, Eng-Seng Chan Biomass and Bioenergy, 2026 This study investigates the effect of purification (neutralization, washing, and drying) on improving the fuel properties, storage stability, engine performance, and exhaust gas emissions of enzymatic biodiesel derived from sludge palm oil. Neutralization was first optimized at laboratory scale, and under the optimal conditions, the acid value was successfully reduced from 6.15 ± 0.13 to 0.40 ± 0.09 mg KOH g −1 , meeting the EN 14214 standards (≤0.50 mg KOH g −1 ). Using these conditions, crude and partially-purified enzymatic biodiesels (CEB and PPEB) were produced at pilot scale and assessed for engine suitability. CEB failed to meet most of the EN 14214 specifications, whereas PPEB achieved 97.00 ± 0.48 wt% ester content and met most of the requirements. Over 6 weeks of storage at 40 °C, PPEB showed minimal changes in ester content and acid value due to its high oxidative stability (13.9 h), while CEB exhibited greater degradation. Engine tests (50 h) showed that power outputs for CEB, PPEB, and petrodiesel followed similar trends across the tested load range, with differences within ±13 %. All fuels showed similar fuel consumption rates, averaging 0.46 ± 0.04 L h −1 . Additionally, PPEB recorded 470 ± 28 ppm CO and 188 ± 29 ppm NO x , which were lower than those of CEB (871 ± 98 ppm CO and 290 ± 52 ppm NO x ). Conclusively, purification significantly improved biodiesel quality, stability, and emissions. Future work should focus on optimizing pilot-scale purification to achieve full EN 14214 compliance and explore strategies to reduce biodiesel viscosity and NO x emissions. • Neutralization of SPO-derived enzymatic biodiesel was optimized at laboratory scale. • The properties, engine performance, and emissions of CEB and PPEB were compared. • PPEB had 97 wt% FAME content and met most of the EN 14214 biodiesel specifications. • Similar power output trend and fuel efficiency for CEB, PPEB, and petrodiesel. • Purifying CEB to PPEB improved its quality and stability, and reduced emissions.
Harnessing microalgal proteins as sustainable bioactive ingredients for cosmetics: green extraction, functionalization, and advanced delivery systems Sharmatha Sahadevan, Min Ying Liow, Camille Keisha Mahendra, Wei Zhe Ng, Eng-Seng Chan, Noorazlenawati Borhan, Liyana Yahya, Fatin A’lia M. Bakri, Azima Syafaini Japar, Wong Chan, M. Syazwan M. Shukor, Cher Pin Song Phytochemistry Reviews, 2026 In recent years, microalgae have emerged as sustainable biofactories for synthesizing high-value metabolites, with proteins such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), phycobiliproteins, and bioactive peptides garnering significant attention as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic cosmetic ingredients. This review critically evaluates the multifunctional bioactivities of microalgal proteins for cosmeceutical applications, with a particular focus on photoaging, including UV photoprotection, antioxidant, anti-melanogenic and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as other properties like antimicrobial and natural dyeing functions. Additionally, this review explores advancements in environmentally sustainable extraction technologies, including ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted and pulsed electric field (PEF) techniques, as well as the integration of green solvents (i.e., ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DES)) and enzymes that address key limitations of conventional methods, such as high energy requirements, low scalability, and protein degradation. This review also examines innovative functionalization strategies, notably enzyme hydrolysis and nano- and micro-encapsulation systems. These approaches enhance the stability, bioavailability, compatibility and bioactivities of microalgal proteins in cosmetic formulations. By integrating insights into the high protein yields of industrially relevant microalgae species, their diverse biofunctional properties, and cutting-edge processing techniques, this review positions microalgal proteins as next-generation, sustainable ingredients poised to revolutionize the cosmetics industry. The synthesis of biological efficacy, green chemistry principles, and technological innovation underscores their potential to meet rising consumer demand for natural, non-toxic, and high-performance cosmetic solutions.
Ultrasound-assisted extraction enhances recovery of antioxidant-rich carbohydrate fraction from mixed microalgae species Eldwin Ze Hao Ooi, Eng-Seng Chan, Cher Pin Song, Janarthanan Pushpamalar, Yee-Ying Lee Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2025 The effects of ultrasonic processing parameters on the functional and physicochemical properties of microalgae carbohydrates remain poorly understood, despite evidence from plant-based extractions showing that sonication conditions strongly influence bioactive compound yield and antioxidant activity from carbohydrates. This study investigated the effects of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) parameters on the yield, composition, and antioxidant activity of carbohydrates extracted from defatted mixed microalgae biomass. A single-factor approach was employed to test different extraction times (10-30 min), amplitudes (20-100 %), and solid-to-solvent ratios (1:10-1:30 g/mL). All analyses were conducted in triplicate, and statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05. Results showed that processing time was the most influential factor in improving antioxidant activity. Under optimal UAE conditions (25 min, 100 % amplitude, 1:15 g/mL), the extract contained significantly higher uronic acid, sulphate, and fibre contents (p < 0.05) compared to hot water extraction. These changes corresponded to stronger antioxidant activity (∼35 % increase in DPPH radical scavenging). Correlation analysis further revealed that uronic acid had the strongest positive influence on antioxidant activity. In conclusion, UAE improved both the yield and antioxidant properties of microalgae carbohydrates compared with hot water extraction. With its high fibre content and bioactivity, the extract may have potential applications as a functional food ingredient.
Enzymatic glycerolysis of simulated fatty acid methyl ester by-products for oleic-rich acylglycerol production using free and immobilised Candida antarctica lipase B Chui Fong Kam, Siti Hanifah Adiiba, Mun Yuen Chang, Camille Keisha Mahendra, Wail Gourich, Cher Pin Song, Eng-Seng Chan Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2025 C12–14 fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are obtained from the downstream processing of coconut and palm kernel oils. This process generates FAME by-products, including C16–18. Herein, we simulated these by-products using FAME from refined palm olein and converted them into mono-, di-, and tri-acylglycerols (MAG, DAG, and TAG) through enzymatic glycerolysis. The lipases, free Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) and its immobilised counterpart, Lipozyme® 435 (L435), were evaluated under various glycerolysis reaction conditions. Interestingly, we found that distinct products were formed using both lipases, despite them originating from the same species. Under the optimised conditions, CALB resulted in TAG-free product mixtures rich in MAG and DAG. Meanwhile, L435 achieved high yields of all three acylglycerols, with TAG exceeding 50 wt%. Both lipases showed the strongest affinity towards methyl oleate (C18:1) among all other major FAMEs in the feed. This was further supported by their lowest binding energies with methyl oleate (−5.18 kcal/mol), evaluated via molecular docking. Consequently, oleic-rich acylglycerols were produced, which have potential applications in various sectors, including food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, bioplastics, etc. Overall, this study sheds light on the specificities of CALB and L435, and how they can be leveraged in producing different acylglycerol products. • An enzymatic glycerolysis process for FAME by-product valorisation was developed. • L435 favoured TAG production, while free CALB converted FAME only into MAG and DAG. • Under the optimum conditions, L435 achieved high TAG yields of >50 wt%. • CALB and L435 have strong affinities towards methyl oleate compared to other FAMEs. • Oleic-rich acylglycerols were produced following the enzymatic glycerolysis.
Ultrasound assisted interesterification for enhancing productivity of oxidative sensitive docosahexanoic acid -enriched medium-and-long chain triacylglycerol synthesis Evelyn Ling Lee, Lee Fong Siow, Cher Pin Song, Eng‐Seng Chan, Yong Wang, Zhen Zhang, Wanting Ke, Min Ying Liow, Yee‐Ying Lee JAOCS Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 2025 The synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)‐enriched medium‐ and long‐chain triacylglycerols (MLCT), particularly with DHA at the sn‐2 position and medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) at the sn‐1,3 positions, is a promising strategy to enhance DHA bioavailability. However, the synthesis of DHA‐enriched MLCTs is hindered by steric hindrance due to DHA's very long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. This study investigates the enzymatic interesterification of microalgae oil and medium chain triacylglycerols (MCT) using regio‐selective lipases with different typo‐selectivities. We evaluated the impact of interesterification conditions (substrate ratio, type of lipase, lipase loading, temperature and time) on MLCT yield, DHA distribution at sn‐2 and acyl migration. The optimal conditions, using 6% Rhizopus oryzae lipase at 50 °C for 8 h achieved a MLCT yield of 64.9% ± 0.4%, with 37.5% DHA at the sn‐2 position. In comparison, Rhizomucor miehei lipase produced a lower yield (49.5% ± 1.0%) but a higher DHA distribution at sn‐2 position (46.3% ± 0.2%). Given DHA's susceptibility to oxidation, we also integrated ultrasound (US) pre‐treatment with enzymatic interesterification to improve MLCT yield. Using 4% RO with US pre‐treatment (40% amplitude, 4 s on/6 s off duty cycle, 8 min) increased MLCT yield from 36.1% ± 0.4% to 42.0% ± 0.7% (p < 0.05), with a lower reaction temperature (30 °C) and shorter duration (4 h), without compromising oil quality and lipase activity. These findings emphasize the importance of lipase selection, acyl migration, and US pre‐treatment for enhancing oxidative sensitive DHA‐enriched MLCT production, offering applications in nutritional and functional food formulations.
Exploring combi-lipase catalysis of Eversa® Transform and Candida rugosa lipases for enzymatic hydrolysis of crude palm oil: Effects on fatty acid yield and retention of carotene and tocols Siti Hanifah Adiiba, Eng-Seng Chan, Wei Zhe Ng, Cher Pin Song International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025 Several lipases have been used to catalyze the hydrolysis of crude palm oil (CPO) to concentrate palm phytonutrients. Previously, the retention of phytonutrients during hydrolysis has been improved with a small addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. However, the production of free fatty acids (FFA) via enzymatic hydrolysis has yet to be optimised. Thus, for the first time, this study explored the combined use of AY 30SD (from Candida rugosa ) and Eversa® Transform 2.0, ET 2.0 (from Aspergillus oryzae ) to investigate the effect of reaction time and temperature on the lipases' performance towards the production of FFA during the alcohol-free process of producing phytonutrients concentrates. The results revealed that the application of combi-lipases at 45 °C yielded the highest final FFA content due to ET 2.0's affinity towards longer fatty acid chain lengths and AY 30SD's effectiveness in hydrolysing TAG molecules. With total enzyme concentration of 0.2 wt%, incorporating combi-lipase AY 30SD and ET 2.0 produced >95 wt% of FFA. Furthermore, a basic economic analysis validated that the combination of 0.15 wt% AY 30SD and 0.05 wt% ET 2.0 reduced the reaction time by seven times (completed within 24 h), potentially leading to a substantial increase in profit without sacrificing the phytonutrients retention. • AY 30SD lipase experienced thermal deactivation at a lower temperature than ET 2.0. • Using both lipases in combination at 45 °C yielded higher FFA contents than the lipases individually. • The application of combi-lipases improved FFA production due to their different properties. • Combi-lipase AY 30SD and ET 2.0 (3:1 ratio) achieved 95 wt% FFA within 24 h. • Utilising combi-lipases can reduce the reaction time by 7-times compared to using the lipases individually.
Affordable CO2-derived alkyl carbamate ionic liquids boosting enzymatic production of renewable hydrocarbon fuels via Chlorella variabilis NC64A fatty acid photodecarboxylase (CVFAP) Wei Zhe Ng, Eng-Seng Chan, Min Ying Liow, Chien Wei Ooi, Beng Ti Tey, Cher Pin Song International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025 -based alkyl carbamate ionic liquids (ILs) on the enzymatic photodecarboxylation reaction catalyzed by Chlorella variabilis algal fatty acid photodecarboxylase (CvFAP). Notably, the study examines four ILs: N,N-dimethylammonium N',N'-dimethylcarbamate (DIMCARB), N,N-dipropylammonium N',N'-dipropylcarbamate (DPCARB), N,N-diallylammonium N',N'-diallylcarbamate (DACARB), and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-ammonium bis(2-ethylhexyl)carbamate (DBCARB). The results demonstrated that DACARB was the most optimal IL as it enhanced hydrocarbon conversion by 40 % and was able to reduce DMSO usage up to 86.7 % as compared to the absence of DACARB. This enhancement is attributed to DACARB's optimal balance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, which increased enzyme activity while serving as a viable DMSO replacement, as well as acting as an allosteric modulator, as shown by Michaelis-Menten model fitting. Overall, this study highlights the potential of DACARB to facilitate process intensification in enzymatic SAF production, contributing to sustainable aviation practices.
Lipid feedstocks for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production via hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) pathway: Current status and challenges in quality … MY Liow, WZ Ng, CP Song, MY Chang, SH Adiiba, CS Chien, N Borhan, ... Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 236, 117006 , 2026 2026
Yarrowia lipolytica for microbial oil production: Lipid extraction technologies, quality assessment, and potential industrial applications Z Hu, KF Chen, CKS Singh, CP Song, W Gourich, ES Chan Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 232, 116804 , 2026 2026
The role of purification of enzymatic biodiesel from sludge palm oil in improving fuel properties, storage stability, engine performance, and exhaust gas emissions JM Loh, W Gourich, CP Song, CR Sarimuthu, K Nagalingam, WO Hong, ... Biomass and Bioenergy 208, 108903 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Harnessing microalgal proteins as sustainable bioactive ingredients for cosmetics: green extraction, functionalization, and advanced delivery systems S Sahadevan, MY Liow, CK Mahendra, WZ Ng, ES Chan, N Borhan, ... Phytochemistry Reviews, 1-69 , 2026 2026
Uncovering structure–property–function relationships of high-melting palm fats for cleaner material extrusion 3D printing DKH Chan, W Gourich, CP Song, CK Mahendra, DS Hasbi, ES Chan Bioresource Technology, 134235 , 2026 2026
Ultrasound-assisted extraction enhances recovery of antioxidant-rich carbohydrate fraction from mixed microalgae species EZH Ooi, ES Chan, CP Song, J Pushpamalar, YY Lee Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 107656 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Enzymatic glycerolysis of simulated fatty acid methyl ester by-products for oleic-rich acylglycerol production using free and immobilised Candida antarctica lipase B CF Kam, SH Adiiba, MY Chang, CK Mahendra, W Gourich, CP Song, ... Journal of Molecular Liquids, 128368 , 2025 2025
Ultrasound assisted interesterification for enhancing productivity of oxidative sensitive docosahexanoic acid‐enriched medium‐and‐long chain triacylglycerol synthesis EL Lee, LF Siow, CP Song, ES Chan, Y Wang, Z Zhang, W Ke, MY Liow, ... Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 102 (6), 1015-1028 , 2025 2025
Affordable CO2-derived alkyl carbamate ionic liquids boosting enzymatic production of renewable hydrocarbon fuels via Chlorella variabilis NC64A fatty acid photodecarboxylase … WZ Ng, ES Chan, MY Liow, CW Ooi, BT Tey, CP Song International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 305, 141187 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Exploring combi-lipase catalysis of Eversa® Transform and Candida rugosa lipases for enzymatic hydrolysis of crude palm oil: Effects on fatty acid yield and retention of … SH Adiiba, ES Chan, WZ Ng, CP Song International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 306, 141650 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Overcoming the equilibrium constraints in the enzymatic hydrolysis of methyl esters via a sequencing batch process to improve conversion into fatty acids W Gourich, CP Song, ES Chan Journal of Molecular Liquids 423, 127023 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Tripolyphosphate-chitosan-pea protein interactions confers long-term stability to 3D printed high internal phase Pickering emulsions CO Karandagaspitiya, CK Mahendra, HP Lim, DKH Chan, YS Tey, ... Food Chemistry 466, 142228 , 2025 2025 Citations: 12
Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol and glycidol in palm oil: A review on current industrial-scale mitigation strategies, challenges and perspectives YH Ong, CP Song, WS Choo, YY Lee, KS Qua, WP Quek, ES Chan Food Research International 202, 115697 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Enhancing Enzymatic Biodiesel Production Using Low-Cost CO 2 -Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquid and Ultrasound-Assisted Intensification MY Liow, ES Chan, WZ Ng, CP Song ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 13 (1), 68-79 , 2025 2025 Citations: 7
Unveiling the role of mechanical process intensifications and chemical additives in boosting lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of vegetable oil for fatty acid production: A … WZ Ng, ES Chan, W Gourich, SH Adiiba, MY Liow, CW Ooi, BT Tey, ... International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 284, 138144 , 2025 2025 Citations: 10
Time-course kinetic model for the enzyme-limited hydrolysis of methyl esters elucidates the reaction mechanism and inhibition challenges for the production of fatty acids W Gourich, CP Song, YK Ho, ES Chan Journal of Molecular Liquids 414, 126054 , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
Stabilization of Eversa® Transform 2.0 lipase with sorbitol to enhance the efficiency of ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production MY Liow, ES Chan, WZ Ng, CP Song International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 276, 133817 , 2024 2024 Citations: 12
Experimental study of quaternary blends with diesel/palm-oil biodiesel/ethanol/diethyl ether for optimum performance and emissions in a light-duty diesel engine using response … JB Ooi, XL Chan, F Jaliliantabar, BT Tan, X Wang, CP Song, MC Chiong, ... Energy 301, 131782 , 2024 2024 Citations: 27
Enhancing efficiency of ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production catalyzed by Eversa® Transform 2.0 at low lipase concentration: Enzyme characterization and process optimization MY Liow, ES Chan, WZ Ng, CP Song International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 271, 132538 , 2024 2024 Citations: 18
Low-Cost CO 2 -Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids for Accelerating Enzymatic Oil Hydrolysis WZ Ng, ES Chan, YS Tan, MY Liow, CW Ooi, BT Tey, CP Song ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 12 (19), 7566-7577 , 2024 2024 Citations: 10
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Biodiesel production catalysed by low-cost liquid enzyme Eversa® Transform 2.0: Effect of free fatty acid content on lipase methanol tolerance and kinetic model MY Chang, ES Chan, CP Song Fuel 283, 119266 , 2021 2021 Citations: 128
Green, aqueous two-phase systems based on cholinium aminoate ionic liquids with tunable hydrophobicity and charge density CP Song, RN Ramanan, R Vijayaraghavan, DR MacFarlane, ES Chan, ... ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 3 (12), 3291-3298 , 2015 2015 Citations: 84
Impact of high-pressure homogenization on the extractability and stability of phytochemicals SXM Yong, CP Song, WS Choo Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 4, 593259 , 2021 2021 Citations: 76
Improved biodiesel production from sludge palm oil catalyzed by a low-cost liquid lipase under low-input process conditions JM Loh, W Gourich, CL Chew, CP Song, ES Chan Renewable Energy 177, 348-358 , 2021 2021 Citations: 61
Purification of lysozyme from chicken egg white using nanofiber membrane immobilized with Reactive Orange 4 dye IS Ng, CP Song, CW Ooi, BT Tey, YH Lee, YK Chang International journal of biological macromolecules 134, 458-468 , 2019 2019 Citations: 55
Towards rapid and sustainable synthesis of biodiesel: A review of effective parameters and scale-up potential of intensification technologies for enzymatic biodiesel production MY Liow, W Gourich, MY Chang, JM Loh, ES Chan, CP Song Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 114, 1-18 , 2022 2022 Citations: 45
Techno-economic analysis of enzymatic biodiesel co-produced in palm oil mills from sludge palm oil for improving renewable energy access in rural areas WZ Ng, AA Obon, CL Lee, YH Ong, W Gourich, K Maran, DBY Tang, ... Energy 243, 122745 , 2022 2022 Citations: 39
Life cycle assessment on alginate-based nanocomposite beads for the removal of lead (II) from aqueous solutions CSC Chiew, W Gourich, P Pasbakhsh, PE Poh, BT Tey, CP Song, ... Journal of Water Process Engineering 45, 102531 , 2022 2022 Citations: 36
Adsorption and purification performance of lysozyme from chicken egg white using ion exchange nanofiber membrane modified by ethylene diamine and bromoacetic acid YK Chang, HI Cheng, CW Ooi, CP Song, BL Liu Food chemistry 358, 129914 , 2021 2021 Citations: 34
Antibacterial efficacy of poly (hexamethylene biguanide) immobilized on chitosan/dye-modified nanofiber membranes FX Xu, CW Ooi, BL Liu, CP Song, CY Chiu, CY Wang, YK Chang International journal of biological macromolecules 181, 508-520 , 2021 2021 Citations: 30
Perspective on enzymatic production of renewable hydrocarbon fuel using algal fatty acid photodecarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64A: Potentials and limitations WZ Ng, ES Chan, W Gourich, CW Ooi, BT Tey, CP Song Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 184, 113548 , 2023 2023 Citations: 28
Life cycle benefits of enzymatic biodiesel co-produced in palm oil mills from sludge palm oil as renewable fuel for rural electrification W Gourich, ES Chan, WZ Ng, AA Obon, K Maran, YH Ong, CL Lee, J Tan, ... Applied Energy 325, 119928 , 2022 2022 Citations: 28
Experimental study of quaternary blends with diesel/palm-oil biodiesel/ethanol/diethyl ether for optimum performance and emissions in a light-duty diesel engine using response … JB Ooi, XL Chan, F Jaliliantabar, BT Tan, X Wang, CP Song, MC Chiong, ... Energy 301, 131782 , 2024 2024 Citations: 27
Environmentally Benign and Recyclable Aqueous Two-Phase System Composed of Distillable CO 2 -Based Alkyl Carbamate Ionic Liquids CP Song, QY Yap, MYA Chong, R Ramakrishnan Nagasundara, ... ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6 (8), 10344-10354 , 2018 2018 Citations: 26
The potential of palm bioenergy in achieving Malaysia's renewable energy target and climate ambition in line with the Paris Agreement W Gourich, CP Song, KS Qua, ES Chan Energy for Sustainable Development 76, 101296 , 2023 2023 Citations: 23
Effect of salt-based adjuvant on partition behaviour of protein in aqueous two-phase systems composed of polypropylene glycol and cholinium glycinate CP Song, RN Ramanan, R Vijayaraghavan, DR MacFarlane, ES Chan, ... Separation and Purification Technology 196, 281-286 , 2018 2018 Citations: 23
Purification of lysozyme from chicken egg white by high-density cation exchange adsorbents in stirred fluidized bed adsorption system PL Show, CW Ooi, CP Song, WS Chai, GT Lin, BL Liu, YK Chang Food chemistry 343, 128543 , 2021 2021 Citations: 19
Enhancing efficiency of ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production catalyzed by Eversa® Transform 2.0 at low lipase concentration: Enzyme characterization and process optimization MY Liow, ES Chan, WZ Ng, CP Song International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 271, 132538 , 2024 2024 Citations: 18
Retention of high-value tocols during enzymatic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate using liquid lipase for improving the economics and sustainability of biodiesel … Amelia, CP Song, MY Chang, SH Adiiba, ES Chan Industrial Crops and Products 194, 116271 , 2023 2023 Citations: 17
