In silico analysis of the haemodynamic disturbances caused by the subaortic membrane pathology Alessandra Monteleone, Gaetano Burriesci Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2026 Subaortic stenosis, a heart disease characterised by a narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract, is frequently caused by the presence of a subaortic membrane (SAM) located at the aortic valve inlet. This anatomical obstruction leads to significant haemodynamic alterations and leaflets fluttering, whose mechanisms are not yet fully understood. This research investigates, through computer simulations, the SAM's haemodynamic impact and the mechanism behind leaflets fluttering. A mono-physics fluid-structure interaction approach, based on the meshless smoothed particle hydrodynamics method, was employed. This approach represents both blood and structures with particles without defining interfaces, efficiently capturing large deformations and dynamic phenomena. Two common types of SAMs were investigated - a discrete thin SAM layer (flexible) and a thick fibromuscular ridge SAM (stiff) - and compared with a healthy aortic valve. Projected dynamic valve area (PDVA) was used as a reference parameter to quantify leaflet oscillation. While the PDVA in the healthy aortic valve stabilised at 283 mm 2 without oscillation, both pathological cases exhibited self-sustained periodic fluctuations. In the presence of discrete thin SAM layer, the mean PDVA decreased by 3% compared to the healthy control. This reduction was more pronounced for thick fibromuscular ridge configurations, where the mean PDVA was 9% lower than the healthy case. Notably, stiffer SAM configurations more than doubled the oscillation amplitude (from 3.12 mm 2 to 6.77 mm 2 ) and increased the oscillation frequency by 8% relative to flexible membranes. Vortices dynamics was analysed, determining the phases of their formation, growth and migration. Through the analysis of velocity, vorticity, and shear stress maps, this study provides critical insights into the origin of fluttering and its influence over these key haemodynamic parameters. Findings demonstrate that the oscillatory leaflet motion is the result of vortices formation and shedding. The stiffness of the SAM significantly modulates the fluttering behaviour. While structural damage and haematological complications were not directly simulated, the identified oscillations represent haemodynamic conditions associated in literature with such pathologies. The observed alterations in wall shear stress magnitude and direction provide a physical basis for the mechanical environment that could contribute to endothelial cell dysfunction in the presence of SAM. • Subaortic membrane (SAM) is one of the most common congenital heart defects. • SAM causes leaflet fluttering through a mechanism not yet understood. • A mono-physics fluid-structure interaction approach was used to study SAM disease. • The SAM's haemodynamic impact and the mechanism behind fluttering are investigated. • The potential implication of leaflet fluttering on endothelial injury is explored.
Critical analysis of strain measurement approaches in tensile testing of nitinol Valentina Pinto, Sofia Di Leonardo, Giuseppe Pitarresi, Gaetano Burriesci Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2026 Nitinol superelasticity is a crucial property for collapsible/expandable cardiovascular implants. The high class of risk associated with these devices requires an accurate mechanical characterisation as starting point for a reliable design methodology. Actual standards (ASTM-F2516) are based on standard metal testing and recommend the use of extensometers for the measurement of average nominal strains during tensile tests. However, measurement provided by classic extensometers may not be adequate to capture the strain evolution during the material phase transformation. These limitations can be overcome by full-field optical techniques such as Digital Image Correlation (DIC). This work presents a comprehensive comparison of various techniques for measuring strain on nitinol specimens. These include crosshead position, single and averaging (applied on both sides of the specimen) measurements using physical extensometers, virtual extensometer, and 1D and 2D DIC. Results are compared on the basis of the values determined for the upper/lower plateau stress, as defined by ASTM-F2516. Results show that the use of extensometers on nitinol strips subjected to tensile testing is inaccurate during phase transformation. Physical extensometers also introduce spurious local concentrated pressures at the knives contact region, which may alter the material stress plateaus values. DIC resulted more adequate to provide an accurate evaluation of strain localisation.
An advanced immersed fluid–structure interaction particle method for cardiovascular applications experimentally validated vs a new benchmark case Alessandra Monteleone, Sofia Di Leonardo, Marco Correnti, Enrico Napoli, Giorgio Micale, Gaetano Burriesci Physics of Fluids, 2026 Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) is crucial in the numerical simulation of cardiovascular phenomena, where pulsatile blood flow dynamically interacts with highly deformable tissues. High-fidelity FSI approaches have become essential to enhance the understanding of potentially lethal pathologies, assisting diagnosis and development of novel therapeutic solutions. This work presents and experimentally validates a new, totally meshless FSI approach, specifically designed for cardiovascular applications. The method is based on the Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), employing a unified physics to represent both blood and deformable walls, avoiding FSI interfaces. A key advantage of this method lies in its ability to overcome the SPH complex issue in contour management, a common challenge that typically increases the complexity of this methodology in FSI applications. Deformable walls are immersed in the fluid domain, and a buffer region of fluid is defined to handle the structural deformation. For validation, a new FSI benchmark is proposed and analyzed with the particle image velocimetry technique. Tailored to entail the typical complexities of relevant cardiovascular situations, the benchmark involves pulsatile flow interacting with a chamber with deformable curved walls, moving through both filling and emptying phases. Despite its simplified geometry, designed to allow a reliable experimental validation, the structure experiences a field of three-dimensional strains and large volume variations, thereby replicating complexities often associated with more intricate models. Numerical and experimental results show good agreement in terms of fluid velocity field and structural deformation, establishing the proposed totally meshless FSI approach as a reliable tool for complex cardiovascular modeling.
Artificial Muscles for Footwear Technology: Knitting Structures With Variable Elasticity Felipe Sheward, Gaetano Burriesci, Daniela M. Romano Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2026 Current commercial midsoles provide a fixed level of cushioning and elasticity regardless of gait phase or loading rate. We report a novel “artificial muscle” midsole composite that dynamically tunes its compressive stiffness and relaxation behavior by embedding nickel–titanium (Nitinol) shape‐memory alloy (SMA) wires into multilayer silicone substrates (Shore A12, A20, A30) using two hand‐knitting patterns (A and C). Specimens (undeformed height = 30 mm; frontal area = 61,213.856 mm 2 or 612.139 cm 2 ) were tested on a 50 kN Instron 5969 under displacement control. For compression (stress–strain) testing, each sample was ramped from an initial grip separation of 30 mm to a 12.5 mm gap (≈58.33% nominal compressive strain) at 200 mm/min (≈0.111 s −1 strain rate). At each voltage state (0 V ⟶ 14 V for Pattern A; 0 V ⟶ 10 V for Pattern C), four loading–unloading cycles were conducted at 60 mm/min (≈0.033 s −1 strain rate). For stress‐relaxation (creep) testing, specimens were ramped from 30 mm to a 12.5 mm gap (≈58.33% strain) at 60 mm/min (≈0.033 s −1 ) and then held at constant displacement for 120 s under three voltage levels (Pattern A: 0 V, 14 V, 19 V; Pattern C: 0 V, 8 V, 14 V). Under these protocols, silicone A30 with Pattern C consistently exhibited the largest actuation‐induced contraction (Δ = 27.79% in compression; Δ = 36.54% in creep/relax), while MANOVA and t ‐test results confirmed that substrate hardness, actuation state, and knitting pattern each significantly modulated compressive stress (all p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that our SMA‐enabled midsole can switch between soft and stiff modes—across ≈58.3% strain at strain rates up to ≈0.111 s −1 —offering a tunable, durable, and cost‐effective solution for adaptive footwear.
An Innovative One-Step Method to Produce Membranes with a Pore Size Gradient Inzerillo E., Brucato V., Burriesci G., Carfi Pavia Francesco, Ingrassia T. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2026 The fabrication of porous scaffolds with continuous pore size gradients is growing in interest in tissue engineering, as graded architectures better mimic the structural heterogeneity of native interfacial tissues. Conventional strategies based on monolayer scaffolds fail to reproduce this heterogeneity, while multilayer constructs introduce interfaces that do not ensure continuous transitions in structural and mechanical properties. Although most gradient fabrication approaches rely on multistep or post-processing techniques, limited attention has been focused to procedures allowing to obtain directly the final scaffold. Thermally induced phase separation is a versatile method for regulating pore morphology in scaffold by controlling the thermal history. This work investigates a TIPS-based strategy to generate continuous pore size gradients by tailoring heat transfer directionality. Poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds were produced using two process configurations differing in the presence or absence of thermal insulation and analysed using a combined experimental and numerical approach. Scaffold morphology was characterised by scanning electron microscopy, while thermal transient simulations were performed to investigate temperature evolution during phase separation and freezing. The analysis highlights differences in cooling behaviour between the two configurations, correlating these with variations in pore size distribution across the scaffold thickness. The results demonstrated that it is possible to obtain scaffold with a pore size gradient through a one-step TIPS procedure.
The use of human decellularized amniotic membrane as pulmonary valve leaflets in right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction – an in vivo proof of concept study Mohamed T. Ghorbel, Tasneem Salih, Giulia Parolari, Katie L. Skeffington, Sofia Di Leonardo, Danila Vella, Gaetano Burriesci, Massimo Caputo, Dominga Iacobazzi Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2026 Introduction Despite fundamental improvements in surgical treatment of Congenital Heart Defects, there are still challenges related to premature failure of the material used for such corrections, thus resulting in repeated operations during a patient’s life. This is particularly the case for complex defects with Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT) obstruction, such as in Tetralogy of Fallot/Pulmonary Atresia, whereby the pulmonary valve reconstruction remains problematic due to short-term durability of the currently used replacement solutions. We set out to test, for the first time, the suitability of amniotic membrane derived from human placenta for use in cardiovascular replacement of pulmonary valve. Methods The decellularized and preserved amniotic membrane, obtained through our optimised protocol, was characterised for mechanical and hydrodynamic properties in vitro , and then implanted in the RVOT position of two Landrace piglets for in vivo feasibility and performance evaluation. Results Both the in vitro and in vivo assessments showed favourable outcomes. The decellularized amniotic membrane had mechanical properties comparable to the native porcine pulmonary valve leaflets. In hydrodynamic testing, the decellularized amniotic membrane-made valve exhibited favourable opening dynamics, with smooth and coordinated leaflet motion throughout the cycle. In vivo , the decellularized amniotic membrane-based valved conduit showed patency in the short- and long-term with no sign of stenosis or regurgitation. Discussion This study provides an in vivo proof of concept that the decellularized amniotic membrane can be implanted and perform as functional pulmonary valve in a porcine animal model mimicking the clinical scenario of Tetralogy of Fallot surgical correction in infants.
Inversion of the thermomechanical response in nitinol under cyclic loading: an analytical interpretation based on the thermoelastic effect theory V. Pinto, S. Di Leonardo, G. Pitarresi, G. Burriesci Mechanics of Materials, 2025 The superelastic behaviour of nitinol is crucial for the design of collapsible and self-expanding cardiovascular implants. Once these are expanded into the host anatomy, the material is predominantly in the austenitic configuration in the majority of the structure, and the cyclic loads acting on the devices are primarily due to small blood pressure variations occurring during the cardiac cycle. Nevertheless, only very few studies have explored the temperature evolution during small cyclic loading of nitinol in a stable austenitic state, reporting an unusual response, where the thermoelastic signal is in phase with the sinusoidal loading wave, rendering the common fundamental law of the thermoelastic effect inapplicable. In this study, infrared thermography (IRT) was employed to investigate the thermomechanical behaviour of an austenitic nitinol specimen under cyclic sinusoidal loading, with increasing amplitude and average strain values. An inversion of the thermomechanical response of nitinol was observed experimentally and explained analytically adopting the higher-order thermoelastic theory. The understanding of the austenitic temperature modulation with the local level of stress allowed to define an IRT approach suitable to quantify the stress levels, knowing the material thermal response and the ratio between mean and amplitude of the applied load. • Thermoelastic response of austenitic nitinol exhibits highly uncommon behaviour. • Standard thermoelastic analysis is inapplicable to common nitinol devices. • The behaviour was found to be well described by the higher-order thermoelastic law. • A first approach to estimate local stress in superelastic nitinol is presented.
Erratum: Author Correction: Valvulogenesis of a living, innervated pulmonary root induced by an acellular scaffold (Communications biology (2023) 6 1 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05383-z.) Magdi H. Yacoub, Yuan-Tsan Tseng, Jolanda Kluin, Annemijn Vis, Ulrich Stock, Hassiba Smail, Padmini Sarathchandra, Elena Aikawa, Hussam El-Nashar, Adrian H. Chester, Nairouz Shehata, Mohamed Nagy, Amr El-sawy, Wei Li, Gaetano Burriesci, Jacob Salmonsmith, Soha Romeih, Najma Latif Communications Biology, 2025 In the version of the article initially published, the image shown in the leftmost panel of Fig. 2f was an inadvertent mirrored duplicate of the leftmost image in Fig. 2h; the image in Fig. 2f has now been replaced in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
Retrokinetics of crystallization Luke Hunter, Ryo Torii, Gaetano Burriesci, Sergio Bertazzo Scripta Materialia, 2025 During crystallization, crystals nucleate and grow within materials, often impinging and interacting in a stochastic manner. This complexity has long hindered accurate reconstructions of a material’s crystallization history. By considering a representative material region with a finite crystal population, we derive equations that accurately predict crystal size and free surface evolution throughout the crystallization process. These equations, paired with a numerical solver, enable reconstructing nucleation events and crystallinity progression using the crystal size distribution and growth rates. We demonstrate this method by pinpointing the nucleation and crystallinity timelines of simulated, manufactured, and ancient geological materials, entirely without real-time observation. Our model offers unprecedented insights into extreme crystallization environments that are difficult to mimic, such as volcanic magma chambers, and supports the design of advanced materials.
Hydrodynamic Alterations Produced by Subaortic Membranes: An in Vitro Study Sofia Di Leonardo, Danila Vella, Calogera Pisano, Vincenzo Argano, Gaetano Burriesci Irbm, 2025 Background Subaortic stenosis is an aortic disease characterised by the presence of a membrane located at the aortic valve inlet, that causes a sudden reduction of the inflow lumen. The membrane develops as a tissue growth of variable thickness that can cause a major increase in the pressure gradient. In this case, when diagnosed, it is removed by surgical resection. Methods To investigate the haemodynamic alteration introduced by subaortic membranes, an in vitro study was designed and performed. Stiff and flexible membranes were implanted at the inlet of a bioprosthetic control valve. These mock membranes had different radial and angular alignment, modelling concentric and eccentric orifice positions. For each configuration, a range of different membrane lengths was studied, progressively reducing the orifice area at the inlet of the control valve. Results Analysis of the hydrodynamic performances indicates that the detrimental effect of subaortic membranes becomes significant when the membrane orifice areas reduce below 75% of the unobstructed inflow lumen. Video analysis of the valve leaflets dynamics indicates that, together with a worsening in the systolic pressure gradient, the presence of subaortic membranes increases cusps fluttering. As the membrane orifice area reduces, leaflets experience faster oscillation frequencies at decreasing amplitudes. Conclusions The fibromuscular or thin nature of the membrane has a significant role on the severity of the pathology, with higher stiffnesses generally producing worse hydrodynamics. The orifice dimension and position are also important on the systolic performance and can determine potential structural degradation and haematic damage.
Development and Characterization of a Blood-Mimicking Fluid for Hemodynamic Research Convegno Nazionale Di Bioingegneria, 2025
Rheological and morphological insights into Bio-glass 1393 and Car12N incorporation in PLLA and Chitosan scaffolds Convegno Nazionale Di Bioingegneria, 2025
Valvulogenesis of a living, innervated pulmonary root induced by an acellular scaffold Magdi H. Yacoub, Yuan-Tsan Tseng, Jolanda Kluin, Annemijn Vis, Ulrich Stock, Hassiba Smail, Padmini Sarathchandra, Elena Aikawa, Hussam El-Nashar, Adrian H. Chester, Nairouz Shehata, Mohamed Nagy, Amr El-sawy, Wei Li, Gaetano Burriesci, Jacob Salmonsmith, Soha Romeih, Najma Latif Communications Biology, 2023
Comparative Assessment of Prosthetic Biomaterials for Cardiac Applications Danila Vella, Parnaz Boodagh, Laura Modica de Mohac, Federica Cosentino, Federica Scaglione, William Wagner, Antonio D’Amore, Gaetano Burriesci Proceedings of the World Congress on Electrical Engineering and Computer Systems and Science, 2023
Anatomically realistic ultrasound phantoms using gel wax with 3D printed moulds Efthymios Maneas, Wenfeng Xia, Daniil I Nikitichev, Batol Daher, Maniragav Manimaran, Rui Yen J Wong, Chia-Wei Chang, Benyamin Rahmani, Claudio Capelli, Silvia Schievano, Gaetano Burriesci, Sebastien Ourselin, Anna L David, Malcolm C Finlay, Simeon J West, Tom Vercauteren, Adrien E Desjardins Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2018