Ajuga vestita Boiss: a “natural gold mine” for the design of novel nutraceuticals and phytopharmaceuticals Mehmet Veysi Cetiz, Gokhan Zengin, Francisco Javier Leyva-Jiménez, Álvaro Fernández-Ochoa, Maria de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea, Luísa Custódio, Maria João Rodrigues, Catarina G. Pereira, Irina Lazarova, Mehmet Maruf Balos, Ugur Cakilcioglu, Meng-Yao Li European Food Research and Technology, 2026 Members of the Ajuga genus are of significant interest due to their traditional applications in various countries, and have therefore been the subject of phytochemical research investigating their natural bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition and biological activities of various Ajuga vestita extracts (ethyl acetate, ethanol, ethanol/water and water). The biological effects assessed included antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and cytotoxic activities. The extracts were chemically profiled using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography – electrospray ionization – quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS), which identified 121 compounds, including iridoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. The ethanol/water extract exhibited superior radical scavenging activity (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH): 43.13 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g; 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS): 45.37 mg TE/g) and reducing power (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC): 103.43 mg TE/g; ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP): 45.29 mg TE/g). Regarding enzyme inhibition, the ethanol extract exhibited the greatest inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), glucosidase, and tyrosinase, whereas the ethyl acetate extract was most effective against amylase. Regarding cytotoxicity, the ethyl acetate extract exhibited the strongest effect, significantly reducing cell viability in all cell lines and having a particularly strong impact on murine bone marrow stromal (S17) cells, with viability at 30.8 ± 2.7% at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. By contrast, the aqueous extract exhibited low cytotoxicity, maintaining high cell viability (over 94% at 50 µg/mL and over 74% at 100 µg/mL). Additionally, network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the multi-target mechanisms and binding stability of A. vestita phytochemicals. These findings provide new, detailed insights into A. vestita and suggest its potential as a raw material for developing health-promoting nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products.
Allium kazim-kosei, a New Species (A. sect. Codonoprasum, Amaryllidaceae) from Central Anatolia (Türkiye) Yavuz Bülent Köse, Mehmet Maruf Balos Life, 2026 Allium kazim-kosei sp. nov. (Amaryllidaceae, sect. Codonoprasum) is described as a new species from Central Anatolia, Türkiye. The new species is morphologically similar to A. pseudoflavum but differs in several diagnostic characters, including bulb structure, scape height, leaf morphology, spathe venation, inflorescence and pedicel dimensions, tepal shape, presence of interstaminal teeth, capsule shape, and seed size. SEM observations reveal distinct micromorphological differences in seed testa ornamentation and pollen exine structure between the two species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ITS and chloroplast trnL intron sequences support the recognition of A. kazim-kosei as a distinct species. The Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) genetic distance between A. kazim-kosei and A. pseudoflavum (8.54% for ITS) is considerably higher than typical interspecific divergences within sect. Codonoprasum. In the Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree, the two species form well-separated sister branches with high bootstrap support. The species is known only from gypseous soils around Kavuncu village (Eskişehir province, Türkiye), with an estimated Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 8 km2 and Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 45 km2. Based on IUCN criteria, A. kazim-kosei is assessed as Endangered (EN) [B1ab(iii) + B2ab(iii)]. This discovery increases the total number of Allium species in Türkiye to 239 and the number of sect. Codonoprasum taxa to 74. The molecular results are fully congruent with the macro- and micromorphological characters, providing robust multi-evidence support for the recognition of the new species.
An extraordinary new species from western Anatolia (Türkiye): Umbilicus choripetalus (Crassulaceae) HASAN YILDIRIM, BARIŞ ÖZÜDOĞRU, TUĞKAN ÖZDÖL, ILGIN DENIZ CAN, ADEMI FAHRI PIRHAN, MEHMET MARUF BALOS, ŞÜKRÜ ARASAN Phytotaxa, 2025 Umbilicus choripetalus is described as a new species from Ödemiş district in the province of İzmir in western Anatolia (Türkiye), based on morphological and molecular evidence. Diagnostic characteristics, a full description, and comprehensive photographs are provided. It is morphologically related to U. tropaeolifolius and U. paniculiformis, but can be distinguished both morphologically and ecologically. The most notable distinguishing feature is the corolla morphology: U. choripetalus has a stellate corolla with deeply divided petals, a unique feature within the genus. Other characteristic features include a linear and obtuse calyx structure and longer pedicels (2–15 mm). This species is distinct in its sparsely branched inflorescence, bearing a significantly reduced number of flowers (three to seventeen) arranged in a raceme or simple panicle. This situation starkly contrasts with profusely flowered and more robust paniculate inflorescences in related taxa. U. choripetalus is ecologically confined to volcanic substrates. Its relatives are restricted to limestone, indicating a significant degree of edaphic specialization . The combination of its morphological and ecological traits unequivocally establishes Umbilicus choripetalus as a distinct and isolated lineage within the genus Umbilicus.
Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae) SAJAD ALİPOUR, RAMİAR MAJİDİ, MEHMET MARUF BALOS Phytotaxa, 2025 In this study, Biarum persicum is described as a new species from Iran. It is similar to Biarum carduchorum, but differs mainly by its tuber structure, leaf structure, spathe shape and length, spadix length, ovary and fruit structure. Moreover, the taxonomic status of Biarum platyspathum, which was considered as a synonym of of Biarum carduchorum in previous studies, has been re-evaluated based on morphological studies. Biarum platyspathum is morphologically similar to Biarum aleppicum and B. carduchorum. However, it is noted that Biarum platyspathum differs mainly by its cataphyll structure, number of leaves, spathe structure, spadix structure, ovary structure, fruit and seed structure from both taxa. A comprehensive account is provided for the newly described and resurrected species, including diagnostic characteristics, photographs, geographical distribution, conservation assessments, relevant observations, and a distribution map.
Biarum gulsenianum (Araceae), a new species from central Turkey Ömer Çeçen, Mehmet Maruf Balos, Hasan Yıldırım Annales Botanici Fennici, 2025 Here we describe Biarum gulsenianum Yıldırım, Çeçen & Balos (Araceae), a new species from Karaman Province in central Turkey. Although morphologically close to B. rifatii, it differs by having a shorter and narrower, cylindrical-oblong to oblong-ovoid (vs. globose-oblong) spathe tube, the inner surface of which ranges from whitish to greenish cream (vs. uniformly shiny reddish purple). The appendix is also distinctly shorter, and B. gulsenianum bears 2–3 rows of staminodes (absent in B. rifatii). Both species are unusual within the genus, as they flower in summer rather than in autumn.
Trigonella Coerulescens subsp. Harputensis (Fabaceae), a New Taxon from Elazığ, Turkey Mustafa Keskin, Veysel Sonay, Mehmet Maruf Balos Annales Botanici Fennici, 2025 Trigonella coerulescens subsp. harputensis M. Keskin, Sonay & Balos (sect. Biebersteinianae) is described as a new taxon from Elazığ, Turkey. It closely resembles subsp. coerulescens but differs, for example, in its blackish-purple bracts, longer petioles, larger leaflets, 10–18-flowered inflorescences and narrowly elongate-lanceolate calyx teeth.
Allium beitchlelaense (Amaryllidaceae), a New Species in sect. Codonoprasum from Lebanon Ramy Maalouf, Mehmet Maruf Balos Annales Botanici Fennici, 2025 Allium beitchlelaense Maalouf & Balos (Amaryllidaceae), a new species in sect. Codonoprasum, is described from the North Governorate of Lebanon. Allium beitchlelaense is morphologically similar to A. glumaceum and A. elifadae, but differs in several characters, including the bulb tunics and the absence of a stem neck, the presence of bulbils, the inflorescence structure, broader spathe valves, the structure and colour of the perigone, anther colour, the vesicular-tuberculate texture of the upper half of the ovary, and capsule and seed morphology. A detailed morphological description, photographs and notes on the habitat of A. beitchlelaense are provided. Based on the IUCN criteria and categories, and considering imminent threats to the species, its conservation status is assessed as “Critically Endangered” (CR).
Opening New Roads for Multi-Directional Functional Applications Through In Vitro Chemical and Biological Analysis of Zoegea leptaurea L. Extracts Sakina Yagi, Giovanni Caprioli, Gabriele Rocchetti, Filomena Nazzaro, Florinda Fratianni, Francesca Coppola, Ozgur Yuksekdag, Ismail Koyuncu, Laura Acquaticci, Simone Angeloni, Mehmet Maruf Balos, Ulku Yerebasan, Gokhan Zengin Food Science and Nutrition, 2025 Zoegea leptaurea L. has been traditionally used to treat digestive issues, headaches, and skin diseases. This study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the phenolic content, antioxidant potential, enzyme inhibition, cytotoxic anti‐biofilm/probiotic properties of the flowers, stems, leaves, and aerial parts of Z. leptaurea. Results indicated that 70% EtOH extraction yielded the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents across different plant organs, with the highest levels recorded in the flowers (44.86 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g) and leaves (28.84 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g), respectively. Chlorogenic acid was the predominant compound in the stems and leaves, with the highest concentration obtained using 70% EtOH (5919.1 mg/kg and 10,786.70 mg/kg, respectively). The 70% EtOH extract of the flowers exhibited the strongest antiradical activity (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] = 45.10 mg trolox equivalent (TE)/g); 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid [ABTS] = 64.53 mg TE/g) and ion‐reducing capacity (Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity [CUPRAC] = 118.81 mg TE/g; ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP] = 65.29 mg TE/g). The EtOH extract of the flowers and the EtOAc extract of the aerial parts exhibited the highest anti‐acetylcholinesterase activity (2.79 and 2.56 mg galantamine equivalent (GALAE)/g), with the latter also displaying the strongest anti‐butyrylcholinesterase activity (3.35 mg GALAE/g). The strongest cytotoxic effect was observed in the EtOAc extract of the leaves against lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549), with an IC50 value of 18.39 μg/mL. Additionally, the inhibitory activity of the extracts against immature and mature biofilms formed by pathogenic bacteria was assessed, revealing notable antibiofilm activity. Concurrently, the extracts stimulated the growth of five probiotic strains, with some reaching up to six times their respective control growth levels. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that Z. leptaurea is a promising source of bioactive compounds and warrants further investigation for its potential role in the treatment of oxidative stress‐related diseases.
Check-list of the genus Biarum Schott in the Flora of Turkey, with a new record for Turkey: Biarum syriacum (Spreng.) H. Riedl Turkish Journal of Botany, 2008
Flora of the region between Zeytinbahçe and Akarçay (Birecik, Şanliurfa, Turkey) Turkish Journal of Botany, 2008
RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Allium aralii (Amaryllidaceae, sect. Codonoprasum), a New Species from Southeastern Anatolia (Türkiye) Based on Morphological Characters and Phylogenetic Evidence MM Balos, YB Köse, V Sonay, F Tunç Plants Basel 15 (10), 1574 , 2026 2026
Allium kazim-kosei, a New Species (A. sect. Codonoprasum, Amaryllidaceae) from Central Anatolia (Türkiye) YB Köse, MM Balos Life Basel 16 (5), 852 , 2026 2026
Fritillaria schirvanica (Liliaceae), a newyellow-flowered from Eastern Anatolia, Türkiye V Sonay, MM Balos, M Yalçın International Journal of Nature and Life Sciences 10 (2), 27-34 , 2026 2026
First Record of Polistes wattii Cameron, 1900 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Türkıye İ Özgen, MM Balos, C Schmid-Egger Entomological News 133 (3), 245-249 , 2026 2026
Ajuga vestita Boiss: A "Natural Gold Mine" for the design of novel nutraceuticals and phytopharmaceuticals MYL Mehmet Veysi Cetiz, Gokhan Zengin, Francisco Javier Leyva-Jiménez ... European Food Research and Technology , 2026 2026
Fritillaria bercemiae (Liliaceae), a new species from southeastern Anatolia, Türkiye. V Sonay, MM Balos, M Yalçın International Journal of Nature and Life Sciences, 10 (1), 18-28 , 2026 2026 Citations: 1
Phylogenetic Analysis of Some Species of the Genus Biarum Based on the Chloroplast trnLC Intron Region C Çeçen, A Parmaksız, H Akan, MM Balos, DU Sevimli Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 15 (1), 160-166 , 2026 2026
An extraordinary new species from western Anatolia (Türkiye): Umbilicus choripetalus (Crassulaceae) H YILDIRIM, B ÖZÜDOĞRU, T ÖZDÖL, I DENIZ CAN, AF PIRHAN, ... Phytotaxa 734 (2), 160-172 , 2025 2025
Thermogenesis-linked pollination ecology of Biarum pyrami (Araceae): The first record of coleoptera-associated pollination in Turkey İ Özgen, MM Balos Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 13 (6), 99-102 , 2025 2025
Biarum persicum, a new species from Iran, and the resurrection of Biarum platyspathum (Araceae) S ALİPOUR, R MAJİDİ, MM BALOS Phytotaxa 725 (1), 056-070 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Biarum gulsenianum (Araceae), a new species from Central Turkey Ö Çeçen, MM Balos, H Yıldırım Annales Botanici Fennici 62, 273-279 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Biarum alka-galalicum (Araceae), a new species from northern Iraq AMK Galalaey, MAH Shaban, M Salim, TS Alkay, C Çeçen, MM Balos Annales Botanici Fennici 62, 263-271 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Trigonella coerulescens subsp. harputensis (Fabaceae), a new taxon from Elazığ, Turkey M Keskin, V Sonay, MM Balos Ann. Bot. Fennici 62, 257–261 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Phylogenetic analysis of some species of the Biarum genus in Turkey based on plastid rps16 DNA sequences C ÇEÇEN, A PARMAKSIZ, H AKAN, DU SEVİMLİ, MM BALOS Biological Diversity and Conservation 18 (3), 321-326 , 2025 2025
Şanlıurfa'nın Yabani Meyve Ağaçları MM BALOS Şanlıurfa Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras Araştırmaları Kitabı 1, 549-555 , 2025 2025
Şanlıurfa Mutfağında Keme Kullanımı MM BALOS Şanlıurfa Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras Araştırmaları Kitabı 1, 535-540 , 2025 2025
Integrated chemical and biological analysis of Astragalus aintabicus Boiss extracts using chromatographic profiling, in vitro assays, and in silico modeling M Terzic, G Ak, AI Uba, MV Cetiz, L Acquaticci, G Sagratini, G Caprioli, ... European Food Research and Technology , 2025 2025
Allium beitchlelaense (Amaryllidaceae), a new species in sect. Codonoprasum from Lebanon R Maalouf, MM Balos Ann. Bot. Fennici 62, 215–221 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
The Synopsis of the Genus Biarum Schott (Araceae) in Türkiye, With Complementary Notes and a Key to the Species C Çeçen, H Akan, MM Balos KSU J. Agric Nat 28 (4), 955-972 , 2025 2025 Citations: 5
Opening New Roads for Multi-Directional Functional Applications Through In Vitro Chemical and Biological Analysis of Zoegea leptaurea L. Extracts S Yağı, G Caprioli, G Rocchetti, ... Food Science & Nutrition , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Arat Dağı ve çevresinde (Birecik, Şanlıurfa) etnobotanik bir araştırma H Akan, MM Korkut, MM Balos Fırat Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 20 (1), 67-81 , 2008 2008 Citations: 136
An ethnobotanical research of the Kalecik mountain area Şanlıurfa, South-East Anatolia H Akan, M Aydoğdu, MM Korkut, MM Balos Biological Diversity and Conservation 6 (2), 84-90 , 2013 2013 Citations: 77
An ethnobotanical study around Arat Mountain and its surroundings (Birecik, Sanlıurfa) H Akan, MM Korkut, MM Balos Fırat University Journal of Science and Engineering 20, 67-81 , 2008 2008 Citations: 56
Zeytinbahçe-Akarçay (Birecik, Şanlıurfa) arasında kalan bölgenin etnobotanik özellikleri MM BALOS, H AKAN Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi 2 (29), 155-171 , 2007 2007 Citations: 52
Şanlıurfa kent merkezindeki semt pazarlarında satılan bazı bitkiler ve kullanım amaçları H AKAN, M ASLAN, MM BALOS Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi 12 (2), 43-58 , 2005 2005 Citations: 49
Flora of the Region between Zeytinbahçe and Akarçay (Birecik, Şanlıurfa, Turkey) M BALOS, H Akan Turkish Journal of Botany 32 (3), 201-226 , 2008 2008 Citations: 45
Screening for Chemical Characterization and Pharmacological Properties of Different Extracts from Nepeta italica A Acquaviva, SCD Simone, AB Nilofar, G Zengin, L Recinella, L Brunetti, ... Plants 12 (15), 2785 , 2023 2023 Citations: 35
Şanlıurfa′nın nadide çiçekleri (Geofitler) H Akan, I Eker, M Balos Demircioğlu Matbaacılık-Ankara , 2005 2005 Citations: 33
Check-list of the genus Biarum Schott in the Flora of Turkey, with a new record for Turkey: Biarum syriacum (Spreng.) H. Riedl H Akan, MM Balos Turkish Journal of Botany 32 (4), 305-310 , 2008 2008 Citations: 27
GAP Bölgesi’nden toplanan meyan kökü (Glycrrhiza glabra L.) taksonunun ihracat durumu, etnobotanik özellikleri ve tıbbi önemi H Akan, M Balos Fırat Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 20 (2), 233-241 , 2008 2008 Citations: 26
A new record for Turkey: Biarum aleppicum J.Thiébaut (Araceae) H YILDIRIM, M BALOS, Y ALTIOĞLU, H AKAN Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi 3 (1), 41-46 , 2016 2016 Citations: 24
Fritillaria karakocanensis (Liliaceae), a new species of the F. crassifolia group from Anatolia (Turkey) V Sonay, M Tekşen, H Yıldırım, MM Balos, H Akan Nordic Journal of Botany 2023 (e03903) , 2023 2023 Citations: 22
Allium saricanense (Amaryllidaceae), a new species from eastern Turkey MM Balos, V Sonay, M Koçyiğit, H Akan, C Çeçen Ann. Bot. Fennici 59, 191–196 , 2022 2022 Citations: 22
An ethnobotanical research on handmade musical instruments in Şanlıurfa, South East Anatolia, Turkey A Hasan, MM BALOS, M ASLAN Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Koruma 6 (1), 93-100 , 2013 2013 Citations: 21
Zeytinbahçe ile Akarçay arasında kalan (Birecik) bölgenin florası ve etnobotanik özellikleri MM Balos Harran Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Şanlıurfa … , 2007 2007 Citations: 19
Birecik (Şanlıurfa) yöresindeki bazı baklagil bitkilerin etnobotanik özellikleri H Akan, MM Balos, AZ Tel Adıyaman Üniversitesi , 2013 2013 Citations: 18
Allium murat-sonayii (Amaryllidaceae), a new species from Türkiye MM Balos, V Sonay, C Çeçen, H Akan Phytotaxa 600 (1), 43-51 , 2023 2023 Citations: 17
Şanlıurfa'da bazı odunsu bitkilerin etnobotaniği üzerine bir araştırma M Aslan, H Akan, M Balos Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi 18 (1), 117-136 , 2019 2019 Citations: 17
The Ethnobotany of some Legume plants around Birecik Şanlıurfa A Hasan, MM BALOS, AZ TEL ADYUTAYAM Dergisi 1 (1), 31-39 , 2013 2013 Citations: 17
GAP yöresinde ihracatı yapılan tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler H Akan, M Aslan, MM Balos TUBITAK Proje No: TBAG/Ç. SEK 22, 103-T009 , 2005 2005 Citations: 17