A Single-Pole Filter-Assisted Improved Protection Scheme for the TCSC-Compensated Transmission Line Connecting Large-Scale Wind Farms Sauvik Biswas, Bijaya Ketan Panigrahi, Paresh Kumar Nayak, Gayadhar Pradhan, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics, 2024 The dynamic variation of impedance during different operating modes of a thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC)-compensated transmission line imposes protection challenges to conventionally used distance relays. The problem becomes further complicated when these lines are connected to present-day large-capacity doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms. In this article, a cutting-edge relaying algorithm is suggested for the protection of such crucial lines by extracting useful features from the local current signals using a single-pole filtering technique. The extracted features are further used to generate red–green–blue images for the convolutional neural network classifier for improved detection and classification of faults. The performance of this method is validated on several fault and nonfault data generated on 2-bus, WSCC 9-bus, and IEEE 39-bus test power systems considering TCSC- and DFIG-based wind farms in the network through a real-time digital simulator. The operation of the actual relay is validated through SEL 451, and the algorithm is accomplished by OPAL-RT (OP5600). The high fault detection accuracy (100%, 100%, and 100%) and classification accuracy (99.30%, 99.50%, and 99.20%) and the comparative study can claim the strength of the proposed method.
Microcontroller Assist Fault Detection for Microgrids Based on Discrete Wavelet Transform Prabhat Pandey, Sauvik Biswas 5th International Conference on Energy Power and Environment Towards Flexible Green Energy Technologies Icepe 2023, 2023 Microgrids are small independent network of electricity which has its own sources of power generation. Microgrids work independently and can also take power from main grid. Most microgrids have inverter based distributed generations and energy storage System (ESS) which makes fault detection and isolation challenging for classical fault detection methods due to lower current contribution by distributed energy resources. Fault detection and isolation is the major challenge in operation of microgrids and essential for safe and reliable functioning of load connected. This paper proposes a novel approach for microgrid protection using discreet wavelet transform (DWT) which is a very efficient signal processing tool, this approach uses multiresolution analysis of three phase current signals by wavelet decomposition. The spectral entropy of the three-phase current signals are calculated in real time in a Microcontroller which gives the trip signal to circuit breaker by breaker control logic at different fault conditions. This system is verified as controller hardware in loop (CHIL) with a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) and microgrid model developed in RSCAD. Test and Simulation results shows that the proposed microgrid protection scheme is accurate and evades the problems faced by classical protection schemes in microgrid protection. This Protection scheme is easy to implement and does not require any complex or expensive equipment's.
An intelligent protection scheme for series-compensated transmission lines connecting large-scale wind farms M. S. Prabhu, Sauvik Biswas, Paresh Kumar Nayak, Almoataz Abdelaziz, Adel El-Shahat Frontiers in Energy Research, 2023 Series-compensated transmission lines (SCTLs) are increasingly preferred for transmitting bulk amounts of electricity generated from the present-day large-scale wind farm to the utility grid due to several technical and economic benefits. However, when a fault occurs in such a wind farm-integrated SCTL, the impedance across the metal oxide varistor (MOV)-protected series capacitor varies non-linearly. Also, the fault current contributed from the wind farm side is quite different compared to the grid side. Consequently, the widely used fixed impedance-based distance relaying schemes showed limitations when used for protecting such crucial TLs. In this paper, the impacts of series compensation and wind farm integration on distance relay are investigated, and this paper proposes an intelligent relaying scheme using only the current measurements. In the proposed scheme, the fault detection task is performed using the signs of the half-cycle magnitude differences of the line end positive-sequence currents, and the fault classification task is performed using only the local current measurements processed through the Fourier–Bessel series expansion (FBSE) bagging ensemble (BE) classifier. The non-stationary components present in the current signal at the initiation of a fault are captured by calculating FBSE coefficients, and the singular value decomposition is applied for dimensionality reduction of the feature set. Finally, the extracted features are used by the BE classifier for fault classification. The method is evaluated in MATLAB/Simulink® on numerous fault and non-fault data simulated in two-bus systems and also validated through the OPAL-RT (OP4510) manufactured real-time digital simulation platform. The obtained results (response time for fault detection and classification <10 ms), including the comparative assessment results (fault detection accuracy =100% and fault classification accuracy =99.37%), justify the effectiveness of the proposed relaying scheme in protecting the wind farm-integrated SCTLs.
A Dual-Time Transform Assisted Intelligent Relaying Scheme for the STATCOM-Compensated Transmission Line Connecting Wind Farm Sauvik Biswas, Paresh Nayak, Gayadhar Pradhan IEEE Systems Journal, 2022 The fixed-impedance-based distance relaying schemes find limitation in providing reliable protection to transmission lines connecting doubly fed induction generator based large capacity wind farms and compensated with static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). In this article, the performance of the distance relay protecting such transmission lines is investigated and proposes an advanced protection scheme where the fault detection and fault section identification task is performed using the signs of the superimposed <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\\alpha$</tex-math></inline-formula>-aerial components of the measured currents at the line ends and STATCOM location. Furthermore, suitable features are extracted from the relay end measured currents using dual-time transform (TT) and subsequently utilized by decision tree classifier for fault classification. Finally, the single-end traveling wave-based technique is employed using <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\\alpha$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\\beta$</tex-math></inline-formula>-aerial current waves for estimating the fault location. The performance of the proposed protection scheme is evaluated on different fault and nonfault cases generated on a two-bus test power system through MATLAB/Simulink and OPAL-RT (OP4510) manufactured real-time digital simulation environment. The performance of the proposed protection scheme is also compared with some earlier reported works. The demonstrated results justify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme for protecting such complex transmission networks.
A Transient-Extracting Transform Assisted Intelligent Fault Detection and Classification Approach for UPFC Installed Transmission Line Sauvik Biswas, Paresh Kumar Nayak, Gayadhar Pradhan 2022 IEEE IAS Global Conference on Emerging Technologies Globconet 2022, 2022 The frequent changes in current and voltage pro-file during different operational modes of unified power flow controller (UPFC) limit the performance of traditional distance protection of transmission lines (TLs). This paper looks into the effect of the UPFC on the TL protection and propose a new fault detection and classification (FDC) technique to support the relay. The sample-to-sample difference of the transient-extracting transform (TET) operator of modal component of current for detection of fault, first. Later, the one-cycle post fault TET operators of three-phase currents and ground current are utilized as features for various classifier like back propagation neural network (BPNN), support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT) and random forest (RF) for classification of fault. This protection technique is tested by generating various cases during fault in a standard two-bus MATLAB/Simulink model and validated in OPAL-RT based real-time simulator. The low detection time and high accuracies of different classifier indicate the reliability of TET feature based FDC technique for such crucial TL.
Improved Protection Scheme for High Voltage Transmission Lines Connecting Large-Scale Solar PV Plants Sikander Singh, Paresh Kumar Nayak, Saumendra Sarangi, Sauvik Biswas 2022 22nd National Power Systems Conference Npsc 2022, 2022 The fault current characteristics of power electronics interfaced large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) plants satisfying fault ride through requirement are quite different compared to the traditionally used synchronous generator-based power system. Consequently, the conventional distance relaying scheme face underreaching problem large-scale solar PV plant connected transmission lines. In this paper, a modified distance relaying technique is proposed to overcome the underreaching problem faced by conventional distance relay while used for protection solar PV plant connected transmission lines. In this approach, the net apparent power supplied from the PV side and grid side during ground faults in the interconnected transmission line is calculated using the line end synchronized voltage and current measurements. From the calculated values of the apparent power, the fault path resistance and hence the incremental impedance due to the fault path resistance is calculated and subtracted from the impedance seen by the PV side distance relay to obtain the correct line impedance between the PV side relay and fault point. This helps in estimating the correct fault location from the PV side distance relay. The efficacy of the method is validated data simulated on a 2-bus system through MATLAB/Simulink.
A New Approach for Protecting TCSC Compensated Transmission Lines Connected to DFIG-Based Wind Farm Sauvik Biswas, Paresh Kumar Nayak IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2021 Thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) compensated transmission lines (TLs) are increasingly used in recent years for transmission of bulk power generated by doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based large scale wind farms. However, the typical fault characteristics of DFIG and TCSC affect the performance of conventional distance relays. To solve the problem, in this article, a new relaying algorithm is proposed that utilizes sign of the half-cycle superimposed positive-sequence current for fault detection, empirical mode decomposition assisted random forest classifier for fault classification and modified impedance approach for fault location estimation. The performance of the proposed relaying algorithm is evaluated on various fault and nonfault cases generated on a test power system using MATLAB/Simulink and OPAL-RT (OP4510) manufactured real-time digital simulator environment. Also, compared with few existing approaches. The demonstrated results justify the merits of the proposed relaying algorithm for protecting the TCSC compensated TL connected with DFIG-based wind farm.
