Designing efficient pricing models to mitigate transport-related externalities in intercity corridors Carlos Sampaio, Margarida C. Coelho, Eloísa Macedo, Jorge M. Bandeira Case Studies on Transport Policy, 2026 • Scenario-based pricing for an intercity surface travel corridor. • Elasticity-driven demand update with macroscopic external-cost models. • We simulate fare-free rail, no tolls, +5% fuel tax, and a combined package. • Combined package maximizes fiscal-environmental indicators, cutting external costs by 7.1%. This paper evaluates pricing policies to reduce transport-related external costs in an intercity corridor (Aveiro-Coimbra, Portugal). We build a numerical platform that updates multimodal demand via arc-elasticities and re-estimates external costs with flow-dependent linear functions calibrated for the corridor. Results show that a combined package, fare free rail plus + 5% fuel tax (increasing from 40% to 45%), delivers the strongest overall outcome, cutting external costs by 7.1% while raising state revenue by 2.1%. We primarily assess changes in social welfare driven by reductions in transport-related external costs and additionally report the associated changes in state revenue as a complementary fiscal metric. We also discuss distributional impacts, as equity concerns are central to the political acceptability of pricing reforms: uniform fuel-tax increases may be regressive where public transport alternatives are weak, motivating an “invest first, then price” sequencing. The methodology is transferable to similar corridors and supports evidence-based pricing design.
Exploring the Willingness to Embrace Automated Vehicles: A Survey-Based Study for the Portuguese context Mónica Rodrigues, Maria Conceição Costa, Steve O’Hern, Jorge M. Bandeira Transportation Research Procedia, 2026 This study assesses the willingness of the Portuguese population to adopt automated vehicles (AVs) in public and private transport. Key factors influencing AV acceptance were considered including knowledge and awareness, trust and perception, willingness to use, usage preferences, and environmental concerns. A structured survey of 425 participants was conducted, analysing sociodemographic variables, transport habits, and attitudes toward AVs. Analysis identified five key themes: a) optimism and AV adoption, b) environmental awareness, c) knowledge of AVs, d) geographical location, and e) concerns and discomfort. Results highlight critical factors influencing public acceptance of AVs in Portugal, including issues concerning safety, economic feasibility, and trust as significant barriers. The relatively low adoption of public transport in rural areas presents an additional challenge for AV implementation in these regions. The study indicates potential for AV adoption in Portugal, as almost 70% of respondents expressed willingness to use a partially or fully automated vehicle, with technological optimism and positive environmental perceptions emerging as significant positive predictors of willingness. Yet, achieving widespread acceptance requires addressing safety concerns, lack of trust, and infrastructure concerns through targeted policy interventions and public engagement initiatives.
Feasibility and Impact of Automated Vehicles in Peri Urban Public Transport Ana Viriato, Mónica Rodrigues, Luis Pereira, Margarida C. Coelho, Jorge Bandeira Transportation Research Procedia, 2026 This study investigates the feasibility and potential impacts of deploying automated vehicles (AVs) as a public transport solution in a peri-urban area, using a case study of an existing bus route in Aveiro, Portugal. Five operational scenarios were compared: conventional diesel buses, full electrification, on-demand light AVs, automated minibuses, and a hybrid system. The methodology combined real-world data collection, scenario design, route optimization, emission assessment, and cost analysis. Results indicate that light AVs offer significant operational emission reductions (70-90% compared to electric buses) and cost savings compared to conventional systems. A hybrid model, combining electric buses for peak hours and light AVs for off-peak, emerged as the most promising solution, balancing cost efficiency and environmental impact. The study also suggests potential labour savings by replacing multiple drivers with a single remote operator overseeing several AVs, potentially mitigating driver shortages. However, the study acknowledges the need for realism regarding current AV industry profitability, emphasizing the substantial upfront costs and long-term perspective required for widespread, profitable AV deployment in public transport.
Calibration of the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) at the Microscopic Level Luís Vasconcelos, Jorge M. Bandeira Future Transportation, 2025 This paper presents a calibration technique for the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM), a car-following model that considers the physical interpretation of each parameter. Using an instrumented vehicle, trajectory data were gathered for a group of Portuguese drivers. The data included various basic scenarios, such as unrestricted acceleration and deceleration maneuvers, as well as following other cars in steady-state conditions. The calibration process involved two steps. In the first step, specific parameters that have clear physical interpretations were manually adjusted to accurately reproduce the speed patterns of basic driving scenarios. In the second step, the obtained results were used to establish the limits of values for a simultaneous calibration procedure. The results demonstrate that the calibration procedure enables precise replication of the actual trajectories. Nevertheless, the model validation results indicate that calibrating without limitations on the parameter search space produces estimates with greater explanatory capability, contradicting previous research and supporting the need for additional analyses.
User feedback assessment of region-focused mobility-as-a-service bundles Sofia Suárez, Eloisa Macedo, Gennaro Ciccarelli, Jorge M. Bandeira Multimodal Transportation, 2025 Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is viewed as a prospective approach to encourage sustainable mobility. To ensure the effectiveness of MaaS subscription plans, continuous feedback and communication with users are crucial. The objective of this study is to develop a methodology for designing region-focused MaaS bundles and assess their viability through end-user's feedback and its potential for increasing users’ uptake of more sustainable travel. To explore user willingness to adopt the suggested MaaS bundles and estimate net changes in carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, stated preference surveys (SPS) were conducted in the Portuguese cities of Aveiro and Coimbra. Results suggest a preference for bundles offering unlimited travel on public transport and, due to the efficient public transport network in Coimbra, the willingness to use such bundles was higher than for Aveiro. In an optimistic scenario, average emission savings of 35 % for CO 2 and 30 % for NOx emissions, specifically for the most frequent trips, were found. In a realistic scenario with values adjusted to revealed preferences, these reductions drop to 5 % for CO 2 and 4 % for NOx. Overall, our research highlights the complexities associated with behavioural changes and underscores the importance of policies that consider the intricacies of human behaviour. Furthermore, the findings regarding the introduction of MaaS bundles emphasize the pivotal role of a robust PT system in driving changes in travel behaviour among the population, contributing to mitigating the negative effects of unsustainable, carbon-dependent travel choices.
A Case Study on Peri-Urban Public Transport Optimisation From an Energy and Environmental Perspective André Vasconcelos, Margarida C. Coelho, Jorge M. Bandeira Iet Intelligent Transport Systems, 2025 Peri‐urban and rural mobility presents unique challenges due to its reliance on fossil fuels and the lack of comprehensive studies on its externalities. Furthermore, the provision of efficient public transport in peri‐urban areas is complicated due to fluctuating demand patterns. In this context, this paper explores the optimisation of a bimodal (bus line and a diesel railway line) public transport corridor in the peri‐urban area of a European medium‐sized city. A four‐stage research methodology is employed: initial system characterisation, energy and environmental performance analysis, operational efficiency assessment, and the development and evaluation of alternative transport strategies. The study concludes that the variability in demand necessitates the implementation of innovative, complementary services that can adapt to changing passenger numbers while optimising existing resources. Findings of the case study indicate that aligning bus types with demand variability and integrating electric buses can lead to substantial reductions in CO2 emissions. The use of minibuses during off‐peak hours could achieve a 50% reduction in emissions, while the adoption of a bus rapid transit (BRT) system may result in a 90% decrease compared to conventional diesel trains. The research underlines the potential for innovative service models to utilise existing infrastructure more efficiently.
A data-driven approach to evaluate emission impacts of manual and automatic transmission vehicles Rita Madail, Jorge M. Bandeira, Eloísa Macedo Transportation Research Procedia, 2025 Understanding and identifying patterns in driver behaviour can yield insights on how to enhance road safety and decrease vehicular emissions. This work focuses on providing a data-driven analysis of the driving behaviour in an urban area, in which each one of the 30 volunteers drives both a manual and automatic transmission vehicle in a simulation experiment. Conducting experiments using a driving simulator can be more cost-effective compared to real-world testing. Different variables are collected (e.g., speed, acceleration, pedal position) and computed or estimated (e.g., vehicle-specific power), and the analysis seeks to explore the patterns in the operational and environmental performance. First results show automatic transmission driving can effectively reduce pollutant emissions, while on the other hand, it can also entail higher and sharper accelerations, more evident at lower speed operating regime.
Multiple linear regression of metro ridership in the context of football events: A case study of Metro de Lisboa Paulo Fernandes, Luis Santos, Jorge M. Bandeira, Eloisa Macedo Transportation Research Procedia, 2025 Special events, such as sports games, concerts, and festivals, pose significant challenges for efficient operational management, leading to disruptions in public transport systems, particularly urban metros. While existing studies have focused on predicting metro passenger flows during sport events based on weather or opponent type variables, little is known about the impacts of competition type, team form, position in the competition, or game results on both game attendance and metro demand. This study examined inbound and outbound passenger flows at the station-level in the Lisbon metro during football games. The database comprised 186 events spanning from 2017 to 2022, including 15-minute mobility data from three metro stations serving two stadiums in the city. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was applied to estimate attendance games. Results revealed statistical differences in game attendance based on competition and opponent types, as well as team situation in the competition. Also, there was an increase in metro demand up to 3,600 passengers on event days compared to non-event days. The MLR models incorporating all the variables retained significantly more data information than other model variants for both teams. Some significant attendance model predictors were related to opponent and competition types, and team’s situation before the games.
Smart traffic distribution in a coexistence environment of conventional and connected automated vehicles Jorge M. Bandeira, Luis M. Pereira, Dalila Marques, Paulo Fernandes, Eloísa Macedo Transportation Research Procedia, 2025 As automated driving technology advances, its coexistence with conventional vehicles poses challenges in managing road conflicts and considering the impact of other drivers’ decisions on network performance, especially concerning environmental factors. With such concerns in mind, this paper explores the impacts associated with smarter traffic distribution in an interurban corridor under the coexistence of automated and conventional vehicles. The minimisation of travel time and reduction of external costs associated with pollutant emissions are the main goals of proposed traffic distribution. Vehicles on the road network are classified based on driving type (automated or conventional) and propulsion type (electric, diesel, gasoline, or hybrid electric). Sequential simulations using PTV Vissim, COPERT, and MATLAB and SciPy library in Python are conducted to evaluate the effects of automated electric vehicle (AEVs) introduction in different road types (highway and urban/rural). Results show the influence of Automated Electric Vehicles (AEVs) on traffic performance varies depending on route characteristics. The implementation of intelligent traffic distribution plays a crucial role in reducing emissions costs making it possible to reduce externalities related to emission costs by up to 21 per cent. However, there is a trade-off between minimising GHG and local pollutants.
Clean, smart, and sustainable regional mobility Eloísa Macedo, Jorge M. Bandeira Self Sufficiency and Sustainable Cities and Regions Planning for Sustainable Circular and Carbon Neutral Development, 2024
InFLOWence project: Autonomous vehicles opportunities for air quality 20th International Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes Harmo 2020, 2020
Exploring crowdsourcing information to predict traffic-related impacts Pavlos Tafidis, Joao Teixeira, Behnam Bahmankhah, Eloisa Macedo, Margarida C. Coelho, Jorge Bandeira Conference Proceedings 2017 17th IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2017 1st IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe Eeeic I and Cps Europe 2017, 2017
Improving public transport management through optimizing use of resources: A case study International Journal for Housing Science and Its Applications, 2017
An eco-traffic management tool Jorge M. Bandeira, Sérgio R. Pereira, Tânia Fontes, Paulo Fernandes, Asad J. Khattak, Margarida C. Coelho Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2014
Emissions estimation at multilane roundabouts Katayoun Salamati, Margarida C. Coelho, Paulo J. Fernandes, Nagui M. Rouphail, H. Christopher Frey, Jorge Bandeira Transportation Research Record, 2013
Designing efficient pricing models to mitigate transport-related externalities in intercity corridors C Sampaio, MC Coelho, E Macedo, JM Bandeira Case Studies on Transport Policy, 101732 , 2026 2026
Exploring the Willingness to Embrace Automated Vehicles: A Survey-Based Study for the Portuguese context M Rodrigues, MC Costa, S O’Hern, JM Bandeira Transportation Research Procedia 95, 896-903 , 2026 2026
Feasibility and Impact of Automated Vehicles in Peri Urban Public Transport A Viriato, M Rodrigues, L Pereira, MC Coelho, J Bandeira Transportation Research Procedia 95, 584-591 , 2026 2026
A macroscopic approach for assessing the environmental performance of shared, automated, electric mobility in an intercity corridor P Fernandes, JM Bandeira, MC Coelho Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems 29 (4), 348-364 , 2025 2025 Citations: 26
User feedback assessment of region-focused mobility-as-a-service bundles S Suárez, E Macedo, G Ciccarelli, JM Bandeira Multimodal Transportation 4 (2), 100204 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Calibration of the intelligent driver model (IDM) at the microscopic level L Vasconcelos, JM Bandeira Future Transportation 5 (2), 57 , 2025 2025 Citations: 6
A data-driven approach to evaluate emission impacts of manual and automatic transmission vehicles R Madail, JM Bandeira, E Macedo Transportation Research Procedia 86, 692-699 , 2025 2025
Multiple linear regression of metro ridership in the context of football events: a case study of Metro de Lisboa P Fernandes, L Santos, JM Bandeira, E Macedo Transportation Research Procedia 86, 151-158 , 2025 2025
Smart traffic distribution in a coexistence environment of conventional and connected automated vehicles JM Bandeira, LM Pereira, D Marques, P Fernandes, E Macedo Transportation Research Procedia 86, 475-482 , 2025 2025
A Case Study on Peri‐Urban Public Transport Optimisation From an Energy and Environmental Perspective A Vasconcelos, MC Coelho, JM Bandeira IET Intelligent Transport Systems 19 (1), e70035 , 2025 2025 Citations: 6
Clean, smart, and sustainable regional mobility E Macedo, JM Bandeira Self-Sufficiency and Sustainable Cities and Regions, 149-169 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Vehicle platooning: A detailed literature review on environmental impacts and future research directions M Rebelo, S Rafael, JM Bandeira Future Transportation 4 (2), 591-607 , 2024 2024 Citations: 13
Beyond basics: can a driving simulator reliably reproduce real vehicle dynamics? B Fernandes, E Macedo, JM Bandeira Sensors 23 (21), 8980 , 2023 2023 Citations: 6
Correction to: Construct Hunting in GovTech Research: An Exploratory Data Analysis M Svahn, A Larsson, E Macedo, J Bandeira International Conference on Electronic Government, C1-C1 , 2023 2023
Construct Hunting in GovTech Research: An Exploratory Data Analysis M Svahn, A Larsson, E Macedo, J Bandeira International Conference on Electronic Government, 3-17 , 2023 2023 Citations: 2
Construct Hunting in GovTech Research: An Exploratory Data Analysis J Bandeira Electronic Government: 22nd IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference, EGOV 2023 … , 2023 2023
Efficiency optimization of a peri-urban public transport corridor, from an energy and environmental perspective AC Vasconcelos, MC Coelho, JM Bandeira Book of Abstracts of the15th ITS European Congress, 1229-1238 , 2023 2023
Impact of autonomous vehicles on air quality and energy efficiency of road traffic flows–a case study in an urban roundabout A Afonseca, S Rafael, J Bandeira Transportation Research Procedia 72, 4018-4025 , 2023 2023 Citations: 3
A Glimpse on the Contributions and Challenges towards more Environmentally-friendly Road Traffic E Macedo, JM Bandeira Operations Research, 21-43 , 2022 2022
How can the built environment affect the impact of autonomous vehicles’ operational behaviour on air quality? S Rafael, P Fernandes, D Lopes, M Rebelo, J Bandeira, E Macedo, ... Journal of environmental management 315, 115154 , 2022 2022 Citations: 16
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Impact of land use on urban mobility patterns, emissions and air quality in a Portuguese medium-sized city JM Bandeira, MC Coelho, ME Sá, R Tavares, C Borrego Science of the Total Environment 409 (6), 1154-1163 , 2011 2011 Citations: 106
Autonomous vehicles opportunities for cities air quality S Rafael, LP Correia, D Lopes, J Bandeira, MC Coelho, M Andrade, ... Science of the Total Environment 712, 136546 , 2020 2020 Citations: 91
Generating emissions information for route selection: Experimental monitoring and routes characterization J Bandeira, TG Almeida, AJ Khattak, NM Rouphail, MC Coelho Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems 17 (1), 3-17 , 2013 2013 Citations: 88
Assessment of potential improvements on regional air quality modelling related with implementation of a detailed methodology for traffic emission estimation MC Coelho, T Fontes, JM Bandeira, SR Pereira, O Tchepel, D Dias, E Sá, ... Science of the Total Environment 470, 127-137 , 2014 2014 Citations: 84
How to combine different microsimulation tools to assess the environmental impacts of road traffic? Lessons and directions T Fontes, SR Pereira, P Fernandes, JM Bandeira, MC Coelho Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 34, 293-306 , 2015 2015 Citations: 78
Urban scale air quality modelling using detailed traffic emissions estimates C Borrego, JH Amorim, O Tchepel, D Dias, S Rafael, E Sá, C Pimentel, ... Atmospheric environment 131, 341-351 , 2016 2016 Citations: 72
Integrating road traffic externalities through a sustainability indicator P Fernandes, M Vilaça, E Macedo, C Sampaio, B Bahmankhah, ... Science of the total environment 691, 483-498 , 2019 2019 Citations: 68
Are HOV/eco-lanes a sustainable option to reducing emissions in a medium-sized European city? T Fontes, P Fernandes, H Rodrigues, JM Bandeira, SR Pereira, ... Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 63, 93-106 , 2014 2014 Citations: 62
Are internally observable vehicle data good predictors of vehicle emissions? P Fernandes, E Macedo, B Bahmankhah, RF Tomas, JM Bandeira, ... Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 77, 252-270 , 2019 2019 Citations: 58
Assessing the emission impacts of autonomous vehicles on metropolitan freeways RF Tomás, P Fernandes, E Macedo, JM Bandeira, MC Coelho Transportation Research Procedia 47, 617-624 , 2020 2020 Citations: 57
Assessing the importance of transportation activity data for urban emission inventories D Dias, JH Amorim, E Sá, C Borrego, T Fontes, P Fernandes, SR Pereira, ... Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 62, 27-35 , 2018 2018 Citations: 47
Potential pollutant emission effects of connected and automated vehicles in a mixed traffic flow context for different road types JM Bandeira, E Macedo, P Fernandes, M Rodrigues, M Andrade, ... IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems 2, 364-383 , 2021 2021 Citations: 43
Quantifying road traffic emissions embedded in a multi-objective traffic assignment model E Macedo, R Tomás, P Fernandes, MC Coelho, JM Bandeira Transportation research procedia 47, 648-655 , 2020 2020 Citations: 42
Exploring multiple eco-routing guidance strategies in a commuting corridor JM Bandeira, P Fernandes, T Fontes, SR Pereira, AJ Khattak, MC Coelho International Journal of Sustainable Transportation , 2017 2017 Citations: 36
Emissions estimation at multilane roundabouts: effects of movement and approach lane K Salamati, MC Coelho, PJ Fernandes, NM Rouphail, HC Frey, ... Transportation research record 2389 (1), 12-21 , 2013 2013 Citations: 35
Driving around turbo-roundabouts vs. conventional roundabouts: Are there advantages regarding pollutant emissions? P Fernandes, SR Pereira, JM Bandeira, L Vasconcelos, AB Silva, ... International journal of sustainable transportation 10 (9), 847-860 , 2016 2016 Citations: 32
Influence of different complexity levels of road traffic models on air quality modelling at street scale B Vicente, S Rafael, V Rodrigues, H Relvas, M Vilaça, J Teixeira, ... Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 11 (10), 1217-1232 , 2018 2018 Citations: 31
Real-time information systems for public transport: User perspective E Macedo, J Teixeira, C Sampaio, N Silva, MC Coelho, M Glinos, ... Transportation Research Procedia 52, 732-739 , 2021 2021 Citations: 30
Assessment of corridors with different types of intersections: Environmental and traffic performance analysis P Fernandes, T Fontes, M Neves, SR Pereira, JM Bandeira, NM Rouphail, ... Transportation Research Record 2503 (1), 39-50 , 2015 2015 Citations: 28
Assessing the importance of vehicle type for the implementation of eco-routing systems JM Bandeira, T Fontes, SR Pereira, P Fernandes, A Khattak, MC Coelho Transportation Research Procedia 3, 800-809 , 2014 2014 Citations: 28