Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Early Kidney Stone Detection Rahul Krishnan, Kavitha T, M Malathi, P Nagarajan, N Ashokkumar, M.Bharathi Proceedings 2026 International Conference on Signal Processing and Electronics Design Icsped 2026, 2026 Kidney abnormalities can occur as a result of the creation of stones, congenital defects, urine blockage, and other factors, thus it’s critical to diagnose the presence of stones in the kidney. A microstrip patch antenna is used to detect kidney stones in this study. This antenna has a low profile, a basic structure, is lightweight, and is straightforward to fabricate. A microstrip patch antenna can detect the presence of stones in the kidney. In CST Studio, the planned Antenna Kidney phantom and stone will be created and simulated. The developed antenna was able to resonate at 3.1 GHz and generate 0.3830 dBi gain and 2.852 dBi directivity and Bandwidth of 0.787 GHz respectively. The simulated phantom model shows there is clear variation between S11 of with and without kidneystone.
Design of optimized and energy efficient single-bit comparator using quantum dot cellular automata Aswathy N, Siva Mangai N M, Rahul Krishnan Engineering Research Express, 2025 Quantum-dot Cellular Automata technology presents multiple advantages over conventional CMOS technology, such as lower power consumption, high speed, and greater density. QCA holds the potential to overcome the physical limitations of CMOS, positioning it as a promising option for the future of VLSI circuits. Comparator circuits contribute to rapid decision-making and signal processing in digital systems. This paper proposes two single-bit comparator designs using QCA. The proposed designs consume 35 and 18 cells, respectively with 0.5 latency in clock cycles. The simulations are carried out on QCADesigner 2.0.3 without any crossover. Additionally, power dissipation metrics for comparator designs were determined using the QCAPro and QCADesigner-E tools. It is observed that the design produces accurate results up to 4 K by analyzing the average out polarization.
Design of V-Slot and Arc Shape Patch Antenna for Brain Tumor Detection Kalaivani S, Rahul Krishnan 10th International Conference on Wireless Communications Signal Processing and Networking Wispnet 2025, 2025 Brain tumors, which may be benign or malignant, necessitate early diagnosis for quality care and improved patient health. Common diagnostic methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are expensive, time-consuming, and not always available. This paper focus on the effective usage of antenna based imaging system to detect tumors inside the human brain. The system employs a miniaturized and efficient microstrip radioactive antenna to transmit signals through a stratified human head phantom model. The signals received are analyzed using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) simulation tool. Results are validated by comparing them with existing data. The specific absorption rate (SAR) for the head phantom model is calculated using an Arc and V-slot antenna with dimensions of 23 mm × 20 mm × 1.675 mm. A three-layer phantom embedded with a tumor is tested using this antenna, which achieves a return loss of -25.50 dB with a tumor and -33.11 dB without a tumor at 1.8 GHz.
Reinforcement Learning-Driven UC-CFmMIMO for UAVs: A Subband Allocation Framework Selina Cheggour, Aymen Bouferroum, Rahul Krishnan Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Computer Information and Telecommunication Systems Cits 2025, 2025 Aerial vehicular networks are emerging as a critical use case in sixth-generation (6G) wireless systems, demanding ultra-reliable, low-latency connectivity across dynamic, three-dimensional environments. To meet these stringent requirements, user-centric cell-free massive MIMO (UC-CFmMIMO) has gained traction as a promising architecture, offering uniform coverage and high resilience. However, integrating UAVs introduces unique challenges in dynamic frequency resource allocation due to altitude-dependent propagation, mobility, and interference management with dynamic subcarrier spacing. To address this, we formulate a multi-objective resource allocation problem targeting frequency assignment, Spectral Efficiency (SE), and Quality of Service (QoS) preservation. We propose a Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) Reinforcement Learning (RL) approach that balances interference mitigation, SE, and fairness under strict bandwidth constraints. Additionally, we compare DDPG with two bio-inspired metaheuristics Binary Gray Wolf Optimizer (BGWO) and Binary Moth Flame Optimizer (BMFO) to assess their effectiveness. Results show that UC-CFmMIMO can meet 6G performance targets in aerial networks, with RL demonstrating superior adaptability in complex, altitude-varying environments.
Revolutionizing Accessibility with Multi-Modal Text-to-Speech Conversion Malathi.M, P. Nagarajan, N. Ashokkumar, M.Bharathi, Rahul Krishnan, Kavitha Thandapani Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication Icosec 2025, 2025 With the help of OCR features, this article discusses the development of accessibility enhancements with the invention of a new multi-modal text to speech (TTS) system which allows users to easily convert text from images and web articles into audio format. Students, professionals, and just about anyone can access the system and takes full advantage of the features it offers. Using translation and language detection, the system guarantees that the extracted text is coherent and linguistically appropriate. The system addresses two very important problems: first, users who do not speak the language of the content can translate it to the language they prefer, and second, in a dynamic and fast paced society where every second counts, users can transform articles or online newspaper links into audio format designed for easy listening. The clear alterations in OCR accessibility encourage equal opportunities and inclusivity, allowing users to engage with information when needed.
CNTFET Based Pulse Implied Binary Edge Activated Flip-Flop Using Transmission Gate Logic for Low Power VLSI Applications P. Nagarajan, Lalith Kumar S, Hariharan M, Nitheesh S, Rahul Krishnan, R. Bhairavi Proceedings of the International Conference on Multi Agent Systems for Collaborative Intelligence Icmsci 2025, 2025 The rapid evolution of low-power applications in VLSI design calls for innovative transistor technologies that are capable of meeting stringent energy efficiency requirements. Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors (CNTFETs) offer significant advantages over conventional MOSFETs, particularly in nanoscale, low-power, and high-performance circuits. This paper presents a comparative study of two Flip-Flop circuits aimed at power-efficient digital design. The first circuit, an existing design Pass Transistor Logic based Implicit Pulsed - Dual Edge Triggered Flip-Flop (PTIP-DETFF) [1] which was originally implemented using MOSFET technology, has been converted into CNTFET technology to facilitate direct performance comparison. The second circuit is a novel CNTFET-based design that employs Pulse Implied Binary Edge Activated Flip-Flop (PI-BEAFF) using Transmission Gate Logic, resulting in further optimization of power and delay characteristics. Simulation results reveal that the proposed CNTFET-based flip-flop, designed using 32nm technology, achieves a power reduction of approximately 99.73% and a delay reduction of 41.53%, with an average power of 5.52654 nW and delay of 8.58667 ps, compared to $2.0290 \\mu\\text{W}$ and 14.685 ps in the existing circuit. This analysis considers critical metrics, including Power-Delay-Product (PDP), Energy-Delay-Product (EDP), Power-Energy-Product (PEP), transistor count, and the number of clocked transistors. The results underscore the potential of CNTFET technology in realizing low-power, high-speed digital circuits, highlighting its applicability for future energy-efficient VLSI systems.
Bandwidth optimization techniques of microstrip patch antenna for IoT application: A survey Rahul Krishnan, S. Kalaivani, R. Ramu, V.M. Manesh, Selina Cheggour, Jaison T. Poulose Applications of Artificial Intelligence in 5g and Internet of Things Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Applications of AI in 5g and Iot Icaai5gi 2024, 2025 For wireless applications, researchers are concentrating on methods to increase the gain, directivity, and bandwidth of microstrip patch antennas (MPAs). Several methods are explored to increase the gain and bandwidth: feeding, air gap, and defective ground structure (DGS), and dielectric substrate. Using a variety of techniques, the study reviews performance attributes and compares them in terms of bandwidth improvement. In addition, the design features of four distinct MPA feeding strategies are covered in this work, with an emphasis on increasing bandwidth. Without sacrificing MPAs' main benefits—lightweight, low cost, low profile, simple planar circuit construction, etc.—a variety of strategies and methodologies are examined and suggested. The inquiry investigates changes to air gap, DGS use and geometrical shape.
Microstrip Antenna for Non-Destructive Metal Crack Detection Dhanush S S, Nazila K N, Uthara C P, Abdul Rahman N M, Rahul Krishnan, Reshma Lakshmanan, Sreekanth K S International Conference on Trends in Engineering Systems and Technologies Ictest 2025 Proceedings, 2025
Intruder Alert System in Smart Home based on IoT Technique A. Balaji, B. Sathyasri, Vijaya Vardan Reddy S, D. Indumathy, Rahul Krishnan, S. Vanaja 3rd International Conference on Power Energy Control and Transmission Systems Icpects 2022 Proceedings, 2022
DESIGN of MEANDER LINE ANTENNA for FOETAL MOVEMENT DETECTION B. Jeyapoornima, V. Chinnammal, S. Vanaja, J.Joselin Jeya Sheela, Rahul Krishnan, Y. DEEPIKA Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems Icces 2021, 2021
Design of Cubic Dielectric Resonator Antenna Keren Naomi Devnesh, V U Yuvadharseni, S Revathi, Rahul Krishnan, S. Vanaja 2021 IEEE International Power and Renewable Energy Conference Iprecon 2021, 2021
Design of Cubic Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Biomedical Application L. Raja, A. Farithkhan, K. Vijayalakshmi, T. Sripriya, Rahul Krishnan, Keren Naomi Devnesh Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Innovative Computing Intelligent Communication and Smart Electrical Systems Icses 2021, 2021
A compact UWB antenna for IEEE802.11a standard communication system International Journal of Control Theory and Applications, 2016
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
AI-Enhanced Hybrid ARIMA Framework for Intelligent Blood Glucose Prediction and Visualization in Smart Electronic Health Systems P Nagarajan, A Kumar, R Krishnan, K Thandapani 2026 International Conference on Electronics and Renewable Systems (ICEARS … , 2026 2026
Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Early Kidney Stone Detection R Krishnan, T Kavitha, M Malathi, P Nagarajan, N Ashokkumar, ... 2026 International Conference on Signal Processing and Electronics Design … , 2026 2026
Electromagnetic Simulation of a Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Detection R Krishnan Sustainable Global Societies Initiative 1 (1) , 2025 2025
Comparative Analysis of Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (CDRA) Design for Biomedical Sensing Applications IU KHAN, SK Oruganti SGS-Engineering & Sciences 1 (4) , 2025 2025
A Compact Dielectric Resonator Antenna Based Microwave Sensor for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring R Krishnan, V Selvaraj, N Pandian, S Sammandhan, IU Khan, ... Instrumentation, Mesure, Metrologie 24 (5), 297 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Revolutionizing Accessibility with Multi-Modal Text-to-Speech Conversion P Nagarajan, N Ashokkumar, M Bharathi, R Krishnan, K Thandapani 2025 6th International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication … , 2025 2025
Convolutional Neural Network Optimized Multiband Tunable Circular Polarization Converter at THz frequencies P Das, KS Chilakapati, R Krishnan, MB S Silicon 17 (13), 3179-3196 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Reinforcement Learning-Driven UC-CFmMIMO for UAVs: A Subband Allocation Framework S Cheggour, A Bouferroum, R Krishnan 2025 International Conference on Computer, Information and Telecommunication … , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Design and Analysis of Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (CDRA) for Biomedical Sensing Application SK Oruganti, IU Khan SGS-Engineering & Sciences 1 (2) , 2025 2025
Proceedings of the 2025 International Conference on Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Systems (ICARECS-2025) MBJ A. Shirly Edward, Rahul Krishnan, P. Nagarajan, M. I. Anju International Conference on Advanced Research in Electronics and … , 2025 2025
Design and Analysis of Flexible Microstrip Patch Antenna R Krishnan, MB Hema, M Arshadh, P Sinthia, P Nagarajan, R Bhairavi The 2025 International Conference on Advanced Research in Electronics and … , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Cognitive Threats Detection Model using Nature Inspired Chimpanzee Optimization for IoT Networks (CCM-COM) V Vanitha, SB Joe, R Krishnan, ASA Fletcher, M Anju, V Akila The 2025 International Conference on Advanced Research in Electronics and … , 2025 2025 Citations: 6
A Review on Non-invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring using RF Sensors IU Khan, SK Oruganti SGS-Engineering & Sciences 1 (1) , 2025 2025
Bandwidth optimization techniques of microstrip patch antenna for IoT application: A survey R Krishnan, S Kalaivani, R Ramu, VM Manesh, S Cheggour, JT Poulose Applications of Artificial Intelligence in 5G and Internet of Things, 210-214 , 2025 2025
Microstrip Antenna for Non-Destructive Metal Crack Detection SS Dhanush, KN Nazila, CP Uthara, NM Abdul Rahman, KS Sreekanth 2025 2nd International Conference on Trends in Engineering Systems and … , 2025 2025
Design of V-Slot and Arc Shape Patch Antenna for Brain Tumor Detection S Kalaivani, R Krishnan 2025 International Conference on Wireless Communications Signal Processing … , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
CNTFET Based Pulse Implied Binary Edge Activated Flip-Flop Using Transmission Gate Logic for Low Power VLSI Applications P Nagarajan, L Kumar, R Krishnan, R Bhairavi 2025 International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems for Collaborative … , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Design of optimized and energy efficient single-bit comparator using quantum dot cellular automata N Aswathy, SM NM, R Krishnan Engineering Research Express 7 (1), 015316 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Innovative Slot-Enhanced Coplanar Waveguide Fed Circular Patch Ultra-Wideband Antenna for Medical Application A Prasad, AT George, A Ramesh, R Lakshmanan, R Krishnan 2024 International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication Systems … , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Monitoring Vital Parameters of Comatose Patients using Smart Sensors Integrated with Cloud Storage P Sinthia, R Krishnan, K Jalaldeen 2024 8th International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile … , 2024 2024
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Breast tissue tumor analysis using wideband antenna and microwave scattering V Selvaraj, D Baskaran, PH Rao, P Srinivasan, R Krishnan IETE Journal of Research 67 (1), 49-59 , 2021 2021 Citations: 57
Software defined radio (SDR) foundations, technology tradeoffs: A survey R Krishnan, RG Babu, S Kaviya, NP Kumar, C Rahul, SS Raman 2017 IEEE international conference on power, control, signals and … , 2017 2017 Citations: 53
Detection of depth of the tumor in microwave imaging using ground penetrating radar algorithm V Selvaraj, JBJJ Sheela, R Krishnan, L Kandasamy, S Devarajulu Progress In Electromagnetics Research M 96, 191-202 , 2020 2020 Citations: 37
Highly directional microstrip ultra wide band antenna for microwave imaging system V Selvaraj, P Srinivasan, J Kumar, R Krishnan, K Annamalai Acta graphica: znanstveni časopis za tiskarstvo i grafičke komunikacije 28 … , 2017 2017 Citations: 28
Novel Directional Antennas for Microwave Breast Imaging Applications JJJ Sheela, S Vanaja, R Krishnan, V Avinash, D Aruna, D Harini 2020 International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC … , 2020 2020 Citations: 19
Multi-band narrow strip antenna for 5G/WLAN/WiMAX Wireless Communication B Jeyapoornima, JJJ Sheela, C Malarvizhi, S Vanaja, R Krishnan, R Atla 2021 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics … , 2021 2021 Citations: 16
Characterisation of breast tissue using compact microstrip antenna V Selvaraj, P Srinivasan, D Baskaran, R Krishnan International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology 31 (2), 161-175 , 2019 2019 Citations: 16
Automatic number plate recognition system for entry and exit management VVR SP, B Sathyasri, A Balaji, S Vanaja, R Krishnan, Y Deepika 2021 6th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems … , 2021 2021 Citations: 14
Detection of tumor in nervous tissue using radar based design S Rosaline, K Kannan, R Krishnan, S Vanaja, JJJ Sheela 2021 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics … , 2021 2021 Citations: 13
An investigation using specific absorption rate analysis to diagnose early-stage breast tumor using UWB antenna R Krishnan, JC MC Current Medical Imaging Reviews 17 (12), 1425-1431 , 2021 2021 Citations: 11
Design of Cubic Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Biomedical Application L Raja, A Farithkhan, K Vijayalakshmi, T Sripriya, R Krishnan, ... 2021 International Conference on Innovative Computing, Intelligent … , 2021 2021 Citations: 10
Design of meander line antenna for foetal movement detection B Jeyapoornima, V Chinnammal, S Vanaja, JJJ Sheela, R Krishnan, ... 2021 6th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems … , 2021 2021 Citations: 9
Routing protocol analysis for heterogeneous nodes in a dynamic and sparse environment P Gopalakrishnan, S Gupta, R Krishnan, D Patel, JP Dhivvya, S Anand, ... 2020 11th International Conference on Computing, Communication and … , 2020 2020 Citations: 8
Design and analysis of tri-band stop FSS for medical instruments shielding application A Balaji, R Krishnan, S Vanaja 2021 6th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems … , 2021 2021 Citations: 7
Cognitive Threats Detection Model using Nature Inspired Chimpanzee Optimization for IoT Networks (CCM-COM) V Vanitha, SB Joe, R Krishnan, ASA Fletcher, M Anju, V Akila The 2025 International Conference on Advanced Research in Electronics and … , 2025 2025 Citations: 6
Slotted hexagonal ultrawideband microstrip antenna (SHUMA) for telemetry applications ME Cheriyan, R Krishnan, G Joy, AA Mathew, S Shaji 2023 4th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication … , 2023 2023 Citations: 6
Autonomous underground water detection robot R Krishnan, R Ganesh Babu, K Lalitha, S Vanaja, KN Devnesh IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1055 (1), 012002 , 2021 2021 Citations: 6
A compact polarization-independent Dual-Band Frequency Selective Surface for smart phone safety Application R Krishnan, V Selvaraj, D Sasirekha, K Lalitha, K Jayamani, R Atla 2020 7th International Conference on Smart Structures and Systems (ICSSS), 1-5 , 2020 2020 Citations: 6
Mobile application for emergency navigation during disaster using wireless sensor network R Krishnan, G Kannan, G Mathibala Advances in Wireless Communications and Networks 4 (1), 1 , 2018 2018 Citations: 6
Design and investigation of an ultra‐wideband microstrip patch antenna for biomedical on‐body applications R Krishnan, S Cheggour, PR Meher Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 66 (10), e70003 , 2024 2024 Citations: 5