I Nengah Kerta Besung
@unud.ac.id
Scopus Publications
- Immunogenicity of a Heat-Inactivated Local Streptococcus suis Vaccine Formulated with Montanide Adjuvants in Mice
International Journal of Veterinary Science, 2026 - The Relationship Between Farmers’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Antibiotic Use and Escherichia coli Resistance in Broiler Chicken Farms in Tabanan Regency, Bali, Indonesia
Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2026 - Association of Sex and Age with Histomorphometric Features of Agranulocytic Leukocytes and Erythrocyte Indices in Sumbawa Horses
Kadek Ferdy Agastia Dwi Pratama, Ni Ketut Suwiti, Ida Bagus Komang Ardana, Ni Luh Eka Setiasih, Nyoman Sadra Dharmawan, et al.
World S Veterinary Journal, 2025
The Sumbawa horse, an indigenous Indonesian breed, plays important ecological and cultural roles in the region, such as participation in traditional ceremonies, local transportation, and horse-racing competitions; however, scientific data on its hematological and cellular characteristics remain limited, hindering accurate clinical evaluation and breed-specific health management. This study aimed to provide baseline histomorphometric and hematological data by examining 80 clinically healthy Sumbawa horses, grouped by sex (male and female) and age (young and adult). Peripheral blood smears were prepared immediately after venipuncture and stained using the modified Diff Quick method. Morphometric parameters of lymphocytes and monocytes, including cell diameter, perimeter, cell area, and nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, were measured using calibrated digital image analysis. Complete blood count parameters, including mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red cell distribution width coefficient of variation (RDW-CV), and red cell distribution width standard deviation (RDW-SD), were obtained using an automated hematology analyzer. Females exhibited larger lymphocyte dimensions (17.79 ± 5.89 μm² versus 16.57 ± 6.29 μm², whereas males showed larger monocyte size (18.44 ± 7.60 μm² versus 14.88 ± 5.46 μm²). Lymphocyte counts and percentages were higher in females, while monocyte values and RDW-CV were higher in males. Age significantly influenced lymphocyte morphometry and leukocyte profiles, whereas its effects on monocytes were limited, with only monocyte area showing a significant difference between age groups. These findings indicated significant age-related increases in lymphocyte perimeter, area, and diameter, whereas most monocyte and erythrocyte indices remained relatively stable between age groups. Sex related differences were also evident, with females exhibiting significantly higher lymphocyte counts and percentages, and males showing significantly higher monocyte counts and greater erythrocyte variability. These reference values provide clear morphometric distinctions between groups of Sumbawa horses, with adults exhibiting larger lymphocyte dimensions and males showing higher monocyte counts and greater erythrocyte variability, thus offering a biologically calibrated basis for further physiological interpretation. Keywords: Age, Agranulocytic leukocyte, Erythrocyte indice, Histomorphometry, Horse, Sex - Evaluation of Broiler Chicken Farmers’ Knowledge and Antibiotic Usage Practices and the Resistance of Staphylococcus spp. in Bali, Indonesia
I Gusti Bagus Aryanta Kusuma Putra, Kadek Karang Agustina, I Wayan Suardana, Ni Ketut Suwiti, I Wayan Masa Tenaya, Putu Henrywaesa Sudipa, Yeocelin Meida Utami, I Nengah Kerta Besung
Journal of World S Poultry Research, 2025
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat that seriously affects public health, animal welfare, and the sustainability of food production systems. In the poultry sector, irrational use of antibiotics is a key factor contributing to the emergence of resistance. This study investigated the association between broiler farmers’ knowledge and their antibiotic usage practices with the resistance of Staphylococcus spp. in broiler chickens. The study employed a cross-sectional design and included 20 broiler farms located in Tabanan Regency, Indonesia. Knowledge and practices were assessed using structured questionnaires, while five tracheal swab samples were collected from randomly selected chickens on each farm. These samples were pooled and tested in the laboratory to identify Staphylococcus spp. and determine their susceptibility to amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and doxycycline. The antibiotic susceptibility test followed the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), and the associations between variables were examined using cubic regression analysis. Based on the scores obtained from the structured questionnaires, the majority of farmers demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge (65%) and a moderate level of antibiotic usage practices (60%). Laboratory testing revealed that Staphylococcus spp. isolates showed the highest resistance to amoxicillin (75%), followed by erythromycin (60%), doxycycline (55%), and ciprofloxacin (30%). The results showed that most farmers had moderate knowledge (65%) and practices (60%), with the highest resistance observed against amoxicillin (75%), followed by erythromycin (60%), doxycycline (55%), and ciprofloxacin (30%). A significant positive correlation was found between farmers’ knowledge scores and their antibiotic usage practice scores (r = 0.683, R² = 0.467), indicating that higher knowledge was associated with better practices; however, practices were not significantly associated with inhibition zone diameters. These findings suggested that low antibiotic literacy may lead to improper use, while bacterial resistance is also influenced by external factors such as environmental contamination, horizontal gene transfer, and centralized medication protocols in contract farming. - Antibody Responses in Pigs Induced by Inactivated Vaccine Against Streptococcus suis Formulated with Montanide ISA 201 and Montanide Gel 01 Adjuvants
I Gede Bagas Upaditha Adresya Kaler, Ni Komang Wahyu Centika Sari, Ni Ketut Suwiti, I Gusti Ngurah Kade Mahardika, I Nengah Kerta Besung
World S Veterinary Journal, 2025
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a zoonotic pathogen responsible for streptococcosis, causing substantial economic losses in swine production worldwide. The present study evaluated the humoral immune response in 8-week-old Landrace pigs immunized with an inactivated autogenous S. suis vaccine formulated with either Montanide™ ISA 201 VG or Gel 01 adjuvants. A completely randomized experimental design assigned 12 male, 8-week-old Landrace male pigs to three groups. The control group received Montanide™ ISA 201 VG adjuvant without antigen (P1), the second group received antigen and Montanide™ ISA 201 VG (P2), and the third group received antigen and Montanide™ Gel 01 (P3). Vaccination was performed by intramuscular injection into the neck muscle using 4 mL of vaccine suspension. Serum samples from all groups were collected weekly for nine weeks post-vaccination, and antibody titers were quantified using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical parameters, including body temperature, behavioral changes, and weight gain, were monitored weekly for nine weeks. Both adjuvanted vaccine groups (P2 and P3) demonstrated significantly higher antibody titers compared to the control group, with no significant difference between adjuvant types. A progressive increase in antibody levels was observed from week one to week nine in Groups 2 and 3. No vaccine-associated adverse effects were noted. The S.suis vaccine formulated with either Montanide™ ISA 201 VG or Montanide™ Gel 01 adjuvants demonstrated a proper safety profile, with no adverse effects on health or growth performance, and was effective in stimulating strong antibody responses in Landrace pigs. The average antibody titer produced by the vaccine using Montanide™ ISA 201 VG was 0.404 ± 0.201, whereas the vaccine with Montanide™ Gel 01 achieved a titer of 0.404 ± 0.199. The adjuvants elicited comparable immune responses in pigs with no statistically significant difference in antibody titers. The present findings indicated that Montanide™ ISA 201 VG and Montanide™ Gel 01 adjuvants effectively enhanced the immunogenicity of inactivated S. suis vaccines in Landrace pigs. - Effects of Post-Therapy Changes on the Level of Immunoglobulin M in Dogs with Dermatitis
, Ni Putu Dyah Prashanti Pusparini, Ni Ketut Suwiti, , Ida Bagus Kade Suardana, I Nengah Kerta Besung, and
World S Veterinary Journal, 2025
Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin characterized by itching, hair loss, lesions, and redness. Various agents can cause dermatitis, including Sarcoptes scabiei, Demodex canis, and Microsporum canis. Animals experiencing dermatitis undergo internal changes in their bodies, particularly in the immune system. The presence of an infection is usually preceded by the appearance of Immunoglobulin M (IgM). This study aimed to determine the differences in IgM levels in dogs with dermatitis before therapy (pre-therapy) and after therapy (post-therapy), as well as the differences in IgM levels between dogs with mild and severe dermatitis. The study involved 40 local dogs, divided into two groups, including 20 dogs with mild dermatitis and 20 dogs with severe dermatitis. Serum sampling was conducted in two phases: the first phase was pre-therapy, and the second phase was 14 days after therapy (post-therapy). The therapy administered to dogs with mild dermatitis consisted of diphenhydramine HCl and ivermectin, while the therapy for dogs with severe dermatitis included diphenhydramine HCl, ivermectin, amoxicillin, and dexamethasone. Serum samples from the dogs were then tested using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. The results of the study revealed that serum IgM levels in dogs with mild and severe dermatitis did not show any significant difference. In dogs with mild dermatitis, serum IgM levels before therapy were not statistically different compared to those after therapy. However, in dogs with severe dermatitis, serum IgM levels before therapy were significantly higher compared to after therapy. The results of this study indicate that therapy can impact serum IgM levels in dogs with severe dermatitis, while it does not significantly affect these levels in cases of mild dermatitis. - Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Layer Chicken in Bali-Indonesia
I Nengah Kerta Besung, Putu Henrywaesa Sudipa, Ketut Suarjana, Ni Ketut Suwiti
Journal of World S Poultry Research, 2024
Antibiotics have been used as growth promoters in the poultry industry worldwide, which might lead to the emergence of anti-microbial resistant bacterial strains. Theoretically, older animals should have been exposed to antibiotics and anti-microbial resistant (AMR) strains for longer periods, which may result in the discovery of more resistant strains. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from fecal samples of layer chicken that showed signs of watery diarrhea. In the current study, 134 fecal samples were taken from the layer chicken farms in Penebel village, Tabanan District, Bali, Indonesia. The chickens were classified into three groups including Group 1 under 7 days of age, group 2 aged 7-30 days, and Group 3 chickens older than one month. The samples were cultured in Eosin Methylene Blue agar. The suspected colonies were stained, and subjected to biochemical tests. Escherichia coli-positive colonies were subjected to a bacteria sensitivity test using multiple antibiotic discs. The result demonstrated multi-drug resistance (MDR) of Escherichia coli, while the isolated Escherichia coli was resistant to the most common antibiotics in layer farms in the study area including kanamycin, enrofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, streptomycin, and enrofloxacin. In addition, the present study confirmed that although all sample groups were sensitive to bacitracin, oxytetracycline, and clindamycin, they were resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, kanamycin, and ampicillin. - Isolation and Identification of Fungi from Reproductive Tract of Healthy Bali Cows
Putu Henrywaesa Sudipa, Hapsari Mahatmi, Ketut Tono Pasek Gelgel, I Gusti Ketut Suarjana, I Nengah Kerta Besung, Romy Muhammad Dary Mufa, I Wayan Sukernayasa
Journal of Animal Health and Production, 2023
Bacterial and fungal diseases, such as mycotic endometritis and abortion, are one of the causes of reproductive diseases in Bali cattle. Earlier studies on bovine uterine microflora have mainly focused on bacteria; however, the presence of fungi has yet to be discussed in detail. This study aimed to provide data on the prevalence and identification of fungi by using morphological methods. The samples were vaginal swabs obtained from 22 healthy female Bali cattle from various locations in Bali, Indonesia. For isolation, vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA) medium and identification was performed macroscopically by observing colony growth and microscopically using the tape smear method stained with Methylene Blue stain. The results showed that 32 fungi belonging to seven genera were isolated from 22 Bali cows. The prevalence rates of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, and Candida, Mucor, and Penicillium spp. were 41, 25, 19, 6, and 3%, respectively. These data add important information to the literature on the fungal microbiota in healthy Bali cows. - Multi-Barcode for Detection of Avian Bacterial and Viral Pathogens: A Review
Hamong Suharsono, Nengah I. K. Besung, Bayu Mahardika, I Wayan Suardana, G. A. A. I. Suartini, et al.
International Journal of Veterinary Science, 2023
The global poultry industry constantly faces the threat of various bacterial and viral diseases, some of which are underreported, especially in developing countries.Even when official reports are available, the scope of the problem and its impact are unknown.Testing for individual pathogens is costly and tedious and may lead to inappropriate management, especially in the case of immunosuppressive diseases.Next-generation sequencing (NGS) provides an opportunity to discover all the events leading to clinical diseases.NGS for bacteria is well established, but this is not the case for viral agents.Because of their many variants, it is impossible to establish barcodes to detect all viruses.Therefore, we propose to establish a multi-barcode system to detect all bacteria and viruses in clinical avian specimens.The libraries can be generated with a one-step reverse transcription-PCR system for bacteria and RNA and DNA viruses, after priming with a single bacterial primer barcode and primer sets for all viruses or targeted viral genes of interest. - Experimental Infection of Streptococcus suis Isolate in Pig in Bali – Indonesia Produced Mild Clinical Signs but Severe Multiorgan Lesions
International Journal of Veterinary Science, 2023
There has been uncertainty about Streptococcus suis (S. suis) causing disease in pig. Different inoculation routes might lead to different pathologic courses. Here, we provide data on experimental infection of weaning pigs with S. suis isolated from pigs with severe infections through intranasal (IN) and intravenous (IV) inoculation. Nine weaning landrace piglets were used as experimental animals. Three were inoculated with S. suis intranasally and three intravenously, each with 1x109CFU S. suis, while the other three were left uninoculated as control animals. Prior to inoculation, the animals were anesthetized using ketamine hydrochloride (10mg/BW) delivered intramuscularly. All control animals remained healthy throughout the study. Fever was observed in all IN and IV animals from 3 to 9 days post infection (dpi). Appetite loss was observed at 3 to 9dpi in the IN group and at 3 to 7dpi in the IV group. Diarrhea occurred in one animal in each group from 3-5dpi. Lameness was observed for one animal in the IN group. Body weights (bwt) on Day 14 of the IN, IV, and control group piglets were 11.93±0.83, 9.80±1.83, and 14.70±0.53kg, respectively. After 14 days, only four animals, three from the IN group and one from the IV group, showed pathological lesions of pneumonia and hemorrhage in the myocardium. Necropsied animals from both inoculation route groups showed inflammation in various organs. Using polymerase chain reaction, we identified S. suis from the culture of heart samples taken from animals with hemorrhage in the myocardium. We concluded that although producing a mild clinical course, S. suis isolated from severely diseased pigs causes multiorgan histological lesion development and slower weight gain. Appropriate vaccines against S. suis should reduce its financial and zoonotic impact. - A study of African swine fever virus in Regional VI of the Disease Investigation Center of Denpasar Bali in Indonesia
Wayan Masa Tenaya, Ida Bagus Ngurah Swacita, Ketut Wirata, Made Damriyasa, Nengah Kerta Besung, Nyoman Suarsana, Tri Komala Sari, Kadek Karang Agustina
Veterinary World, 2023 - A large cluster of human infections of Streptococcus suis in Bali, Indonesia
N.M.A. Tarini, N.M. Susilawathi, A.A.R. Sudewi, A. Soejitno, N.N.D. Fatmawati, I.P.B. Mayura, A.A.W. Lestari, G. Suputra, I.K. Subrata, C.I.S.D. Astiti, I.N.K. Besung, G.N. Mahardika
One Health, 2022 - Prevalence and distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infection in free-roaming dogs in Bali Province, Indonesia
Kadek Karang Agustina, Made Suma Anthara, Nengah Anom Adi Nugraha Sibang, Wayan Adi Rinta Wiguna, Jendra Krisna Apramada, Wayan Nico Fajar Gunawan, Ida Bagus Made Oka, Made Subrata, Nengah Kerta Besung
Veterinary World, 2021 - Molecular characteristic of Pasteurella multocida isolates from Sumba Island at East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia
I. K. Narcana, I. W. Suardana, I. N. K. Besung
Veterinary World, 2020 - Isolation and identification of Streptococcus suis from sick pigs in Bali, Indonesia
I Nengah Kerta Besung, I Gusti Ketut Suarjana, Kadek Karang Agustina, Ida Bagus Oka Winaya, Hamong Soeharsono, Ni Ketut Suwiti, Gusti Ngurah Mahardika
BMC Research Notes, 2019 - Mineral levels of bali cattle (Bos javanicus) from different types of land in bali, nusa penida, and sumbawa islands (Indonesia)
I Nengah Kerta Besung, NI LUH WATINIASIH, GUSTI NGURAH KADE MAHARDIKA, KADEK KARANG AGUSTINA, NI KETUT SUWITI
Biodiversitas, 2019 - Surveillance of avian influenza virus of H5N1 subtype in backyard animals and its introduction in Bali, Indonesia
GN Mahardika
Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 2018 - Factors influencing growth hormone levels of Bali cattle in Bali, Nusa Penida, and Sumbawa Islands, Indonesia
N. K. Suwiti, I N. K. Besung, G. N. Mahardika
Veterinary World, 2017
