Autonomous Control , Embedded System , Automation and Robotics
48
Scopus Publications
504
Scholar Citations
10
Scholar h-index
12
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
ADVANCES IN MACHINE LEARNING-BASED RAINFALL FORECASTING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Muhammad Izaaz Hazmii Suhaimi, Juliana Johari, Fazlina Ahmat Ruslan, Mohd Azri Abdul Aziz, Noorfadzli Abdul Razak Jurnal Teknologi, 2026 Rainfall forecasting plays a critical role in managing water resources, reducing the risks of extreme weather, and supporting agriculture. Traditional methods such as Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and statistical models often struggle with accuracy and scalability, especially when dealing with localized weather conditions or extreme events. In recent years, machine learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful tool for identifying complex patterns in meteorological data. This review explores the progress of ML-based rainfall forecasting from 2014 to 2024. It organizes the literature into five main groups: Traditional Machine Learning models, General Neural Networks, Deep Learning models like LSTM and CNN, Ensemble techniques, and Hybrid models. The paper also highlights key trends through an N-gram analysis of publications from Scopus and Web of Science. The main contributions of this review include an overview of model development over the last decade, a comparison of model performance across different forecasting scenarios, and a summary of which models are best suited for various data environments. While ML models show strong potential, they also face ongoing challenges such as overfitting, high computational costs, and limited interpretability. This review concludes by identifying future research directions to improve the efficiency, transparency, and real-world applicability of ML-based rainfall forecasting.
Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication: A Review of Efficiency, Communication Medium and Action Signal Nur Izzati Anaz Anizan, Fazlina Ahmat Ruslan, Noorfadzli Abdul Razak, Mohd Azri Abdul Aziz, Juliana Johari International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, 2025 In an era marked by rapid advancement in technology, transportation systems are experiencing a revolutionary transformation. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication stands at the forefront of this transformative movement, with the potential to significantly change the ways how vehicles interact with one another and their surrounding environment. This newly developed technology has the capacity to significantly improve road safety, traffic efficiency, and every aspect of the driving experience. Thus, a review of V2V communication based on its safety, efficiency of traffic on the road, the medium of communication and the action signal have been made. The purpose of the review on this technology is to examine the possibility of enhancing safety measures that may include walking, motorcyclists, cyclists, and drivers on the road. A comprehensive review of publications about safety, technology for communication, and signal reception in vehicles was conducted, along with an analysis of the articles that followed. Notably, the quest encompassed three prominent databases – IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science – covering the period from 2002 to 2023. These repositories were deemed adequately comprehensive to envelop our literature review. Through the application of predefined criteria for inclusion and exclusion, a total of 125 articles were curated. Among this compilation, a majority (63 out of 125) were dedicated to studies centered around V2V communication systems. Furthermore, a significant subset (44 out of 125) revolved around tangible endeavors directed at the advancement of V2V communications. The remaining fraction (18 out of 125) comprised articles offering comprehensive assessments and survey analyses. Multiple investigations were conducted with a focus on automating the detection of V2V communications and their respective subcategories, all geared towards the enhancement of detection accuracy. Therefore, this systematic review is intended to provide pathways for researchers and encourage their motivation to address the identified problems and gaps.
Modelling and estimating trajectory points from RTK-GNSS based on an integrated modelling approach Ravenny Sandin Nahar, Kok Mun Ng, Fadhlan Hafizhelmi Kamaruzaman, Noorfadzli Abdul Razak, Juliana Johari Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2024 The sparse Gaussian process regression (GPR) has been used to model trajectory data from Real time kinematics-global navigation satellite system (RTK-GNSS). However, upon scrutinizing the model residuals; the sparse GPR model poorly fits the data and exhibits presence of correlated noise. This work attempts to address these issues by proposing an integrated modeling approach called GPR-LR-ARIMA where the sparse GPR was integrated with the linear regression with autoregressive integrated moving average errors (LR-ARIMA) to further enhance the description of the trajectory data. In this integrated approach, the predicted trajectory points from the GPR were further described by the LR-ARIMA. Simulation of the GPR-LR-ARIMA on three sets of trajectory data indicated better model fit, revealed in the normally distributed model residuals and symmetrically distributed scatter plots. Correlated noise was also successfully eliminated by the model. The GPR-LR-ARIMA outperformed both the GPR and LRARIMA by its ability to improve mean-absolute-error in 2-dimension positioning by up to 86%. The GPR-LR-ARIMA contributes to enhancement of positioning accuracy of dynamic GNSS measurements in localization and navigation system with good model fit.
Research on the Application of Adaptive Parameter Adjustment Strategy in RBF Kernel SVM Image Classification Xu Zhipeng, Mohd Azri Abdul Aziz, Noorfadzli Abdul Razak 2024 6th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Informatics Isci 2024, 2024 Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a powerful machine learning model with extensive applications in fields such as image classification. The reasonable setting of kernel parameters is crucial for the performance of RBF kernel functions in SVMs. Traditional methods require manually specifying parameters or obtaining parameters through grid search, which results in high computational costs and unsatisfactory results. Therefore, we propose an adaptive parameter adjustment strategy that dynamically adjusts the RBF kernel parameters based on the characteristics of training data, continuously optimizing the performance of SVM classifiers. We evaluated the proposed strategy on the autonomous vehicle dataset and found that compared with the default setting parameters or grid search parameters, this adaptive strategy can significantly improve the classification accuracy, reaching the best accuracy of 0.992 on the autonomous vehicle dataset. Its computational time is 2.443 seconds and better than grid search. This strategy has the advantages of no manual intervention and high computational efficiency, providing an effective parameter tuning scheme for the application of RBF kernel SVMs in image classification and other fields.
Performance Evaluation of Support Vector Machine Algorithm in Object Classification Using Different Preprocessing Methods Xu Zhipeng, Mohd Azri Abdul Aziz, Noorfadzli Abdul Razak 2024 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems I2cacis 2024 Proceedings, 2024 Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are excellent tools in the field of machine learning that are well suited for classification and regression problems. However, SVM is highly sensitive to data. In recent years, many researchers have continued to use various data preprocessing methods to improve model performance. Nevertheless, there is a lack of comparison of multiple datasets preprocessing methods, and there is also a lack of experiments on classification targets. This research aims to compare the performance of different preprocessing methods by using vector machines with radial basis function (RBF) kernel support. Three data sets of pedestrians, vehicles, and traffic signs are classified, and four common data preprocessing methods are used: data cleaning, feature selection, feature scaling, and dimensionality reduction. Observing the results through the use of assessment metrics accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The experiment shows that the preprocessing method of feature selection is superior to the other three preprocessing methods. It achieves an accuracy of 0.985, a precision of 0.986, a recall rate of 0.985 and an F1 score of 0.986. This research has important research significance for automatic driving target classification.
Characterization of Bio-Cement Reinforced with Eggshell Composites R. Rosmamuhamadani Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2024 Eggshells are an interesting inorganic compound with a chemical composition and crystallographic structure similar to that of CaCO3. This study aims to acquire a better understanding of the use of eggshells, which are commercially incorporated into cement mixtures, to increase the mechanical strength of cement-eggshell composite. The cement mixture was prepared by incorporating different compositions (5, 10, and 15 wt.%) of eggshell powder. The raw eggshells were cleaned, crushed, dried, sieved into small pieces, and mixed with the cement according to the desired composition. Analysis of the eggshell powder showed similar peaks to CaCO3, indicating that eggshells can be used as a calcium source. The results indicated that the addition of 10 wt.% finely ground eggshell powder improved the compressive and flexural strength of the cement mix. It was also found that eggshell powder can potentially be used as a filler, as it exhibited the highest water absorption at 15 wt.%. The use of eggshells as a reinforcing component in environmentally friendly cement mixes has the potential to improve the environment by reducing waste, the need for conventional cement resources, and the pollution caused by excessive cement mining.
Dexmedetomidine and Propofol Sedation in Critically Ill Patients and Dose-associated 90-Day Mortality Yahya Shehabi, Ary Serpa Neto, Rinaldo Bellomo, Belinda D. Howe, Yaseen M. Arabi, et al. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2023 RATIONALE Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE-III) trial reported significant heterogeneity in mortality with dexmedetomidine treatment. Supplemental propofol was commonly used to achieve desirable sedation. OBJECTIVES to quantify the association of different infusion rates of dexmedetomidine or propofol, given in combination, with mortality and if this is modified by age. METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS We included 1177 patients randomized in SPICE-III to receive dexmedetomidine and given supplemental propofol, stratified by age (>65 or ≤65 years). We used double stratification analysis to produce quartiles of steady infusion rates of dexmedetomidine, while escalating propofol dose and vice versa. We used Cox proportional hazard and multivariable regression, adjusted for relevant clinical variable to evaluate the association of sedative dose with 90-day mortality. MAIN RESULTS Younger patients 598/1177(50.8%) received a significantly higher dose of both sedatives compared with older patients, to achieve comparable sedation depth. On double stratification analysis, escalating infusion rates of propofol to 1.27 mg/kg/h at a steady dexmedetomidine infusion rate (0.54 mcg/kg/h) was associated with reduced adjusted mortality in younger, but not older patients. This was consistent with multivariable regression modelling [hazard ratio: 0.59(95% Confidence Interval 0.43-0.78),P<0.0001], adjusted for baseline risk and interaction with dexmedetomidine dose. In contrast, among younger patients using multivariable regression, escalating dexmedetomidine infusion rate was associated with increased adjusted mortality [HR:1.30(95%CI 1.03-1.65), P=0.029]. CONCLUSION In patients ≤ 65 years sedated with dexmedetomidine and propofol combination, preferentially increasing the dose of propofol was associated with decreased adjusted 90-day mortality. Conversely, increasing dexmedetomidine may be associated with increased mortality. Clinical trial registration available at www. CLINICALTRIALS gov, ID: NCT01728558.
Switching Circuit For Automated Air Conditioner Control And Energy Saving In Classrooms Nurwani Mohd Redzuan, Farah Yasmin Abdul Rahman, Norashikin M. Thamrin, Noorfadzli Abdul Razak, Megat Syahirul Amin Megat Ali, et al. 2023 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Informatics Isci 2023, 2023 This project introduces an energy-efficient switching circuit designed for automating classroom air conditioning, thereby contributing to electricity conservation. With the growing demand for electricity worldwide, it is imperative to devise economical strategies for optimizing power usage. Recent advancements have resulted in intelligent technologies such as smart thermostats, power outlets, and lighting systems, all aimed at optimizing electricity consumption. Taking inspiration from smart thermostats, which modulate home heating and cooling based on ambient temperature, the proposed system employs a sound sensor to detect human presence within a classroom. When absence is detected, the air conditioning system is automatically deactivated, leading to significant energy savings. The circuit’s implementation is user-friendly, eliminating the need to replace the existing air conditioning switch. Therefore, this switch circuit presents an opportunity for classrooms to reduce their energy footprint without compromising on comfort.
A Lane Detection Using Image Processing Technique for Two-Lane Road Noorfadzli bin Abdul Razak, Muhammad Zaim bin Mazlan, Juliana Binti Johari, Syahrul Afzal Bin Che Abdullah, Ng Kok Mun 2022 IEEE 10th Conference on Systems Process and Control Icspc 2022 Proceedings, 2022
Publication Management System using Scopus API Badrul Hisham Fitri Mohd Ijazi, Syahrul Afzal Che Abdullah, Ng Kok Mun, Norashikin M. Thamrin, Noorfadzli Abdul Razak, et al. 2022 IEEE 10th Conference on Systems Process and Control Icspc 2022 Proceedings, 2022
Evaluating Ai-Based Models for Energy Economy Nexus Analysis: a Focus on Hydroelectric Power AAN Azman, MAA Aziz, NA Razak, MM Kamal 2025 IEEE 8th International Conference on Electrical, Control and Computer … , 2025 2025
An Image Processing Technique for Lane Path Detection in Palm Oil Plantation NA Razak, AM Kamarudzaman, J Johari, MAA Aziz, FA Ruslan, ... International Journal of Integrated Engineering 17 (2), 113-125 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication: A Review of Efficiency, Communication Medium and Action Signal NIA Anizan, FA Ruslan, NA Razak, MAA Aziz, J Johari International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 22 (1), 11986 … , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
On the Influence of Clamping Force NA Alang, IU Ferdous, J Alias, NAA Razak Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Mechanical, Automotive … , 2024 2024
Research on the Application of Adaptive Parameter Adjustment Strategy in RBF Kernel SVM Image Classification X Zhipeng, MAA Aziz, NA Razak 2024 IEEE 6th Symposium on Computers & Informatics (ISCI), 138-145 , 2024 2024 Citations: 3
Performance Evaluation of Support Vector Machine Algorithm in Object Classification Using Different Preprocessing Methods X Zhipeng, MAA Aziz, NA Razak 2024 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent … , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
On the Influence of Clamping Force and Contact Friction in Small Punch Test NA Alang, IU Ferdous, J Alias, NAA Razak, AH Ahmad International Conference on Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering … , 2023 2023 Citations: 1
Switching Circuit For Automated Air Conditioner Control And Energy Saving In Classrooms NM Redzuan, FYA Rahman, NM Thamrin, NA Razak, MSAM Ali, ... 2023 IEEE Symposium on Computers & Informatics (ISCI), 58-62 , 2023 2023 Citations: 1
Investigation of object detection and identification at different lighting conditions for autonomous vehicle application NA Razak, NAA Sabri, J Johari, FA Ruslan, MM Kamal, MAA Aziz International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 20 (3), 10649 … , 2023 2023 Citations: 3
Application of response surface methodology for parameter optimization of aluminum 7075 thixoforming feedstock billet production A Megalingam, AH Ahmad, NA Alang, J Alias, NAA Razak Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 32 (13), 5919-5931 , 2023 2023 Citations: 11
Density and nest-site selection of invasive mynas and starlings in urban and sub-urban areas in western Sarawak, Malaysia S Azizi, MFS Ramji, NW Teng, NAA Razak, HJN Ilan, J Mohd-Azlan Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 18 (4), 191-201 , 2023 2023 Citations: 3
Publication management system using scopus API BHFM Ijazi, SAC Abdullah, NK Mun, NM Thamrin, NA Razak, ZHC Soh 2022 IEEE 10th Conference on Systems, Process & Control (ICSPC), 313-318 , 2022 2022 Citations: 1
Characterization of Produced Water from Petroleum Hydrocarbons Terminal. NA Razak, H Mukhtar, DF Mohshim Journal of Positive School Psychology 6 (3) , 2022 2022 Citations: 3
Design and Development of Modular and Open System (MOST) for Pandemic Precaution NA Razak, MRB Sazali, J Johari, NAM Salleh, YHP Manurung, NK Mun Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Science and … , 2022 2022
Analysis of Training Function for NNARX in Solar Radiation Prediction Modeling MRS Mohd, J Johari, FA Ruslan, NA Razak, S Ahmad, ASM Shah Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Science and … , 2022 2022 Citations: 3
An evaluation of alternative fuels’ spray penetration at various spray cone angles and injection pressures using a simple evaporation model J Lim, NA Razak, NM Mazlan Biofuels 13 (3), 321-331 , 2022 2022 Citations: 6
Effect of Artificial Aging on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AJ62 Magnesium Alloys MIM Ramli, MAF Romzi, J Alias, NAA Razak International Conference on Mechanical Engineering Research, 339-348 , 2021 2021
Prediction of solvation properties of low transition temperature mixtures (LTTMs) using COSMO-RS and NMR approach NR Yusuf, S Yusup, CL Yiin, PJ Ratri, AA Halim, NA Razak IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1195 (1), 012006 , 2021 2021 Citations: 10
Evaluation of dynamic measurements from RTK-GNSS operating in sub-urban environment RS Nahar, KM Ng, J Johari, MM Kamal, NA Razak 2021 IEEE 12th Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC), 93-98 , 2021 2021 Citations: 1
Development of Self-Operating Solar Energy Potential Measuring Devices using Simple Microcontroller Setup MRS Mohd, MS Abdullah, FA Ruslan, J Johari, NA Razak, S Ahmad, ... 2021 IEEE 12th Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC), 51-56 , 2021 2021 Citations: 1
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Physical and optical properties of Dy3+: Li2O–K2O–B2O3 glasses SA Azizan, S Hashim, NA Razak, MHA Mhareb, YSM Alajerami, ... Journal of Molecular Structure 1076, 20-25 , 2014 2014 Citations: 143
Impact of Eu 3+ Ions on Physical and Optical Properties of Li 2 O-Na 2 O-B 2 O 3 Glass NA Razak, S Hashim, MHA Mhareb, YSM Alajerami, SA Azizan, ... Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 29 (3), 395-400 , 2016 2016 Citations: 53
Single infra-red sensor technique for line-tracking autonomous mobile vehicle NM Arshad, MF Misnan, NA Razak 2011 IEEE 7th international colloquium on signal processing and its … , 2011 2011 Citations: 25
Comparison between ziegler-nichols and amigo tuning techniques in automated steering control system for autonomous vehicle NNBM Mazlan, NM Thamrin, NA Razak 2020 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent … , 2020 2020 Citations: 23
Vision-based detection technique for effective line-tracking autonomus vehicle NM Arshad, NA Razak 2012 IEEE 8th International Colloquium on Signal Processing and its … , 2012 2012 Citations: 20
Emotional intelligence from the perspectives of Malaysian helping professionals: A qualitative study IHA Tharbe, M Sumari, KM Ng, NAA Razak, S Amat Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum 28 (4), 1-18 , 2020 2020 Citations: 19
Remote air quality monitoring system by using MyRIO-LabVIEW KM Ng, MAHM Suhaimi, A Ahmad, NA Razak 2018 9th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC), 105-109 , 2018 2018 Citations: 19
Simultaneous localization and mapping based real-time inter-row tree tracking technique for unmanned aerial vehicle NM Thamrin, NHM Arshad, R Adnan, R Sam, NA Razak, MF Misnan, ... 2012 IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and … , 2012 2012 Citations: 17
Investigation of pouring temperature and holding time for semisolid metal feedstock production NA Razak, AH Ahmad, MM Rashidi IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 257 (1), 012085 , 2017 2017 Citations: 13
Application of response surface methodology for parameter optimization of aluminum 7075 thixoforming feedstock billet production A Megalingam, AH Ahmad, NA Alang, J Alias, NAA Razak Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 32 (13), 5919-5931 , 2023 2023 Citations: 11
Prediction of solvation properties of low transition temperature mixtures (LTTMs) using COSMO-RS and NMR approach NR Yusuf, S Yusup, CL Yiin, PJ Ratri, AA Halim, NA Razak IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1195 (1), 012006 , 2021 2021 Citations: 10
Fabricate optical microfiber by using flame brushing technique and coated with polymer polyaniline for sensing application NA Razak, BA Hamida, N Irawati, MH Habaebi IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 210 (1), 012041 , 2017 2017 Citations: 10
Visual-based motorcycle detection using you only look once (yolo) deep network FH Kamaru Zaman, SA Che Abdullah, NA Razak, J Johari, I Pasya, ... IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1051 (1), 012004 , 2021 2021 Citations: 8
Photoluminescence and thermoluminescence properties of Li 2 O‐Na 2 O‐B 2 O 3 glass NA Razak, S Hashim, MHA Mhareb, N Tamchek Luminescence 31 (3), 754-759 , 2016 2016 Citations: 8
A study of Kalman's filter in embedded controller for real-time quadrocopter roll and pitch measurement NA Razak, NHM Arshad, R Adnan, MF Misnan, NM Thamrin, SF Mahmud 2012 IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and … , 2012 2012 Citations: 8
Model identification and real-time linear position control of servomotor N Ishak, SK Harun, H Ismail, NA Razak, R Adnan 2010 IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC 2010), 71-74 , 2010 2010 Citations: 8
Risk of vehicle blind spot towards motorcyclist safety in Malaysia: Assessment on perceptions of behaviour FHK Zaman, SAC Abdullah, NA Razak, I Pasya, J Johari, NE Kordi Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 4 (2), 168-179 , 2020 2020 Citations: 7
An evaluation of alternative fuels’ spray penetration at various spray cone angles and injection pressures using a simple evaporation model J Lim, NA Razak, NM Mazlan Biofuels 13 (3), 321-331 , 2022 2022 Citations: 6
Characterization and extraction influence protein profiling of edible bird’s nest. Foods, 10 (10), 2248 NNM Nasir, RM Ibrahim, MZA Bakar, R Mahmud, NAA Razak 2021 Citations: 6
Thermal profile and microstructure of wrought aluminium 7075 for semisolid metal processing NA Razak, AH Ahmad, MR Maarof International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 17 (2), 7842-7850 , 2020 2020 Citations: 6