Methanol extract of Smritisagara Rasa attenuates neurobehavior, neurochemical and stress indicators in rotenone-induced Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease G Gopinath, Ramesha Hanumanthappa, Raifa Abdul Aziz, P.C. Kiran, Hemalatha Nanjaiah, Iranna B. Kotturshetty, Shamprasad Varija Raghu, Manjunath Ajanal, Devaraju Kuramkote Shivanna Advances in Biomarker Sciences and Technology, 2026 Smritisagara Rasa (SSR), a traditional Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation, has long been prescribed for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) since ancient times. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies remain unclear due to a lack of adequate experimental data. This study focused on formulating SSR and extracting its components using different solvent systems, including water and methanol. SSR, along with its water extract (SSR-WEX) and methanol extract (SSR-MEX), was tested for efficacy in mitigating PD phenotypes using a Rotenone (ROT)-induced Drosophila melanogaster PD model. SSR was prepared according to the Ayurvedic Formulary of India and subsequently characterized, followed by solvent extraction and phytoconstituent profiling. Different concentrations of SSR, SSR-WEX, and SSR-MEX were administered to control flies to evaluate their potential toxicity. Flies were then co-exposed to 500 μM ROT and 75 mg/kg diet of SSR, SSR-WEX, and SSR-MEX for seven days. Behavioral, neurochemical, and oxidative stress parameters were assessed, with pramipexole (PPX) used as a positive control. ROT exposure markedly impaired climbing ability, reduced dopamine and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and elevated oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl content (PCC), hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide. Co-treatment with SSR and its extracts significantly restored locomotor function, dopamine, and AChE levels, while enhancing antioxidant enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase and catalase) and reducing oxidative damage indices. Among the formulations, SSR-MEX demonstrated superior neuroprotective and antioxidative efficacy, comparable to the standard drug pramipexole. This effect is likely due to its enriched profile of flavonoids, coumarins, and phenolic acids. These findings substantiate traditional claims regarding SSR’s role in mitigating neurodegenerative symptoms and highlight SSR-MEX as a promising phytopharmaceutical candidate for managing PD-like pathologies through attenuation of oxidative stress and restoration of dopaminergic and cholinergic systems. Graphical abstract illustrates that preparation of herbo-mineral preparation of SSR and its extracts attenuates neurobehavior, neurochemical and stress indicators in ROT-induced Drosophila model of PD. • Smritisagara Rasa (SSR), a classical Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation, demonstrates promising neuroprotective potential in PD; however, its molecular mechanism remains largely unexplored due to limited experimental evidence. • SSR was formulated and characterized as per the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) and compared with its water (SSR-WEX) and methanol (SSR-MEX) extracts for efficacy using a rotenone (ROT)-induced Drosophila melanogaster model of PD. • Toxicity screening confirmed that SSR, SSR-WEX, and SSR-MEX were non-toxic at concentrations up to 75 mg/kg diet, ensuring the extracts safety for subsequent neurobehavioral and biochemical assays. • ROT-induced PD flies treated with SSR, SSR-WEX, SSR-MEX, and pramipexole (PPX) exhibited significant restoration of locomotor activity, DA levels, AChE, GST, and catalase enzyme activities, along with reduced oxidative stress markers such as MDA, PCC, H 2 O 2 , and NO. • Among all treatments, SSR-MEX showed the most pronounced therapeutic effect, exhibiting neurochemical and antioxidant restoration comparable to PPX, suggesting that its rich composition of bioactive phytochemicals synergistically counteracts dopaminergic degeneration and oxidative imbalance in PD. • The results scientifically validate the traditional Ayurvedic use of Smritisagara Rasa in neurological disorders, identifying SSR-MEX as a promising candidate for future drug development or adjunct therapy in PD management.
A novel nanocomposite Lf-DA-MSN-PF127 aided the delivery of dopamine for the treatment of Parkinson's disease in a rat model Ramesha Hanumanthappa, Sumit Ramesh Naik, Sahana Prakash Nayak, Asmatanzeem Bepari, Hanan Nasser Altamimi, Mujeeb Ahmed Shaikh, Fahd A. Nasr, Farha M. Shaikh, P. C. Nethravathi, Hemalatha Nanjaiah, D. Suresh, Raghu S. V., Kuramkote Shivanna Devaraju Nanoscale Advances, 2025 A multifunctional nanocarrier of lactoferrin-functionalized Pluronic F-127 capped dopamine-loaded mesoporous silica nanocomposite (Lf-DA-MSN-PF127), was designed for targeted drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) via intranasal.
A Levodopa-Encapsulated Poly-ϵ-Caprolactone Nanocomposite Improves the Motor Symptoms and Neurochemical Changes in a Rotenone-Induced Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease Ramesha Hanumanthappa, Geetha B. Heggannavar, Aishwarya Banakar, Divya D. Achari, Vijaykumar Ramesh Karoshi, B. R. Radha Krushna, Asmatanzeem Bepari, Rasha Assad Assiri, Hanan Nasser Altamimi, Hemalatha Nanjaiah, Devaraja Sannaningaiah, Shamprasad Varija Raghu, Vishwas Kaveeshwar, H. Nagabhushana, Kuramkote Shivanna Devaraju ACS Omega, 2025 Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder; in this condition, patients lose dopamine (DA), which leads to abnormal motor functions. Levodopa (LD) is the most effective drug used for the treatment of PD; however, LD shows poor plasma bioavailability and limited brain uptake and induces peripheral side effects. Due to its poor brain availability and short half-life, prolonged treatment must be repeated with a dosing schedule, which leads to long-term side effects, including dyskinesia, stomatitis, anxiety, and depression. An LD-encapsulated polymer nanocomposite has been reported to overcome these problems. The present study aims to improve the bioavailability and efficiency of LD to an effective treatment strategy for PD. Herein, we report the newly synthesized LD-encapsulated poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanocomposite (LD-PCL-PVA NC), and its chemical and physical properties were analyzed. The LD-PCL-PVA NC exhibits no toxicity on the SH-SY5Y cell line and shows improved bioavailability of the LD in mouse plasma. Furthermore, we found that LD-PCL-PVA NC showed a significant improvement in motor symptoms in the rotenone (RT)-induced PD mouse model compared to the LD treatment. In addition, LD-PCL-PVA NC significantly increased the DA and homovanillic acid compared to LD and restored the total glutathione level and malonaldehyde and catalase activity in mouse brain. The histopathology studies reveal that LD-PCL-PVA NC did not exhibit toxicity in treated mice. The study suggested that LD-PCL-PVA NC can be used for the effective and promising treatment of PD.
Recent advances in therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease using protein/peptide co-modified polymer nanoparticles Ramesha Hanumanthappa, Aravind Parthasarathy, Geetha B. Heggannavar, Kiran PC, Hemalatha Nanjaiah, Ramhari Kumbhar, Kuramkote Shivanna Devaraju Neuroprotection, 2024 The blood‐brain barrier (BBB), which protects the brain from foreign molecules, makes delivery of drugs to the central nervous system is challenging. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been used over the past decade as drug delivery systems for the treatment of many disorders with great results. However, the effectiveness of NPs in delivering drugs to the brain for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) is limited by the BBB. A recent breakthrough in nanotechnology delivery systems involves the use of surface‐modified polymer NPs that enhance drug absorption and transport across the BBB; however, the technology still has some limitations. Studies conducted over the past few years have demonstrated that NPs modified with peptides or proteins can effectively cross the BBB via specific receptors, thus enhancing their delivery efficiency. In this review, we explore the use of polymer NPs combined with peptides and proteins for the treatment of AD and PD. This discussion focuses on the pathophysiology of these diseases, the BBB, and the potential of therapeutics based on co‐modifying NPs with peptides and proteins. Additionally, we outline future directions for the use of polymer NPs conjugated with these biomolecules.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole derivatives as urease inhibitors Der Pharma Chemica, 2011
Synthesis, In- vivo and In-silico anti-inflammatory studies of substituted fluoro pyrazole Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2011
In silico and pharmacokinetics of para-nitrophenylphosphate substrate for calcineurin International Conference on Bioinformatics Computational Biology Genomics and Chemoinformatics 2010 Bcbgc 2010, 2010
Synthesis of a modified peptide fragment analog Val-Tyr (P)-Val-Ala-Ala-OH of cAMP protein kinase regulatory sub unit type II employing Fmoc chemistry Indian Journal of Chemistry Section B Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2006
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A Levodopa-Encapsulated Poly-ε-Caprolactone Nanocomposite Improves the Motor Symptoms and Neurochemical Changes in a Rotenone-Induced Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease R Hanumanthappa, GB Heggannavar, A Banakar, DD Achari, ... ACS omega 10 (19), 19682-19696 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
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A novel nanocomposite Lf-DA-MSN-PF127 aided the delivery of dopamine for the treatment of Parkinson's disease in a rat model R Hanumanthappa, SR Naik, SP Nayak, A Bepari, HN Altamimi, ... Nanoscale Advances 7 (19), 6017-6031 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
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Does Protein Kinases exhibit Binding Affinity with Antipsychotic Drugs? A Molecular Docking Approach DKS Kiran.P.C, Sarojini.R.Bulbule, Ramesha Hanumanthappa, Hemalatha Nanjaiah Journal of Applied Bioinformatics & Computational Biology 12 (3) , 2023 2023
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Bioimaging of peroxynitrite in MCF-7 cells by a new fluorescent probe rhodamine B phenyl hydrazide G Ambikapathi, SK Kempahanumakkagari, B Ramappa Lamani, ... Journal of fluorescence 23 (4), 705-712 , 2013 2013 Citations: 37
Ultrasound-driven facile fabrication of Pd doped SnO2 hierarchical superstructures: Structural, growth mechanism, dermatoglyphics, and anti-cancer activity BRR Krushna, K Manjunatha, SY Wu, D Sivaganesh, SC Sharma, ... Biomaterials Advances 160, 213855 , 2024 2024 Citations: 36
Eco-friendly synthesis of CQDs from Pistachio shells: Versatile applications in anti-counterfeiting, flexible films, latent fingerprints and potential anti-cancer activity DH Sandeep, BRR Krushna, SC Sharma, P Ravindran, R Sivayogana, ... Journal of Alloys and Compounds 991, 174311 , 2024 2024 Citations: 30
Prediction of kabaddi playing ability from selected anthropometrical and physical variables among college level players K Devaraju, R Kalidasan Asian Journal of Information Technology 11 (4), 131-134 , 2012 2012 Citations: 29
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Red emitting SnO2: Eu3+ hierarchical structures for multifunctional applications: Thermal sensing, w-LEDs, latent fingerprint detection and biomedical applications BRR Krushna, IS Pruthviraj, SC Sharma, S Ray, ST Elayakumar, ... Journal of Alloys and Compounds 1013, 178496 , 2025 2025 Citations: 17
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Biosorption of Chromium(VI) and Lead(II): Role of Spirulina platensis in the Treatment of Industrial Effluent RL Babu, E Vijayalakshmi, MN Kumar, RH Patil, KS Devaraju, SC Sharma Bioremediation journal 17 (4), 231-239 , 2013 2013 Citations: 16
Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Capped Copper Oxide Nanoparticles-Anchored Pramipexole Attenuates the Rotenone-Induced Phenotypes in a Drosophila Parkinson’s … R Hanumanthappa, DM Venugopal, N PC, A Shaikh, S BM, ... ACS omega 8 (50), 47482-47495 , 2023 2023 Citations: 15
Corosolic Acid Inhibits Secretory Phospholipase A 2 IIa as an Anti-Inflammatory Function and Exhibits Anti-Tumor Activity in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Bearing Mice S Pundalik, KR Hanumappa, AS Giresha, D Urs, S Rajashekarappa, ... Journal of Inflammation Research, 6905-6921 , 2022 2022 Citations: 14
Recent advances in therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease using protein/peptide co-modified polymer nanoparticles R Hanumanthappa, A Parthasarathy, GB Heggannavar, PC Kiran, ... Neuroprotection 2 (04), 255-275 , 2024 2024 Citations: 12
Synthesis, Antioxidant, and Electrochemical Behavior Studies of 2-Amino-4 H -Chromene Derivatives Catalyzed by WEOFPA: Green Protocol KB Badiger, K Kamanna, R Hanumanthappa, KS Devaraju, ... Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 44 (1), 333-360 , 2024 2024 Citations: 12
Genetic screening of selected disease-causing mutations in glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase gene among Indian patients with glutaric aciduria type I TP Kruthika-Vinod, S Muntaj, KS Devaraju, M Kamate, AB Vedamurthy Journal of Pediatric Genetics 6 (03), 142-148 , 2017 2017 Citations: 8
Discovery of a latent calcineurin inhibitory peptide from its autoinhibitory domain by docking, dynamic simulation, and in vitro methods BM Harish, R Saraswathi, D Vinod, KS Devaraju Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 34 (5), 983-992 , 2016 2016 Citations: 8
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole derivatives as urease inhibitors SB Bole, R Nargund, LVG Nargund, KS Devaraju, AB Vedamurthy, ... Der Pharma. Chemica 3 (5), 73-80 , 2011 2011 Citations: 8