Saad Abdulrahman Hussain

@ruc.edu.iq

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy
Al-Rafidain University College

Saad Abdulrahman Hussain


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https://researchid.co/saadhussain
Full Name: Saad Abdulrahman Hussain Gender: Male
Place and date of birth: Iraq 4/11/1956
Race: Arabic Nationality: Iraqi Religion: Muslim
Marital State: Married Number of Children: 4
Home Address: Governorate of Baghdad, Al-Edreesi Q. Av. 507, St. 10, House 8.
Telephone Number: +9647901712624 (mobile)
E-mail: saad_alzaidi@ ;
Job title: Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology.
Place of Work: Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Rafidain University College, Baghdad, Iraq.
Specialty: Pharmaceutical Sciences. sub-specialty: pharmacology and toxicology.
Degrees: B. Sc. in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1979, University of Baghdad, College of Pharmacy.
M. Sc. in Clinical Pharmacy, 1993, University of Baghdad, College of Pharmacy.
Ph.D. in Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1998, University of Baghdad, College of Pharmacy.
Scopus ID: 57

EDUCATION

B. Sc. in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1979, University of Baghdad, College of Pharmacy.
M. Sc. in Clinical Pharmacy, 1993, University of Baghdad, College of Pharmacy.
Ph.D. in Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1998, University of Baghdad, College of Pharmacy.

RESEARCH INTERESTS

Pharmacology and Toxicology
Clinical Pharmacy
Therapeutics
83

Scopus Publications

Scopus Publications

  • Metabolic, Electrolyte, and Hepatobiliary Complications of Parenteral Nutrition in Neonates: A Prospective Case-Series Study
    Dalya Abdul Kareem Mohammed, Yasir Ibrahim Abdulridha, Mustafa Ghazi Alabbassi, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain
    Al Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences, 2026
    Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a life‑saving intervention for neonates who are unable to meet their nutritional requirements through enteral feeding. Despite its essential role, PN is frequently associated with metabolic, electrolyte, and hepatobiliary complications. Objective: To evaluate the frequency and pattern of metabolic, electrolyte, and hepatobiliary complications associated with PN administration in neonates. Methods: A prospective case-series study was conducted in two tertiary neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Baghdad, Iraq. Term and preterm neonates who received PN for at least five days were included. PN‑related metabolic, electrolyte, hepatobiliary, and hematological complications were recorded and analyzed. Results: Of the 94 neonates included in the primary outcome. The incidence of hypoglycemia is 35.1%, and hyperglycemia is 31.9%. Cholestasis 11.7%, hypokalemia 20.2%, hyponatremia 18%, hypocalcemia 27.6%, and thrombocytopenia 28.7%. The mean ± standard deviation of gestational age was 32.1±3.8 weeks; for postnatal age at the start of PN, it was 9.72±17.4 days; for the duration of TPN exposure, it was 12.65±9.27 days; and for the weight of the patients at the start and end of TPN, it was 1.7±0.70 and 1.84±0.74 kg, respectively. Conclusions: PN‑related metabolic, electrolyte, and hepatobiliary complications are common in neonates. Close monitoring and individualized PN management are essential to improve neonatal outcomes.
  • Preliminary Evaluation of Tacrolimus Impact on Glycemic Control, Renal Function, and Hematological Inflammatory Markers in Kidney Transplant Recipients
    Shvan Burhan Rafiq, Tavga Ahmed Aziz, Bryar Ezadeen Nuradeen, Hozan Jaza Hama Salh, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain
    Al Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences, 2025
    Background: Tacrolimus, a widely used calcineurin inhibitor in kidney transplantation, has a narrow therapeutic window and is associated with metabolic, renal, and hematological effects. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between tacrolimus blood concentrations, glycemic status, kidney function tests, and hematological inflammatory indices in kidney transplant recipients. Methods: This pilot study included 28 kidney allograft recipients, divided into two groups according to tacrolimus trough level (<7.5 ng/mL and >7.5 ng/mL). Fasting blood glucose, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and hematological indices, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), were measured at baseline and three months post-transplant. Results: After three months, tacrolimus administration was associated with significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, serum creatinine, and BUN, particularly in female patients. Tacrolimus trough levels declined significantly in both sexes, with a more marked decrease in males. No significant changes were observed in NLR, MLR, PLR, or other hematological indices, and no significant associations were found between tacrolimus concentration groups and the studied parameters. Conclusions: Tacrolimus use over three months post-transplant was linked to improvements in glycemic control and renal function parameters without significant alterations in hematological inflammatory indices. Larger, long-term studies are warranted to confirm these findings and explore potential sex-related differences in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and clinical effects.
  • Public Awareness and Knowledge Regarding Toxicovigilance of Xenoestrogens in Iraq: A Cross-sectional Study
    Naza Mohammed Ali Mahmood, Ansam Najee Alhassani, Roshna Shawkat Aziz, Narmin Hama Amin Hussen, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain, et al.
    Al Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences, 2025
    Background: Xenoestrogens are synthetic chemicals found in various plastics, sealants, consumer goods, preservatives, and pesticides. They can disrupt the endocrine system and have been linked to numerous health issues, including reproductive problems, hormonal imbalances, developmental abnormalities, and an increased risk of certain cancers. Objective: To identify the awareness, knowledge, and usage rate of XEs among individuals in different Iraqi governments and the human risk assessment for potential toxicity. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study utilized a random convenience sampling method from January to June 2024 throughout various regions of Iraq. Participants aged 18 to 70 years who provided verbal consent were recruited prior to enrollment in this study (n=304). The participants filled out the questionnaires in the presence of researchers, who then collected them for assessment. The questionnaire, partially modified from a prior study, gathered data on educational status, basic knowledge, and awareness of xenoestrogens and their health effects, as well as the safety and frequency of use of containers presumed to harbor xenoestrogens. Results: The findings will provide insights into the level of awareness and knowledge among healthcare providers, medical students, and academic professionals in Iraq regarding xenoestrogens and their potential health risks. Detailed results will be analyzed to determine the extent of knowledge and gaps that need to be addressed. Conclusions: Most of the Iraqi people did not have enough awareness and knowledge of XE's effects on general health and the environment. This highlights the importance of improving knowledge and awareness about these chemicals.
  • Clinical and Biochemical Outcomes of Hormonal Therapy among Elderly Patients with Prostate Cancer in Sulaimani City
    Chra Salahalddin Ahmed, Tavga Ahmed Aziz, Havan Freidun Fuad Qaftan, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain
    Al Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences, 2025
    Background: Androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), have a major impact on the progression of prostate cancer because they activate the androgen receptors (AR) of prostate cancer cells. This condition is one of the most common cancers in males worldwide. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical and biochemical outcomes with bicalutamide, enzalutamide, and abiraterone in patients with prostate cancer. Methods: This is a retrospective study that included patients with advanced prostate cancer who were divided into three groups: bicalutamide, enzalutamide, and abiraterone treated groups. Data were collected from patients’ files at baseline and 6 and 12 months after treatment for measuring prostate-specific antigen, liver function, renal function, and lipid profile. Results: A remarkable decline in prostate size, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), back pain, and urinary symptoms was seen in all the groups after 12 months of treatment. Bicalutamide and abiraterone significantly attenuated total serum bilirubin (TSB). Meanwhile, enzalutamide significantly reduced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level. Abiraterone resulted in a significant reduction in serum creatinine levels. A significant elevation of performance status (PS) score was noticed in the Enzalutamide and Abiraterone groups. Conclusions: Bicalutamide, enzalutamide, and abiraterone improved the outcomes of prostate cancer. Bicalutamide was superior to enzalutamide and abiraterone in improving PS.
  • Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Sepsis and Extravasation in Iraqi Neonates: A Case-Series Prospective Study
    Dalya Abdul Kareem Mohammed, Yasir Ibrahim Abdulridha, Mustafa Ghazi Alabbassi, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain
    Al Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences, 2024
    Background: Extravasation and sepsis are two of the many side effects linked to the use of intravascular devices during parenteral nutrition (PN). Objective: To assess the incidence of sepsis and extravasation in Iraqi neonates receiving PN in the critical care unit. Methods: From January 27, 2022, to January 15, 2023, a case-series prospective study was carried out in two tertiary neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Children Welfare Hospital and Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq. The study reports the rate of sepsis and extravasations and correlates their occurrence to other neonatal features. Results: Of the 94 newborns examined, 24 patients (25.5%) experienced 35 instances of stage IV extravasation, and 34.04% of them experienced 40 episodes of sepsis in total. They have a strong and significant correlation with the newborns' body weight, treatment duration, gestational age, and postnatal age. Conclusions: The administration of PN to neonates in Iraq has been linked to severe side effects such as sepsis and extravasation.
  • Factors Influencing Adalimumab Treatment Response in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Future of Clinical Expertise
    Samer Imad Mohammed, Ali Lateef Jasim, Mohammad Yawuz Jamal, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain
    Al Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences, 2023
    Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by persistent joint inflammation, which is a defining feature of this chronic inflammatory condition. Considerable advancements have been made in the field of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic medicines (DMARDs), which effectively mitigate inflammation and forestall further joint deterioration. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) drugs, which are a class of biological DMARDs (bDMARDs), have been efficaciously employed in the treatment of RA in recent times Adalimumab, a TNF inhibitor, has demonstrated significant efficacy in reducing disease symptoms and halting disease progression in patients with RA. However, its use is associated with major side effects and high costs. In addition, ongoing advancements in therapeutic development have resulted in the production of medications that exhibit enhanced efficacy and safety characteristics. However, further investigation is required before RA can be deemed a manageable pathology. This review presents an analysis of the utilization of adalimumab for the treatment of RA by synthesizing information from relevant literature and emphasizing its effectiveness and safety to improve overall outcomes along with potential cost reductions for patients with RA.
  • Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Culturally Developed Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support Program among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Iraq
    SiewChin Ong, EhabMudher Mikhael, SaadAbdulrahman Hussain
    Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 2023
    Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease associated with a major economic burden on persons, health care systems, and countries. Diabetes self-management education and support (DSME(S)) programs are highly effective method in the management of T2DM patients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of the developed culturally-specific DSME(S) program regarding glycemic control, lipid profile, and body weight for Iraqi type 2 DM patients. Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial design was used to assess the cost-effectiveness of the culturally-specific DSME(S) program from the perspective of health care providers. In the cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), cost per patient and clinical outcomes over 6 months were compared between the intervention and control group. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were expressed as cost per unit improvement in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and body weight. Results: The effectiveness of most outcomes was better in the intervention group compared with the control group. The ICER per unit improvement in HbA1c, SBP, DBP, serum TC, and TG levels was <1 of the minimum CET compared with the control group, thus meeting the definition of being highly cost-effective. Conclusion: The currently developed DSME(S) was cost effective method to improve glycemic control, blood pressure, TC, and TG for T2DM patients in Iraq.
  • Targeting IL-6 Signaling Pathways for Musculoskeletal Disorders Treatment: Risks and Benefits
    Aisha Muthanna Shanshal, Raghda Hisham Aljorani, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain
    Al Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences, 2023
    Pro-inflammatory mediators like IL-6 effectively mediated the majority of musculoskeletal disorders such rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and tendinitis. Increased levels of IL-6 are found in the serum or synovial fluid of patients with these disorders, and these levels are correlated with the incidence and severity of the disease. IL-6 is crucial for the development of cartilage pathology, for example, by inducing a variety of pathways that are involved in the induction and spread of inflammation. The expression of anti-catabolic factors is similarly increased by IL-6, indicating a protective function. The differential impacts of IL-6 classic and trans-signaling may be the reason for this dual role of IL-6, which has so far remained poorly understood. In this article, the experimental and clinical data on the function of inhibiting IL-6 signaling in the development and progression of pathologies of the synovium, cartilage, and bones were thoroughly reviewed. By evaluating the IL-6 targeting approaches that are currently being considered in research and clinical practice, it may provide a glimpse into the future of these illnesses' treatment.
  • The association of metformin dose up-titration and treatment duration with adiposity, lipid profile indicators, and serum leptin levels in T2DM Iraqi patients
    Zainab S. Abdulrahman, Mohammed Qasim Alatrakji, Ahmed Abood Al-Maliky, Khalid Ibrahim Hussein, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain
    Journal of Health Sciences, 2023
    Introduction: Numerous factors, including age, gender, physical inactivity, insufficient dose, noncompliance, and drug-drug interactions, may contribute to significant intraindividual variation in metformin (MET) response. This study aims to determine the effect of Met dose and treatment duration on adiposity markers and serum leptin levels in Iraqi patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Between October 2021 and March 2022, a cross-sectional study at the Diabetes and Endocrinology Center in Baghdad included 150 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with a disease duration of more than 1 year. Clinical and physical examinations were conducted before enrollment. We measured anthropometric variables such as body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and visceral adiposity index. We evaluated glycated hemoglobin, leptin, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and triglycerides (TGs) in the serum. Results: Only the TC/HDL-c and TG/HDL-c ratios were significantly different after the data were arranged according to glycemic control level. Arrangement for MET doses and treatment duration, none of the evaluated parameters were significantly different (p &gt; 0.05) between groups receiving different doses of MET for different durations, except visceral adiposity index (VAI), which shows a very slight decrease (p = 0.046) after more than 10 years of treatment. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed a weak and significant association between waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference and MET doses, and a weak and significant association between WC, VAI, and TG levels and treatment duration. The other markers lacked a significant relationship with MET doses or duration of treatment. Conclusion: MET dose and duration of treatment were not significantly correlated with adiposity and lipid profiles in Iraqi patients with T2DM.
  • Evaluating Eating Disorders among Medical Students in Baghdad, Iraq
    Aisha Muthanna Shanshal, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain, Mustafa Sameer Mahmoud, Maha Ali Saleh, Omar Abdulwahid Salih
    Al Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences, 2022
    Background: Eating disorders represent a psychological problem characterized by abnormal eating behaviors and related emotions and thoughts. Aim: The study aims to assess the prevalence of eating disorders among medical students in Baghdad, Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in medical departments that include medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy disciplines from January 2021 to March 2021 using an English version of a structured questionnaire. About 552 medical students participated in this study. Results: The study showed that in some individuals with normal Body Mass Index values, 64.47% suffered from eating disorders as diagnosed by EAT-26 while according to SCOFF, 23.5% of normal individuals suffer from eating disorders. Overweight individuals are more likely to have eating disorders than underweight individuals. According to SCOFF, 33.44% of the overweight and 4.18% of underweight individuals scored above the cutoff value. They were likely to have eating disorders. Similarly, in accordance to EAT-26, 19.70% of the overweight individuals and 9.48% of the underweight individuals were likely to have eating disorders. Conclusion: Many Iraqi medical students are predisposed to having eating disorders, with females being more vulnerable than males. To reduce the frequency of eating disorders among Iraqi medical students, a variety of initiatives and strategies are required.
  • Adverse effects associated with the use of N95 mask among health-care workers at the COVID-19 care units: A cross-sectional study in Sulaimani city, Iraq
    S. Hussain, N. Mahmood, Trefa M. Ali Mahmood, Neega Aras Mohammed Salih, Z. Abdulrahman
    Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 2022
  • Polyphenols as Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Metastatic Cancers: Current and Future Perspective
    Saad Hussain, Qasim Mahmood Alhadidi
    Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 2022
  • Gingko biloba extract improves the lipid profile, inflammatory markers, leptin level and the antioxidant status of T2DM patients poorly responding to metformin: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
    Saad Abdulrahman Hussain, Tavga Ahmed Aziz, Taha Othman Mahwi, Zheen Aorahman Ahmed
    Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022
  • Stress-induced behavioral changes in Iraqi dentistry academics during the COVID-19 outbreak
    Mustafa Al-Shaikhli, Aisha Shanshal, Saad Hussain
    Journal of Health Sciences, 2022
  • Silibinin Improves the Clinical Scores of Memory Function in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study
    Saad Abdulrahman Hussain, Zainab Saad Abdulrahman, Wael Waleed Mustafa
    Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 2022
  • Association of cigarette and water-pipe smoking with increased visceral adiposity, glycemic intolerance and hematological derangement in Iraqi healthy smokers
    Saad Abdulrahman Hussain, Ashwaq Nagemeldeen Abbas, Hussein Saad Abdulrahman, Ahmed Shaalan Deab
    Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022
  • The Association of Metformin Doses and Length of Treatment with Glycemic Control and Serum Insulin Levels in Iraqi Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Zainab Saad Abdulrahman, Mohammed Qasim Alatrakji, Ahmed Abood Al-Maliky, Khalid Ibrahim Hussein, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain
    Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 2022
  • Influence of Metformin Dose and Treatment Adherence on Glycemic Control, Adiposity, and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Iraqi Patients with T2DM
    Zainab Abdulrahman, Mohammed Qasim Alatrakji, Ahmed Abood Al-Maliky, Khalid Ibrahim Hussein, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain
    Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad, 2022
  • Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Gingko biloba Extract in Cotton Pellet-Induced Granuloma in Rats: A comparative Study with Prednisolone and Dexamethasone
    Ahmed Azad Kareem, Tavga Ahmed Aziz, Zheen Aorahman Ahmed, Hemn Hassan Othman, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain
    Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022
  • Exam-Related Anxiety Levels among Iraqi Medical Students in Baghdad City
    Aisha Muthanna Shanshal, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain, Ahmed Mohamed Mahmood, Fatima Abood Zukhair, Ali Sabah Mahdi, et al.
    Al Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences, 2022
  • The effect of providing usual care only for control subjects on the reliability of results obtained by controlled clinical trials assessing the benefits of diabetes self-management educational programs
    Ehab Mudher Mikhael, Mohamed Azmi Hassali, Saad Hussain
    Clinical Ethics, 2021
  • Validation of newly developed culturally specific diabetes self-management education and support program for Iraqi type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
    Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 2021
  • Correlation between serum pro inflammatory cytokines and clinical scores of knee osteoarthritic patients using resveratrol as a supplementary therapy with meloxicam
    B. Marouf, S. Hussain, Z. Ali
    Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2021
  • Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors on the Risks of Hypertension and Heart Failure in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review
    Harzhin Hiwa Ali, Naza Mohammed Ali Mahmood, Saad Abdulrahman Hussain
    Al Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021
  • Association between Red Cell Distribution Width to Platelet Ratio and Disease Activity among Iraqi Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
    Faiq Isho Gorial, Hameed Oda Ali, Sattar Jabbar Naema, Saad Abdurahman Hussain
    Al Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021