Dielectric nanofluids for transformer cooling: Performance, challenges, and towards smart and sustainable thermal management Rizwan A. Farade, Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab, Jeyraj Selvaraj, Husam S. Samkari, Mohammed F. Allehyani, Nehad Ali Shah, Maddina Dinesh Kumar, Zeeshan Materials Today Sustainability, 2026 Transformers encounter increasing thermal stress due to rising power densities and the integration of renewable energy. This makes it harder for traditional cooling fluids to work. This review's goal is to critically compare empirical studies of dielectric nanofluids as thermal media for power transformers. It integrates reported thermal performance of dielectric nanofluids in different nanoparticle and base fluid systems. Enhancements include thermal conductivity of 0.9-210%, flash point of 44%, fire point of 9%, and pour point of -45%, and reduced gassing tendency. These enhancements come with trade-offs such as specific heat reductions and viscosity increase. The mechanisms that control heat transport are analysed, with focus on nanoscale interfacial phenomena, percolation networks, and phonon transport. The review identifies and reconciles critical knowledge gaps, focussing on long-term stability and interfacial compatibility under thermal cycling. The novel contribution consists of the integration of interfacial physics, performance trade-offs, sustainability considerations, and intelligent monitoring into a cohesive framework. Sustainability is addressed through the exploration of nanoparticle green synthesis pathways. This article extends earlier reviews by adding nanofluids to smart cooling systems driven by Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI). The main findings suggest that nanoparticle surface chemistry is necessary for thermal enhancement, AI-driven systems boost performance, and green synthesis supports sustainability in next-generation applications. Finally, it points out key areas of research, such as accelerated ageing protocols, standardised evaluation, and renewable-grid integration, to turn laboratory results into practical, sustainable transformer cooling solutions. • Links dielectric nanofluids with smart cooling (IoT/AI) for transformers. • Review literature and identifies key gaps related to stability, modelling, and sustainability. • Thermal performance evaluation of dielectric nanofluids and quantifies performance gains. • Promotes sustainable green synthesis and eco-friendly nanofluids. • Outlines actionable roadmap for industry adoption and standardization.
Multi-Linear Regression Modeling of Non-Newtonian Boger Fluid Flow over a 3D Stretching Interface With Thermal Radiation Effects Maddina Dinesh Kumar, Khalid Masood, S. U Mamatha, Usman Afzal, Nehad Ali Shah ZAMM Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Mathematik Und Mechanik, 2026 Heat transmission is enhanced when nanoparticles are mixed with a base liquid. Nanotechnology influences several fields, such as physics, industry, and medicine. Because of their exceptional thermal conductivity, hybrid nanofluids are frequently utilized in heat exchangers and other thermal applications. In this work, non‐Fourier flux and linear heat radiation are incorporated into the analysis of the three‐dimensional ternary hybrid nanofluid (Fe 3 O 4 + Diamond + TiO 2 /H 2 O) in a rectangular closed domain. Water containing titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles, iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ), and diamond was examined over a stretched surface. Nonlinear ODEs are framed from the governing PDEs and further solved using MATLAB's BVP4C solver. The impact of changing factors on temperature and flow is investigated. It is noticed that decreasing dimensionless velocities and temperature distributions for higher nanoparticle volume fractions. A higher volume fraction (ϕ) affects friction and heat transmission, and essential fluid temperatures at 10°C and 50°C are used in the simulations.
Numerical Investigation of Heat and Mass Transfer in Diathermic Oil-Based AA7072-AA7075-Al2O3 Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Over Cone and Wedge Geometries Maddina Dinesh kumar, Khalid Masood, D. Serafin Grace, P. Durgaprasad, Nehad Ali Shah ZAMM Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Mathematik Und Mechanik, 2026 Ternary hybrid nanofluids made of AA7072, AA7075, and Al 2 O 3 dispersed in diathermic oil have a high thermal carrying capacity and would be useful in the more sophisticated industrial setting of heat transfer. The purpose of this work is to investigate the mass and heat transfer rates of ternary hybrid nanofluids across a cone and wedge geometry under various physical parameters, including radiation, heat source, suction, and porous. The model takes into account steady, laminar, incompressible flow with no‐slip boundary conditions and takes into account effects like magnetic field, suction, thermal radiation, chemical reaction, and porous medium, along with Tiwari–Das model relations, which are used to evaluate the ternary nanofluid's thermophysical characteristics. The governing equations of nonlinear boundary value problems (BVPs) are numerically solved, and the results of heat and mass transfer are obtained using the bvp5c solver in MATLAB software. The findings show that the cone geometry has better heat and mass transfer than the wedge geometry because the thermal and concentration gradients are stronger. Additionally, suction improves the boundary layer's stability, whereas magnetic and radiative interactions have a considerable impact on temperature profiles; it was found that raising these parameter values causes an increase in temperature profiles.
Mass Transfer Characteristics and Entropy Generation of Rotating Non-Uniform Surfaces With Coriolis Forces and Dissipative Eyring–Powell Flows Gurram Dharmaiah, Maddina Dinesh Kumar, C. S. K. Raju, Nehad Ali Shah, Se‐Jin Yook ZAMM Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Mathematik Und Mechanik, 2026 This study delves into the heat and mass transfer Coriolis force of the Eyring–Powell fluid on a rotating upper horizontal surface of a paraboloid of revolution (UHSPR). The reigning equations are formulated to have terms of rotation, mass transfer and non‐linearity of fluids. Using similarity transformations, the partial differential equations system governing them are facilitated to a coupled ordinary differential equations system. It is addressed with the bvp4c solver numerically in MATLAB. An impact of the major dimensionless framework variable on temperature, velocity and concentration profiles is examined and visually represented, in which it is discovered, with a progressing Grashof number, the velocity distributions will be greatly improved since the buoyancy forces will be more potent. The findings provide valuable insights into mass and heat transfer behaviour in the process of non‐Newtonian rotating fluids with practical engineering applications.
DoE-driven deep learning analysis of bioactive effluent transport for sustainable sanitation S.P. Shivakumar, Sujesh Areekara, Maddina Dinesh Kumar, T.V. Smitha, S. Devanathan, K.V. Nagaraja, Nehad Ali Shah, Ioannis E. Sarris, Elif Hasret Kumcu Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 2026 The rapid growth of industrialization and the depletion of global water resources have made the treatment and reuse of hazardous industrial effluents crucial for sustainable water management, directly supporting the Clean Water and Sanitation Sustainable Goals. As conventional treatment technologies have continued to be both expensive and energy consuming, biologically assisted technologies present environmentally friendly and scalable alternatives. This research has developed a new bio-rheological modeling framework to simulate the flow of effluents and the mechanisms used to transport pollutants based on microrotation induced by microbial motility combined with the non-Newtonian Casson fluid behavior of effluents. The bio-rheological model incorporates the complex physical, thermal, and biologically based interactions of microbial motility, heat, and hazardous contaminant transport through molecular-based nonlinear radiation, Arrhenius rate law reaction kinetics, and thermo-diffusive effects. Using a Central Composite Design based deep neural network (DNN) model, we can predict key engineering quantities such as heat and mass transfer rates, and rates of microbial motility with greater accuracy and efficiency than achieved with conventional analytical and empirical methods. In fact, the DNN model produced R² values of 0.9989 for the heat transfer rate, 0.9996 for the mass transfer rate and 0.9993 for the density of microbial motility, which demonstrates that the DNN provided an accurate representation of the real-world physical, thermal, and microbiological interactions between effluents and their associated pollutants. This integrated biofluid-AI approach provides practitioners with a data-driven and sustainable framework to optimally design and implement biological treatment systems for industrial effluent with minimal cost, energy consumption, and environmental impact.
Optimization of Heat Transfer Rate in Dusty Fluid Flow Over a Stretching Riga Sheet Using Response Surface Methodology: Application to Industrial Coating Processes Usman Afzal, Maddina Dinesh Kumar, Nehad Ali Shah, Adnan Ashique, Jae Dong Chung ZAMM Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Mathematik Und Mechanik, 2026 This study investigates the transfer of heat performance of nanofluids and dusty fluids over a stretching Riga plate in a porous medium under the influence of the modified Hartmann number. Key parameters considered include the Prandtl number, nanoparticle volume fraction, and interaction parameters for temperature and velocity. Nano‐ and dusty‐fluids are essential in energy systems and thermal management. Unlike previous works, this study examines their combined behavior under magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects. The integration of response surface methodology (RSM) provides a statistical approach for optimization. Through similarity transformations, the governing equations are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations and solved numerically using MATLAB's BVP4C solver. RSM is used to analyze and visualize parametric effects through 3D response surfaces. An increase in dust volume fraction improves heat transfer, while the Hartmann number, porosity, and interaction parameters influence velocity and temperature distributions. Graphical and tabular results show complex boundary layer behavior. Dusty nano‐fluids effectively enhance heat transfer in porous media, with potential applications in electronics cooling, heat exchangers, and industrial systems. The findings support further work on hybrid multiphase models under MHD conditions.
Viscous and Ohmic Heating Effects on MHD Flow of Nanofluid Past a Porous Stretching Sheet with Thermal Radiation and Heat Generation/Absorption: Copper-Alumina Water M Thiagarajan, MD Kumar Journal of Vibration Testing and System Dynamics 4 (1), 65-78 , 2020 2020 Citations: 3
Impacts of heat and mass flux on MHD flow and heat transfer of radiative nanofluid past an exponentially shrinking/stretching sheet with viscous and Ohmic dissipations MD Kumar, M Thiagarajan WSEAS Transactions on Applied and Theoretical Mechanics 15, 182-193 , 2020 2020
Homotopy Perturbation Method of Hydromagnetic Flow and Heat Transfer of a Casson Fluid over an Exponentially Shrinking Sheet T Murugesan, S Varshini, M DineshKumar World Scientific News 140, 59-78 , 2020 2020 Citations: 3
Magnetohydrodynamic Boundary Layer Flow Of A Nanofluid And Heat Transfer Over An Exponentially Shrinking Sheet: Alumina - Water M DineshKumar, S Ranjitha International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 6 (1), 80-86 , 2019 2019
Heat Source/Sink and Chemical Reaction Effects on MHD and Heat Transfer Flow of Radiative Nanofluid Over a Porous Exponentially Stretching Sheet with Viscous Dissipation and … M Thiagarajan, M DineshKumar International Journal of Basic Sciences and Applied Computing 2 (7), 5-12 , 2019 2019 Citations: 6
Viscous dissipation and Joule heating effects on MHD flow of a Thermo-Solutal stratified nanofluid over an exponentially stretching sheet with radiation and heat generation … T Murugesan, M DineshKumar World scientific news 129, 193-210 , 2019 2019 Citations: 19
Effects of thermal radiation and heat generation on hydromagnetic flow of nanofluid over an exponentially stretching sheet in a porous medium with viscous dissipation T Murugesan, MD Kumar World Scientific News 128 (2) , 2019 2019 Citations: 17
Suction/Injection Effect on MHD Flow of a Nanofluid and Heat Transfer Over a Nonlinear Stretching Plate M DineshKumar, S Ranjitha International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering … , 2018 2018
MHD Flow of a Nanofluid and Heat transfer over an Exponentially Shrinking Sheet with Viscous Dissipation and Heat Source with Suction: Alumina and Silver water M Thiagarajan, MD Kumar, C Periasamy International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 117 (11), 317-325 , 2017 2017
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Viscous dissipation and Joule heating effects on MHD flow of a Thermo-Solutal stratified nanofluid over an exponentially stretching sheet with radiation and heat generation … T Murugesan, M DineshKumar World scientific news 129, 193-210 , 2019 2019 Citations: 19
Effects of thermal radiation and heat generation on hydromagnetic flow of nanofluid over an exponentially stretching sheet in a porous medium with viscous dissipation T Murugesan, MD Kumar World Scientific News 128 (2) , 2019 2019 Citations: 17
Heat Source/Sink and Chemical Reaction Effects on MHD and Heat Transfer Flow of Radiative Nanofluid Over a Porous Exponentially Stretching Sheet with Viscous Dissipation and … M Thiagarajan, M DineshKumar International Journal of Basic Sciences and Applied Computing 2 (7), 5-12 , 2019 2019 Citations: 6
Viscous and Ohmic Heating Effects on MHD Flow of Nanofluid Past a Porous Stretching Sheet with Thermal Radiation and Heat Generation/Absorption: Copper-Alumina Water M Thiagarajan, MD Kumar Journal of Vibration Testing and System Dynamics 4 (1), 65-78 , 2020 2020 Citations: 3
Homotopy Perturbation Method of Hydromagnetic Flow and Heat Transfer of a Casson Fluid over an Exponentially Shrinking Sheet T Murugesan, S Varshini, M DineshKumar World Scientific News 140, 59-78 , 2020 2020 Citations: 3
Impacts of heat and mass flux on MHD flow and heat transfer of radiative nanofluid past an exponentially shrinking/stretching sheet with viscous and Ohmic dissipations MD Kumar, M Thiagarajan WSEAS Transactions on Applied and Theoretical Mechanics 15, 182-193 , 2020 2020
Magnetohydrodynamic Boundary Layer Flow Of A Nanofluid And Heat Transfer Over An Exponentially Shrinking Sheet: Alumina - Water M DineshKumar, S Ranjitha International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 6 (1), 80-86 , 2019 2019
Suction/Injection Effect on MHD Flow of a Nanofluid and Heat Transfer Over a Nonlinear Stretching Plate M DineshKumar, S Ranjitha International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering … , 2018 2018
MHD Flow of a Nanofluid and Heat transfer over an Exponentially Shrinking Sheet with Viscous Dissipation and Heat Source with Suction: Alumina and Silver water M Thiagarajan, MD Kumar, C Periasamy International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 117 (11), 317-325 , 2017 2017