Environmental and Social Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Severe Tungiasis and Scabies in the State of Ceará, Brazil: An Ecological Study Nathiel Silva, Carlos Henrique Alencar, Jorg Heukelbach Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 2025 Scabies and tungiasis are skin-related neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) associated with poverty and poor living conditions. We performed an ecological study covering a state in northeast Brazil to identify socio-economic and environmental factors associated with the occurrence of severe scabies and severe tungiasis, respectively. Data on disease occurrence on the municipality level were derived from a previous study based on online questionnaires. A total of 47 (26.0%) of the 181 state’s municipalities reported severe tungiasis, and 113 (62.4%) severe scabies. Municipalities with occurrence of severe tungiasis were characterized by higher annual rainfalls (median = 883 mm vs. 741 mm; p = 0.037), higher minimum temperatures (median = 23.4 °C vs. 22.7 °C; p = 0.002), higher aridity indices indicating more humid climates (median = 45.1 vs. 50.6; p = 0.019), lower altitudes (median = 88.8 m vs. 201 m; p < 0.001), higher mean air humidity (66.5% vs. 63%; p = 0.018), and better socioeconomic indices (Municipal Human Development Index [MHDI]—median = 0.616 vs. 0.611; p = 0.048/MHDI Longevity—mean = 0.769 vs. 0.759; p = 0.007/Municipal Development Index [MDI]—median = 27.5 vs. 21.8; p < 0.001). Municipalities with predominant luvisol soil characteristics had a lower risk for severe tungiasis (RR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.27–0.79; p = 0.003), whereas municipalities with predominant gleysols had a significantly higher risk (RR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.43–4.15; p = 0.010). Municipalities with occurrence of severe scabies were characterized by significantly higher annual rainfalls (median = 804 mm vs. 708 mm; p = 0.001), higher minimum temperatures (23.1 °C vs. 22.3 °C; p < 0.001), higher aridity index (median = 48.2 vs. 41.9; p = 0.014), higher air humidity (65.9% vs. 61%; p = 0.001), lower altitudes (median = 153 m vs. 246 m; p = 0.003), and better socio-economic indicators (MHDI—median = 0.616 vs. 608; p= 0.012/MHDI Education—mean = 0.559 vs. 0.541; p = 0.014/MDI—median = 24.3 vs. 21.1; p = 0.005). In multivariate regression analysis, MDI remained significantly associated with the presence of severe tungiasis in the final model (RR = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.02–1.05; p < 0.001) and the presence of severe scabies with minimum temperature (RR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.04–1.24; p = 0.003) and aridity index (RR = 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00–1.01; p = 0.004). Our study underscores the importance of environmental and socioeconomic factors for the occurrence of severe scabies and tungiasis in a semi-arid climatic context, offering a perspective for identification of high-risk areas, and providing evidence for the control of skin NTDs withina One Health approach.
A Case of Vertical Transmission of Oropouche Virus in Brazil Carlos Garcia Filho, Antônio Silva Lima Neto, Ana Maria Peixoto Cabral Maia, Luiz Osvaldo Rodrigues da Silva, Robson da Costa Cavalcante, et al. New England Journal of Medicine, 2024
Human scabies and sarcoptic mange in northeast Brazil: Results from a rapid assessment method covering an entire state Nathiel de Sousa Silva, Carlos Henrique Alencar, Jorg Heukelbach Tropical Doctor, 2024 Scabies is a neglected tropical disease and has been highlighted as a target for control. Sarcoptic mange affects animals, but mange is also considered a zoonosis. We present rapid assessment data on scabies and sarcoptic mange collected from key informants via a web-based questionnaire in Ceará State (1265 data entries). A total of 181/184 (98.3%) municipalities reported the occurrence of human scabies; 149 (80.9%) current occurrence; 168 (91.3%) severe cases; and 113 (61.4%) severe cases currently. Sarcoptic mange was reported from 149/184 (80.9%) municipalities, and severe mange from 128 (69.9%), most commonly in dogs (117 municipalities), cats (79), pigs (17), cattle (15), horses (15), and goats (2). Respondents from 171 (92.9%) municipalities observed seasonality of occurrence. Scabies and sarcoptic mange are important public health issues in a northeast Brazilian state. The wide distribution of severe cases requires an integrated One Health approach effectively and sustainably to reduce the disease burden.
Temporal trends and space-time distribution of leprosy relapse in Brazil from 2001 to 2021 Reagan Nzundu Boigny, Kellyn Kessiene de Sousa Cavalcante, Caroline Mary Gurgel Dias Florencio, Paula Sacha Frota Nogueira, Ciro Martins Gomes, et al. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2024 Background To analyse the temporal trends and spatiotemporal distribution of leprosy relapse in Brazil from 2001 to 2021. Methods An ecological study with a temporal trend approach and space–time analysis of leprosy relapse in Brazil was carried out with data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Results A total of 31 334 patients who experienced leprosy relapse were identified. The number of recurrent cases tended to increase throughout the study period, and this increase was significant among females and in almost all age groups, except for those &lt;15, 50–59 and ≥70 y. Several clusters of high- and low-risk patients were identified across all regions with a heterogeneous distribution. Conclusions The burden of relapse showed an increasing trend in some groups and was distributed in all regions.
SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in a Small-Sized Municipality in Ceará State, Brazil: Temporal and Spatial Evolution Jaliana Holanda Nascimento dos Santos, Carlos Henrique Alencar, Jorg Heukelbach Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 2024 Data on the temporal and spatial evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and local control measures and their effects on morbidity and mortality patterns in rural Brazil are scarce. We analyzed the data from case notification systems, epidemiological investigation reports, and municipal decrees in Itapajé, a small municipality in Ceará State in northeast Brazil. For spatial and spatio-temporal analyses, cases and deaths were mapped. There were a total of 3020 cases of COVID-19, recorded between April 2020 and December 2021; 135 (4.5%) died. The cumulative incidence and mortality rates were 5650.3 cases and 252.6 deaths per 100,000 people, respectively. The index case of SARS-CoV-2 in Itapajé was diagnosed in March 2020. The first peak of cases and deaths occurred in May 2020. The second wave peaked in May 2021, with the highest number of deaths in March 2021. According to the spatial analysis, the highest density of cases and deaths occurred in the central urban areas. In these areas, there were also the clusters of highest risk according to the spatio-temporal analyses. The municipal government issued 69 decrees on restriction measures, surveillance, and the maintenance of social isolation as a response to the pandemic. The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Itapajé mirrored the dynamics in large metropolitan regions, going from central neighborhoods of low socio-economic status to the wealthier peripheries.
Rabies outbreak in Brazil: first case series in children from an indigenous village Dilceu Silveira Tolentino Júnior, Maryana Santos Vasconcelos Marques, Amanda Krummenauer, Magda Machado Saraiva Duarte, Silene Manrique Rocha, et al. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 2023 Background Human rabies outbreak transmitted by bats continues to be a relevant public health problem not only in the Amazon region. The disease has affected one of the areas with the greatest poverty in southeastern Brazil, a region inhabited by the Maxakali indigenous people. Case presentation We describe four cases of rabies among indigenous children that occurred in the indigenous village of Pradinho, municipality of Bertópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cases were notified between April and May 2022, all of whom died on average eight days after the first symptoms. All cases were observed in rural residents under 12 years of age. The probable form of exposure was through bat bites. The predominant symptoms were prostration, fever, dyspnea, sialorrhea, tachycardia, and altered level of consciousness. Half of the cases underwent late and/or incomplete post-exposure rabies prophylaxis, however, the other half underwent pre-exposure rabies prophylaxis, with only one case completing the scheme and another undergoing the adapted Milwaukee Protocol (Recife Protocol). All cases ended in death. Conclusions This was the first rabies outbreak among indigenous people in Brazil. Among the manifested clinical forms in the series, there was a disease atypical presentation in at least one case. We suggest active surveillance and an intercultural educational campaign to prevent new cases. Graphical abstract
Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Ceará state, Brazil: A flow analysis of cases between 2007 and 2021 Kellyn Kessiene de Sousa Cavalcante, Francisco Roger Aguiar Cavalcante, Reagan Nzundu Boigny, Kelvia Maria Oliveira Borges, Carlos Henrique Alencar Tropical Medicine and International Health, 2023 ObjectivesTo analyse the flow of cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the state of Ceará, Brazil, between 2007 and 2021.MethodsAn ecological study was conducted using a spatial approach of newly confirmed cases of VL recorded in the Notifiable Diseases Information System. We identified individuals whose municipality of diagnosis differed from that of their residence. Flow maps, constructed using Tabwin 32 and ArcMap 9.2, allowed for the identification of the volume of traffic between the municipality of residence and that of initial care.ResultsThere were 6775 confirmed VL cases. As a flow indicator, 178 counties had at least one resident diagnosed in another municipality in Ceará, with 2491 VL cases and an average trip of 79 km. The largest hub for receiving cases for diagnosis was the capital Fortaleza (1478 patients from 129 other municipalities), followed by Sobral, located in the northwestern region of Ceará (599 from 55 municipalities), and Barbalha, in the southern region (171 from 29 municipalities). In this southern region, 25 municipalities moved 55 people for treatment to Juazeiro do Norte and 11 municipalities moved 39 patients to Crato. A total of 255 patients with VL from 11 municipalities in other Brazilian states, mainly from the Northeast and North, were observed and notified in health services in Ceará.ConclusionsThe major centres of VL diagnosis outside residence were in the cities of Fortaleza, Sobral, Barbalha, Juazeiro do Norte and Crato. There was also an outflow of cases from other municipalities located in the northeastern and northern regions of Brazil. The flows were more intense during the first triennium of the analysis and milder from 2019 to 2021. Understanding the diagnostic flow of VL helps in decision making and the development of public policies to improve the lives of the population.
Phytochemical prospection and larvicidal bioactivity of the janaguba (Himatanthus drasticus) Mart. Plumel (Apocynaceae) latex against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) C. S. Leandro, F. R. Azevedo, E. L. Cândido, C. H. Alencar Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2023 The aim of this study was to carry out phytochemical prospecting and evaluate the larvicidal activity of Himatanthus drasticus latex extracts against Aedes aegypti. The extracts were obtained by maceration from 5 g of latex powder concentrated separately in 100 mL of methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane solvents. The concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm of each extract were tested in triplicate with a solution of pyriproxyfen as the positive control and distilled water and dimethylsulfoxide as the negative control. The phytochemical prospection of the methanolic extract showed the presence of phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, catechins, chalcones, aurones, leucoanthocyanidins, and condensed tannins. The insecticidal bioactivity was most significant for the methanolic extract. The methanolic extract lethal concentrations (LC) of 50 and 90% were 190.76 and 464.74 ppm, respectively. After 48 hours of exposure, the extracts using methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane at their highest concentrations (500 ppm) caused larval mortality of 100, 73.33, and 66.67%, respectively. These extracts also promoted changes in the external morphology of the larvae, such as damage to the anal papillae, darkening of the body, and reduction in the number of bristles. The methanolic extract showed greater expressivity for morphological changes. The latex of H. drasticus has larvicidal activity against third-stade larvae of A. aegypti and it is more significant when obtained through maceration in methanol. The methanolic extract of H. drasticus latex contains phenolic compounds with insecticidal activity against A. aegypti larvae.
A major chikungunya epidemic with high mortality in northeastern Brazil Adriana Rocha Simião, Francisca Kalline de Almeida Barreto, Rhaquel de Morais Alves Barbosa Oliveira, John Washington Cavalcante, Antônio Silva Lima Neto, et al. Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical, 2019
Editorial: Zika Virus research Rubén Bueno-Marí, Juan-Carlos Saiz, Oscar D. Salomón, Luis C. Villamil-Jiménez, Jorg Heukelbach, et al. Frontiers in Neurology, 2018
Zika virus outbreak in Brazil Jorg Heukelbach, Carlos Henrique Alencar, Alyson Ann Kelvin, Wanderson Kleber De Oliveira, Luciano Pamplona de Góes Cavalcanti Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2016
Trends in schistosomiasis-related mortality in Brazil, 2000-2011 Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Marta Cristhiany Cunha Pinheiro, Alberto Novaes Ramos, Carlos Henrique Alencar, Fernando Schemelzer de Moraes Bezerra, et al. International Journal for Parasitology, 2014
Analysis of protection or risk factors for dental fluorosis in 6 to 8 year-old children in Fortaleza, Brazil Revista Panamericana De Salud Publica Pan American Journal of Public Health, 2010
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Mudanças nos padrões de distribuição da raiva animal no Ceará em 21 anos: uma perspectiva espacial e temporal, 2003–2023 KMAP Tavares, NFH Duarte, AMPC Maia, J de Oliveira Moreno, ... Journal of Health & Biological Sciences 13 (1), e5728-e5728 , 2025 2025
SARS-COV-2 ANTIBODIES SEROPREVALENCE AFTER CORONAVAC IMMUNIZATION IN GUARAMIRANGA, NORTHEAST BRAZIL, 2021-2022 LB Costa, FKA Barreto, CH Alencar, LPG Cavalcanti AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 112 (6) , 2025 2025
Environmental and social factors associated with the occurrence of severe tungiasis and scabies in the State of Ceará, brazil: an ecological study N Silva, CH Alencar, J Heukelbach Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 10 (5), 135 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
An interrupted time series study of the leprosy case detection in Brazil after the COVID-19 pandemic GJB Sousa, DS Lages, PPL Barbosa, MCN Rocha, SA de Sena Neto, ... Scientific Reports 15 (1), 9777 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
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Vertical Transmission of Oropouche Virus in a Newly Affected Extra-Amazon Region: A Case Study of Fetal Infection and Death in Ceará, Brazil C Garcia Filho, ASL Neto, AMPC Maia, LOR Silva, R da Costa Cavalcante, ... SciELO Preprints , 2024 2024 Citations: 3
Human scabies and sarcoptic mange in northeast Brazil: Results from a rapid assessment method covering an entire state NS Silva, CH Alencar, J Heukelbach Tropical Doctor 54 (4), 335-339 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Temporal trends and space–time distribution of leprosy relapse in Brazil from 2001 to 2021 RN Boigny, KK de Sousa Cavalcante, CMGD Florencio, PSF Nogueira, ... Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 118 (8 … , 2024 2024 Citations: 7
Seroprevalence and levels of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies among medical students: possible associated factors in Northeastern Brazil TM Silva, AL Rabelo, MRM Julião, LF Brasil, FM de Carvalho Araújo, ... Journal of Health & Biological Sciences 12 (1), 1-15 , 2024 2024
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in a small-sized municipality in Ceara State, Brazil: Temporal and spatial evolution JH Nascimento dos Santos, CH Alencar, J Heukelbach Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 9 (5), 97 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Occurrence of Tungiasis in Ceará State, Northeast Brazil: results of a rapid assessment method NS Silva, CH Alencar, CML Calheiros, J Heukelbach Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 56, e0274-2023 , 2023 2023 Citations: 2
Phytochemical prospection, hemagglutinating and insecticidal activity of saline extracts from the seeds of Tamboril ( Enterolobium contortisiliquum ) Vell. Morong (Fabaceae … FB Barros, FR Azevedo, EL Cândido, CH Alencar, FNP Júnior, ... Brazilian Journal of Biology 83, e274635 , 2023 2023 Citations: 1
Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Ceará state, Brazil: A flow analysis of cases between 2007 and 2021 KK de Sousa Cavalcante, FRA Cavalcante, RN Boigny, KMO Borges, ... Tropical Medicine & International Health 28 (9), 780-789 , 2023 2023
Rabies outbreak in Brazil: first case series in children from an indigenous village DS Tolentino Júnior, MSV Marques, A Krummenauer, MMS Duarte, ... Infectious Diseases of Poverty 12 (1), 78 , 2023 2023 Citations: 23
Anos vividos com deficiência (YLD) e anos de vida perdidos (YLL) por Síndromes Hemorrágicas Maternas no Brasil e Ceará entre 1990 e 2019 CRPM Vidal, CH Alencar, FHC Carvalho, RCMB Castro, GMMS Arruda, ... Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo-QUALIS A4 15 (2), 1258-1277 , 2023 2023
Phytochemical prospection and larvicidal bioactivity of the janaguba ( Himatanthus drasticus ) Mart. Plumel (Apocynaceae) latex against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera … CS Leandro, FR Azevedo, EL Cândido, CH Alencar Brazilian Journal of Biology 83, e270143 , 2023 2023 Citations: 8
Prospecção fitoquímica, atividade hemaglutinante e inseticida dos extratos salinos das sementes de Tamboril ( Enterolobium contortisiliquum ) Vell. Morong (Fabaceae) sobre … FB Barros, FR Azevedo, EL Cândido, CH Alencar, FNP Júnior, ... Brazilian Journal of Biology 83, e274635 , 2023 2023 Citations: 1
Prospecção fitoquímica e bioatividade larvicida do látex da janaguba ( Himatanthus drasticus ) Mart. Plumel (Apocynaceae) sobre Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera … CS Leandro, FR Azevedo, EL Cândido, CH Alencar Brazilian Journal of Biology 83, e270143 , 2023 2023
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Zika virus outbreak in Brazil J Heukelbach, CH Alencar, AA Kelvin, WK De Oliveira, ... The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 10 (02), 116-120 , 2016 2016 Citations: 286
Prevalence of Chagas disease in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis FR Martins-Melo, AN Ramos Jr, CH Alencar, J Heukelbach Acta tropica 130, 167-174 , 2014 2014 Citations: 270
Occurrence of natural vertical transmission of dengue-2 and dengue-3 viruses in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil VEP Martins, CH Alencar, MT Kamimura, FM de Carvalho Araujo, ... PloS one 7 (7), e41386 , 2012 2012 Citations: 219
Mortality and case fatality due to visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil: a nationwide analysis of epidemiology, trends and spatial patterns FR Martins-Melo, MS Lima, AN Ramos Jr, CH Alencar, J Heukelbach PloS one 9 (4), e93770 , 2014 2014 Citations: 170
Incapacidades físicas em pessoas acometidas pela hanseníase no período pós-alta da poliquimioterapia em um município no Norte do Brasil LD Monteiro, CHM Alencar, JC Barbosa, KP Braga, MD Castro, ... Cadernos de saude publica 29 (5), 909-920 , 2013 2013 Citations: 157
Epidemiology of mortality related to Chagas' disease in Brazil, 1999–2007 FR Martins-Melo, CH Alencar, AN Ramos Jr, J Heukelbach PLoS neglected tropical diseases 6 (2), e1508 , 2012 2012 Citations: 153
Hanseníase e gênero no Brasil: tendências em área endêmica da região Nordeste, 2001–2014 EA Souza, AF Ferreira, RN Boigny, CH Alencar, J Heukelbach, ... Revista de Saúde Pública 52, 20 , 2018 2018 Citations: 150
Mortality from neglected tropical diseases in Brazil, 2000–2011 FR Martins-Melo, AN Ramos Jr, CH Alencar, J Heukelbach Bulletin of the World Health Organization 94 (2), 103 , 2015 2015 Citations: 142
Fatal outcome of chikungunya virus infection in Brazil STS de Lima, WM de Souza, JW Cavalcante, D da Silva Candido, ... Clinical Infectious Diseases 73 (7), e2436-e2443 , 2021 2021 Citations: 98
Systematic review: Prevalence of Chagas disease in pregnant women and congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in Brazil: a systematic review and meta … FR Martins‐Melo, MS Lima, AN Ramos Jr, CH Alencar, J Heukelbach Tropical Medicine & International Health 19 (8), 943-957 , 2014 2014 Citations: 95
Clusters of leprosy transmission and of late diagnosis in a highly endemic area in Brazil: focus on different spatial analysis approaches CH Alencar, AN Ramos Jr, ES dos Santos, J Richter, J Heukelbach Tropical Medicine & International Health 17 (4), 518-525 , 2012 2012 Citations: 85
Zika virus: what have we learnt since the start of the recent epidemic? JC Saiz, MA Martín-Acebes, R Bueno-Marí, OD Salomón, ... Frontiers in microbiology 8, 1554 , 2017 2017 Citations: 83
Prevalência e fatores associados ao consumo de álcool e tabaco entre estudantes de medicina no nordeste do Brasil MA Pinheiro, LF Torres, MS Bezerra, RC Cavalcante, RD Alencar, ... Revista brasileira de educação medica 41 (2), 231-239 , 2017 2017 Citations: 81
Hanseníase no município de Fortaleza, CE, Brasil: aspectos epidemiológicos e operacionais em menores de 15 anos (1995-2006) CHM Alencar, JC Barbosa, AN Ramos Jr, MJF Alencar, RJS Pontes, ... Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 61, 694-700 , 2008 2008 Citations: 81
Tendências da hanseníase no Tocantins, um estado hiperendêmico do Norte do Brasil, 2001-2012 LD Monteiro, FR Martins-Melo, AL Brito, MS Lima, CH Alencar, ... Cadernos de Saúde Pública 31, 971-980 , 2015 2015 Citations: 76
Vulnerabilidade programática no controle da hanseníase: padrões na perspectiva de gênero no Estado da Bahia, Brasil EA Souza, RN Boigny, AF Ferreira, CH Alencar, MLW Oliveira, ... Cadernos de Saúde Pública 34, e00196216 , 2018 2018 Citations: 73
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