Cluster-based downscaling of precipitation using Kolmogorov-Arnold Neural Networks and CMIP6 models: Insights from Oman Ali Mardy, Mohammad Reza Nikoo, Mohammad G. Zamani, Ghazi Al-Rawas, Rouzbeh Nazari, Jiri Simunek, Ahmad Sana, Amir H. Gandomi Journal of Environmental Management, 2025 Accurate precipitation predictions are crucial for addressing climate change impacts on water resources, especially in arid regions like Oman. Therefore, this study evaluates three machine learning models—Random Forest (RF), Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks (MLP-ANN), and Kolmogorov-Arnold Neural Networks (KANNs)—to downscale and predict precipitation patterns under climate scenarios SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5. We assessed each model's ability to reproduce past trends and predict future precipitation using historical data from 1995 to 2014 and projections from 2020 to 2099. The KANN model demonstrated exceptional proficiency in forecasting extreme precipitation occurrences, especially in the most severe scenario (SSP5-8.5). The MLP-ANN model offered a balanced methodology, yielding dependable forecasts that are adaptive to fluctuating situations, even amongst small increases in precipitation and uncertainty. The RF model generated the most reliable forecasts, suggesting small increases in future precipitation while closely correlating with historical data. The study indicates distinct seasonal patterns, with peak precipitation occurring during the monsoon season from June to August. The RF model predicted more intense and uniformly distributed precipitation during this period, demonstrating its advanced data processing capabilities. The geographical patterns predicted by each model exhibited temporal stability, highlighting their consistent reliability, which is essential for precise climate predictions . This comparative research highlights the significance of choosing a suitable machine learning model according to distinct forecasting requirements. Effective downscaling methodologies are essential for informed water resources management , particularly in areas susceptible to cyclones and water shortages. These results provide essential direction for policymakers to improve climate resilience, optimize water infrastructure, and formulate adaptation measures in Oman and other dry locations. • Analyzes KANN for downscaling precipitation, effective in modeling extreme weather. • Downscales based on the rainfall from three cyclones: Gonu, Phet, and Nilofar. • Details methodology with CMIP6 models for robust, reliable precipitation forecasts. • Highlights KANN's sensitivity to SSP5-8.5; MLP balances accuracy, RF adds stability. • Offers insights for climate risk assessment in Oman, emphasizing model selection.
Regional distribution of intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) relationships in Sultanate of Oman Prerana Chitrakar, Ahmad Sana, Sheikha Hamood Nasser Almalki Journal of King Saud University Science, 2023 Analysis of extreme rainfall parameters including rainfall intensities is a fundamental requisite in safe planning, designing, and operating various hydrologic and water engineering projects against storms and floods. In arid and semi-arid regions, such as Oman, sufficient long-term rainfall data with short aggregation are usually not available in most locations across the country. This paper presents the development of intensity duration frequency (IDF) curves using the available rainfall data from 65 metrological stations situated at different elevations and regions throughout Oman. Gumbel distribution was fitted to the observed data and rainfall intensities were found for various return periods. Rainfall analysis showed the average annual rainfall of 109.21 mm with a standard deviation of 92.82 mm, Skewness coefficient of 1.62 and Kurtosis coefficient of 3.08 for all the studied stations from 1977 to 2017. The statistical analysis showed that the estimated rainfall intensities for various return periods are high in the mountainous region compared to the desert or interior region, and the coastal region of the country. Also, the empirical parameters of IDF formula for all studied stations were established using non-linear regression. Finally, the contour maps for all the parameters were drawn which could be used to determine the IDF relationships for ungauged locations. This study will be useful for the decision makers and practicing hydrologists for planning and design of water resources systems in Oman.
Assessment of groundwater below a contaminated soil landfill including modeling of vadose zone Proceedings Annual Conference Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, 2019
Oil and chemical spills Mahad S. Baawain, Jamal N. Al-Sabahi, Malik M. Al-Wardy, Ahmed Sana, Prerana Chitrakar, Abdullah H. Al-Yaqoob Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, 2019
Numerical modeling of a turbulent bottom boundary layer under solitary waves on a smooth surface Proceedings of the Coastal Engineering Conference, 2018
Performance of membrane bioreactor versus activated sludge at a domestic wastewater treatment plant in Oman Proceedings Annual Conference Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, 2015
Sustainable and beneficial options for reusing treated wastewater in Muscat, Oman Proceedings Annual Conference Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, 2012
Variation of frictional resistance under long waves in cross-shore direction Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Modelling of Seas and Coastal Regions Coastal, 1997
Application Of Low Reynolds Number K† E Model To Wave-current Combined Motion A Sana, H Tanaka WIT Transactions on The Built Environment 10 , 2025 2025
Multi-Objective Optimization of Coastal Aquifer Management Based on Temporal GALDIT and Explainable Deep Learning Models MR Nikoo, AA Nadiri, F Faal, M Al-Wardy, A Sana, J Šimůnek 2025
Blind‐Flux, Bathymetry‐Enhanced Stacking Ensemble for Rapid Wave‐Energy Flux Prediction Along Oman’s Coast MH Seyed-Djawadi, MR Nikoo, A Shahmiri, SM Siadatmousavi, ... Renewable Energy, 124086 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Determination of Rainfall-Runoff Relationship for Wadi Dayqah Catchment A Sana, B Al-Abri 6th Pacific Islands Universities Regional Network (PIURN) Conference, Lae, 75 , 2025 2025
Architectures of microbial electrosynthesis cell for acetate extraction: A mini review NJ Al Balushi, A Al-Mamun, Z Al Hasani, Z Yavari, A Sana, BR Dhar Bioresource Technology Reports 30, 102135 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Cluster-based downscaling of precipitation using Kolmogorov-Arnold Neural Networks and CMIP6 models: Insights from Oman A Mardy, MR Nikoo, MG Zamani, G Al-Rawas, R Nazari, J Simunek, ... Journal of Environmental Management 380, 124971 , 2025 2025 Citations: 11
Cost effective reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline composite coated SSM cathode for bio-electrochemical desalination: Advancing desalination via cathodic improvement S Rahman, T Al Shuaili, A Al-Mamun, E Khudaish, A Sana, MS Baawain, ... Desalination 597, 118399 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Principle of superposition versus control volume finite difference approach in analyzing the step-drawdown test data LN Gunawardhana, S Ahmed, A Sana, MS Baawain International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 21 (4), 3913-3926 , 2024 2024
Modeling of seawater intrusion into Salalah coastal plain aquifer, sultanate of Oman A Al-Hadhrami, A Sana, T Etri, A Al-Mamun, MR Nikoo, G Al-Rawas Groundwater for Sustainable Development 24, 101076 , 2024 2024 Citations: 11
Effective removal of Helminths Ova from wastewater and its inactivation from sewage sludge using thermophilic anaerobic digestion I Al-Sulaimi, JK Nayak, A Al-Mamun, A Sana Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 20, 100793 , 2023 2023 Citations: 6
A new treatment step of bioelectrochemically treated leachate using natural clay adsorption towards sustainable leachate treatment SA Siddiqi, S Rahman, A Al-Mamun, JK Nayak, A Sana, MS Baawain Environmental Science and Pollution Research 30 (52), 111903-111915 , 2023 2023
A new approach for assessing the assembled vulnerability of coastal aquifers based on optimization models M Gharekhani, MR Nikoo, AA Nadiri, G Al-Rawas, A Sana, AH Gandomi, ... Journal of Hydrology 625, 130084 , 2023 2023 Citations: 18
Regional distribution of intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) relationships in Sultanate of Oman P Chitrakar, A Sana, SHN Almalki Journal of King Saud University-Science 35 (7), 102804 , 2023 2023 Citations: 17
Baseline measurements of waves and currents along the coast of Oman A Sana, P Chitrakar, M Baawain, A Al-Mamun Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11 (9), 1711 , 2023 2023 Citations: 4
Study of Turbulence in Open Channels Using Two-Equation Models A Sana, G Al-Rawas, T Etri, A Al-Mamun Proceedings of the International Conference on Civil Infrastructure and … , 2023 2023
Assessment and modeling of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers of the Arabian Peninsula J Akhtar, A Sana, SM Tauseef Hydrogeology Journal 31 (5), 1121-1145 , 2023 2023 Citations: 11
Developing an uncertainty-based auto-calibrated reservoir eutrophication model: a case study of Karkheh Dam, Iran F Masoumi, S Masoumzadeh Sayyar, P Valizadeh, MR Nikoo, ... International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 20 (7), 7377-7392 , 2023 2023 Citations: 5
Recent advances in microbial electrosynthesis system: Metabolic investigation and process optimization A Al-Mamun, W Ahmed, T Jafary, JK Nayak, A Al-Nuaimi, A Sana Biochemical Engineering Journal 196, 108928 , 2023 2023 Citations: 30
Revisión: Evaluación y modelado de la intrusión de agua marina en los acuíferos costeros de la Península Arábiga J Akhtar, A Sana, SM Tauseef Hydrogeology Journal 31 (5), 1121-1145 , 2023 2023
Assessment of the vulnerability of hybrid coastal aquifers: application of multi-attribute decision-making and optimization models M Bordbar, MR Nikoo, A Sana, B Nematollahi, G Al-Rawas, AH Gandomi Hydrological Sciences Journal 68 (8), 1095-1108 , 2023 2023 Citations: 10
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Characteristics of turbulent boundary layers over a rough bed under saw-tooth waves and its application to sediment transport H Tanaka, A Sana Coastal Engineering 55 (12), 1102-1112 , 2008 2008 Citations: 85
A critical review of the recently developed laboratory-scale municipal solid waste landfill leachate treatment technologies SA Siddiqi, A Al-Mamun, MS Baawain, A Sana Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 52, 102011 , 2022 2022 Citations: 79
Effect of volatile fatty acids accumulation on biogas production by sludge-feeding thermophilic anaerobic digester and predicting process parameters IN Al-Sulaimi, JK Nayak, H Alhimali, A Sana, A Al-Mamun Fermentation 8 (4), 184 , 2022 2022 Citations: 78
Towards upscaling microbial desalination cell technology: A comprehensive review on current challenges and future prospects S Rahman, T Jafary, A Al-Mamun, MS Baawain, MR Choudhury, ... Journal of Cleaner Production 288, 125597 , 2021 2021 Citations: 73
Global scale evaluation of coastal fresh groundwater resources P Ranjan, S Kazama, M Sawamoto, A Sana Ocean & Coastal Management 52 (3-4), 197-206 , 2009 2009 Citations: 71
Characterization and pollution potential of leachate from urban landfills during dry and wet periods in arid regions SA Siddiqi, A Al-Mamun, A Sana, MS Baawain, MR Choudhury Water Supply 22 (3), 3462-3483 , 2022 2022 Citations: 53
Current status of marine pollution and mitigation strategies in arid region: a detailed review P Chitrakar, MS Baawain, A Sana, A Al-Mamun Ocean Science Journal 54 (3), 317-348 , 2019 2019 Citations: 44
Full-range equation for wave boundary layer thickness A Sana, H Tanaka Coastal engineering 54 (8), 639-642 , 2007 2007 Citations: 42
Groundwater contamination in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries: a review SA Siddiqi, A Al-Mamun, MS Baawain, A Sana Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28 (17), 21023-21044 , 2021 2021 Citations: 38
Review of k-ε model to analyze oscillatory boundary layers A Sana, H Tanaka Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 126 (9), 701-710 , 2000 2000 Citations: 38
Groundwater flow and solute transport simulation in Eastern Al Batinah Coastal Plain, Oman: case study P Chitrakar, A Sana Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 21 (2), 05015020 , 2016 2016 Citations: 35
Modeling of a rough-wall oscillatory boundary layer using two-equation turbulence models A Sana, AR Ghumman, H Tanaka Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 135 (1), 60-65 , 2009 2009 Citations: 35
Numerical study on transition to turbulence in a wave boundary layer H Tanaka, A Sana Euromech Colloquium, 21-24 , 1993 1993 Citations: 35
Recent advances in microbial electrosynthesis system: Metabolic investigation and process optimization A Al-Mamun, W Ahmed, T Jafary, JK Nayak, A Al-Nuaimi, A Sana Biochemical Engineering Journal 196, 108928 , 2023 2023 Citations: 30
Two-equation turbulence models for smooth oscillatory boundary layers A Sana, EB Shuy Journal of waterway, port, coastal, and ocean engineering 128 (1), 38-45 , 2002 2002 Citations: 28
Beach erosion along Al Batinah coast, Sultanate of Oman AY Kwarteng, SM Al-Hatrushi, WK Illenberger, A McLachlan, A Sana, ... Arabian Journal of Geosciences 9 (2), 85 , 2016 2016 Citations: 27
Numerical modeling of seawater intrusion in Wadi Al-Jizi coastal aquifer in the Sultanate of Oman J Akhtar, A Sana, SM Tauseef, H Tanaka Hydrology 9 (12), 211 , 2022 2022 Citations: 21
Modification of the damping function in the< i> k–ε</i> model to analyse oscillatory boundary layers A Sana, AR Ghumman, H Tanaka Ocean engineering 34 (2), 320-326 , 2007 2007 Citations: 21
A review on semiconductor photocathode in bioelectrochemical systems: mechanism, limitation, and environmental application S Rahman, NJ Al Balushi, JK Nayak, A Al-Mamun, M Al-Abri, M Al Alawi, ... Materials Today Sustainability 22, 100349 , 2023 2023 Citations: 20
