M.Sc. (University of Allahabad), CSIR-JRF-NET, GATE, Ph.D. (NPL Delhi and IIT Delhi)
RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS
Condensed Matter Physics, Materials Science, Metals and Alloys, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
FUTURE PROJECTS
Development of Magnetic Nanoparticle of Heusler Alloys
Applications Invited Curious Research Scholer
32
Scopus Publications
322
Scholar Citations
10
Scholar h-index
11
Scholar i10-index
Scopus Publications
Structural analysis of Fe2VAl based full-Heusler alloys using vesta Shubham Pushkar, Rajesh Kumar Verma, Bal Govind EPJ Web of Conferences, 2026 Spontaneous orientation of magnetic moments in a particular direction gives rise to strong magnetization called ferromagnetism. The phenomenon of ferromagnetism in magnetic materials has been widely used in order to fabricate the magnetic based devices such as random-access memory, spin valves and spin switches. Although, several difficulties have been found to fabricate these materials due to the evolution swapping and disorder during the fabrication which significantly affects the magnetic behavior in the samples. In order to analyze the swapping, voids and disorders, we report the simulation of X-Ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of Fe 2 VAl full-Heusler alloy with the implantation of swapping between the elements having equivalent electronegativity and atomic size, and substituting other elements at the Fe, V and Al site. First two peaks observed called superlattice peaks in the XRD pattern have been found to be very sensitive even for the small amount of swapping/disorder of the atoms. Therefore, we have plotted the intensity ratio of these two peaks corresponding to the systematic swapping between the atoms. These results suggested that the elements at their respective sites are responsible for the scattering of the X-Ray and scattering factors of any elements depends not only that particular elements but their chemical surrounding also. This study will help to analyze the experimental XRD data with the simulated one along with the swapping/disorder between the atoms up to some extent.
A comprehensive review of exchange bias effect in Heusler alloys Aftab Alam, Kishun Bir, Ravi Shankar Singh, Bal Govind EPJ Web of Conferences, 2026 Magnetic Heusler alloys have been found to be stable above the room temperature which make it suitable for making magnetic based devices. Exchange biasing associated with the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phase in Heusler alloys used in spintronic devices such as spin valves and spin switches. Shift in the hysteresis loop from the origin gives the extent of exchange biasing. Compensated ferrimagnetism has revealed in several half-Heusler alloys which showed the giant exchange biased effect due to the interaction between ferrimagnetic cluster and compensated host associated with the anti-site disorder. In this report, effect of microstructure, temperature, strain, heat treatment, microstructural, grain size, substitution and doping, interface, dependency of size of spin cluster on the level of exchange biasing have been separately discussed in brief mostly in Ni-Mn based half and full-Heusler alloys. Moreover, transformation from body centred cubic to face centred cubic lattice have also elaborated. Role of richness of elements from their conventional stoichiometry of Heusler alloys has significantly been focused. Entropy has been found to be increased as we move from stoichiometric to non-stoichiometric composition in Heusler alloys. Therefore, this article is focused mainly on exchange biased effect in Heusler based magnetic alloys.
Simulation of X-Ray Diffraction Data of Cr-Doped Mn2NiSn System Quaternary Heusler Alloys Vaibhav Singh, Gunjan Sharmaa, Roop Chandra, Akhilesh Kumar Upadhyay, Kishun Bira, Bal Govind EPJ Web of Conferences, 2026 Quaternary Heusler alloys have attracted considerable attention due to their structural versatility, tunable magnetic properties, and potential for spintronic applications. Here, we have simulated the X-Ray Diffraction data for systematic substitution of the Mn 2−x Ni 1−x Cr 2x Sn system (0 ≤ x ≤1.0) alloy where substitution of Cr at Ni and Mn site has been employed in Mn 2 NiSn parent cubic structure. Structural analysis through simulated X-ray Diffraction data obtained from Vesta have performed from the ratio of super reflection peaks associated with the cubic phase. Although, XRD data is not reliable for the analysis of swapping of substituted atoms due the equivalent atomic size and electro-negativity between them. Neutron diffraction technique is best suitable for the exact analysis of occupation of elements at their respective site. However, we have found a significant change in the intensity of simulated XRD pattern and hence focused on the highly sensitive peaks. Magnetic properties of these materials have been found to be strongly correlated with the structure, substitution, doping, swapping of elements. Hence, we have particularly focused on the Cr substitution at both Mn and Ni site and noted the change in the intensities of super reflection peaks. Experimental work is currently going on these materials also.
XRD simulation through vesta for the associated structure of Co2MnSi and Co2FeSi full-Heusler alloys Roop Chandra, Gunjan Sharma, Vaibhav Singh, Akhilesh Kumar Upadhyay, Pushyamitra Mishra, Bal Govind EPJ Web of Conferences, 2026 Among all the full-Heusler alloys, Co 2 MnSi and Co 2 FeSi alloys have been exhibited to be tremendous magnetic behavior such as high magnetic moment, half-metallicity and high Curie temperature. Magnetic moments are found to be highest value for the fully ordered sample and half-metallicity drastically reduces with disorder/swapping of elements. Hence, analysis of disorder/swapping is very trivial for achieving the highest magnetic moment and preserving half-metallicity in such type of alloys. Here, we have simulated the X-Ray Diffraction pattern using Vesta software for parent materials as well as associated with disordered and swapping with other elements. Super reflection peaks obtained from the simulated data are found to be very sensitive even for the small amount of swapping. Therefore, we have plotted the ratio of super reflection peaks and compared with the scattering factor data collected from the NIST, USA. Tetragonal distortion has also been revealed in the cubic structure; hence we have simulated the XRD pattern for the distorted sample also. Scaling of magnetization value have also been calculated from the Slater-Pauling rule and these values have compared with the experimental results available in the literature. This study will help researchers to understand and compare their experimental XRD results with simulated one.
Calculation of super reflection peaks of Ni2Mn-based full-Heusler alloy through Vesta software Akhilesh Kumar Upadhyay, Vaibhav Singh, Roop Chandra, Gunjan Sharma, Kishun Bir, Bal Govind EPJ Web of Conferences, 2026 Dominant magnetic properties have been shown in Heusler alloys and local magnetic moment have been strongly associated with the Mn and Co based half and full-Heusler based materials. These alloys have exhibited the highest magnetic moment so for in comparison to other alloys, compound and composite materials. Magnetic moments are found to be localized around the atoms subsequently depends on the chemical surrounding of atoms. Limited swapping of atoms lead to significantly reduces the magnetic moment in these alloys. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the extent of swapping of atoms between the alloys. In order to evaluate the effect of replacement of p group element in Ni 2 MnSb, we have used the vesta software and calculated the ratio of super reflection peaks. Moreover, we have also introduced the spontaneous swapping of atoms due to their equivalent electronegativity and atomic size. Spontaneous swapping gives rise to the enhancement/reduction of magnetic moments because magnetic moments are mainly governed by the total valence electron count (VEC) of the substituted elements.
Pressure driven polymorphic transitions in nanocrystalline Lu2O3, Tm2O3 and Eu2O3 Neha Bura, Ankit Bhoriya, Deepa Yadav, Srihari Velaga, Bal Govind, Jasveer Singh, Himanshu Kumar Poswal, Nita Dilawar Sharma Scientific Reports, 2023 The crystallite size of the materials considerably influences the material properties, including their compressibility and resistance to external forces and the stability of the crystalline structure; a corresponding study for which, so far, has been limited for the important class of nanocrystalline Rare Earth Sesquioxides (REOs). In the present study, we report the crystallographic structural transitions in nanocrystalline Rare Earth Oxides (REOs) under the influence of pressure, investigated via high-energy X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements. The study has been carried out on three of the REOs, namely Lutetium oxide (Lu2O3), Thulium oxide (Tm2O3) and Europium oxide (Eu2O3) up to the pressures of 33, 22 and 11 GPa, respectively. The diffraction data of Lu2O3 and Tm2O3 suggests the occurrence of irreversible structural transitions from cubic to monoclinic phase, while Eu2O3 showed a transition from the cubic to hexagonal phase. The transitions were found to be accompanied by a collapse in the volume and the resulting Pressure–Volume (P–V) graphs are fitted with the 3rd order Birch-Murnaghan (BM) equation of state (EOS) to estimate the bulk moduli and their pressure derivatives. Our study establishes a qualitative relationship between the crystallite size and various material properties such as the lattice parameters, transition pressure, bulk modulus etc., and strengthens the knowledge regarding the behaviour of this technologically important class of materials.
Sb2Se3 Nanosheet Film-Based Devices for Ultraviolet Photodetection and Resistive Switching Yogesh Singh, Mohammad Asif, Kapil Kumar, Himanshu, Rahul Parmar, Reena Yadav, Shashi, Bal Govind, Ashok Kumar, Sudhir Husale, Mahesh Kumar, Vidya Nand Singh ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2023 The development of multifunctional devices could represent a significant advancement in meeting the need for nano and micro technologies. Therefore, we have developed a Ag/Sb 2 Se 3 /FTO-based multifunction device having nanostructures, which works as an ultraviolet (UV) photodetector and a switching device. Our theory suggests how oxygen formation leads to detection in the UV range rather than detection in the infrared range, which is the natural detection range of Sb 2 Se 3 . The m–s–m photodetector device is based on the photoconductive phenomenon, and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy has been extensively used to investigate the charge carrier dynamics of Sb 2 Se 3 films of 500 nm. At two distinct excitations, 375 nm UV and 532 nm visible light, and a pulse energy of 1 J per pulse, the effect of annealing on the charge carrier relaxation of the films was investigated. The kinetics of the hot charge carrier’s decay and recombination were studied for both as-grown and annealed films. The proposed theory is analyzed with the help of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory studies. The device shows external quantum efficiency values of 2.9 and 1.3 at 375 and 386 nm, respectively. The rise time to fall time ratio was 0.29/0.30 s at 375 nm irradiation at 2 V bias at a power density of 32 mW/cm 2 . The same device shows bipolar resistive switching, in which resistance shifts from a high resistance state to a low resistance state in a voltage sweep from −1 to 0 V and then 0 to 1 V. The result of the switching phenomenon is reasonably justified by the electrochemical metallization phenomenon. An outstanding accomplishment in electronic devices is combining two different features on a single device.
Thickness dependent p-n switching in SnSe2/SnOx/SnSe heterojunction-based NO2 gas sensor as well as photodetector Sanju Rani, Manoj Kumar, Parveen Garg, Reena Yadav, Yogesh Singh, Ashish Kumar, Bal Govind, Uday Deshpande, Sudhir Hausale, Vidya Nand Singh Journal of Science Advanced Materials and Devices, 2023 SnSe2/SnOx/SnSe heterojunction thin films with different thicknesses 137, 241 and 297 nm were fabricated via the thermal evaporation technique. XRD, FESEM, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and U–V visible spectroscopy were used to study the structural, morphological, chemical, and optical properties of the deposited thin films, which revealed that the heterojunction thin films had a microcrystalline structure and a mixed SnSe2, SnSe, SnO, and SnO2 phases. Only the sample with the lower thickness (137 nm) exhibited the p-n type behaviour when concentration (1–5 ppm) and temperature (RT-75 °C) increased. Furthermore, the SnSe2/SnOx/SnSe heterojunction thin-film gas sensor demonstrated good NO2 detecting selectivity. The development of SnSe2/SnOx/SnSe p–n junctions at the thin-film surface may be responsible for the improved NO2-sensing capability of the constructed gas sensor at low operating temperatures. For five ppm NO2, the device response was 151% at RT. Response/recovery times were 134/494 s, respectively. The estimated detection limit (LOD) was 515 ppb. NO2 gas had a higher response than SO2, NO, H2S, CO, H2, C2H5OH, and NH3. The mechanism of concentration, temperature-dependent p–n switching, selective detection of NO2 at RT, and complete response and recovery have been deliberated based on physisorption and charge transfer. The lower thickness (137 nm) sample exhibits good photo response in visible light with power (32 mW). It has good responsivity, detectivity and external quantum efficiency. This research will give 2D materials a new dimension of selective gas sensors and photodetection at room temperature.
Simulation of X-Ray Diffraction Data of Cr-Doped Mn2NiSn System Quaternary Heusler Alloys V Singh, G Sharmaa, R Chandra, AK Upadhyay, K Bira, B Govind EPJ Web of Conferences 356, 01022 , 2026 2026
Calculation of super reflection peaks of Ni2Mn-based full-Heusler alloy through Vesta software AK Upadhyay, V Singh, R Chandra, G Sharma, K Bir, B Govind EPJ Web of Conferences 356, 01023 , 2026 2026
A comprehensive review of exchange bias effect in Heusler alloys A Alam, K Bir, RS Singh, B Govind EPJ Web of Conferences 356, 01043 , 2026 2026
XRD simulation through vesta for the associated structure of Co2MnSi and Co2FeSi full-Heusler alloys R Chandra, G Sharma, V Singh, AK Upadhyay, P Mishra, B Govind EPJ Web of Conferences 356, 01021 , 2026 2026
Structural analysis of Fe2VAl based full-Heusler alloys using vesta S Pushkar, RK Verma, B Govind EPJ Web of Conferences 356, 01025 , 2026 2026
Investigation of magnetic properties of disordered Co1. 75Ni0. 25MnSi full-Heusler alloy A Kumar, G Sharma, R Chandra, B Govind, C Sharma, VN Singh Solid State Communications 401, 115938 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Pressure driven polymorphic transitions in nanocrystalline Lu 2 O 3 , Tm 2 O 3 and Eu 2 O 3 N Bura, A Bhoriya, D Yadav, S Velaga, B Govind, J Singh, HK Poswal, ... Scientific Reports 13 (1), 17365 , 2023 2023 Citations: 10
Thickness dependent pn switching in SnSe2/SnOx/SnSe heterojunction-based NO2 gas sensor as well as photodetector S Rani, M Kumar, P Garg, R Yadav, Y Singh, A Kumar, B Govind, ... Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices 8 (3), 100583 , 2023 2023 Citations: 21
Sb 2 Se 3 Nanosheet Film-Based Devices for Ultraviolet Photodetection and Resistive Switching Y Singh, M Asif, K Kumar, Himanshu, R Parmar, R Yadav, Shashi, ... ACS Applied Nano Materials 6 (17), 15397-15407 , 2023 2023 Citations: 14
Investigation of magnetic behavior of non-stoichiometric Co1. 75Mn0. 5Fe0. 75Si and Co1. 5MnFe0. 5Si compositions associated with their Co2FeSi and Co2MnSi parent alloys B Govind, A Kumar, S Bano, RA Yadav, R Gaur, K Bir, S Singh, ... Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 574, 170703 , 2023 2023 Citations: 1
Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance of Ni x Bi 0.5 Sb 1.5 Te 3 via In Situ Formation of NiTe 2 Channels S Bano, A Kumar, B Govind, A Bhardwaj, A Kapoor, A Ashok, ... ACS Applied Energy Materials 5 (11), 14127-14135 , 2022 2022 Citations: 3
A Brief Discussion on GMR and TMR Effect and Importance of Metrology for Accurate Measurements of Its Parameters K Bhatt, DK Misra, B Govind, S Bano, A Kumar Recent Advances in Metrology: Select Proceedings of AdMet 2021, 177-182 , 2022 2022
Error Analysis in Measurement of Electrical Conductivity S Bano, A Kumar, B Govind, Komal, DK Misra Recent Advances in Metrology: Select Proceedings of AdMet 2021, 147-155 , 2022 2022
A review on sources of uncertainty in thermal conductivity measurement for thermal transport metrology A Kumar, DK Misra, S Bano, B Govind, K Bhatt Recent Advances in Metrology: Select Proceedings of AdMet 2021, 137-145 , 2022 2022 Citations: 2
Errors in Measurement of Magnetic Field and Magnetic Moment with its Associated Uncertainty B Govind, DK Misra, SP Khanna, A Kumar, S Bano Recent Advances in Metrology: Select Proceedings of AdMet 2021, 157-165 , 2022 2022 Citations: 6
Effect and Importance of Metrology K Bhatt, DK Misra, B Govind, S Bano, A Kumar Recent Advances in Metrology: Select Proceedings of AdMet 2021, 177 , 2022 2022
Evolution of a weak magnetic moment in the FeNbSb based HH materials via Ni doping at Fe site A Kumar, B Govind, S Bano, M Kumar, Y Singh, S Rani, B Kumar, ... Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 554, 169306 , 2022 2022 Citations: 3
Effect of Sn substitution at Sb site on the magnetic properties of Mn2NiSb full-Heusler alloy B Govind, P Bharti, A Kumar, S Bano, S Singh, VPS Awana Journal of Alloys and Compounds 907, 164515 , 2022 2022 Citations: 8
Substitution of excess Mn at Ni and Sn site in full-Heusler Mn 2.4 Ni 0.8 Sn 0.8 alloy B Govind, A Kumar, S Bano, A Bhardwaj, VPS Awana Applied Physics A 128 (6), 542 , 2022 2022 Citations: 2
Enhanced thermoelectric performance of n-type Zr0. 66Hf0. 34Ni1+ xSn Heusler nanocomposites A Kumar, S Bano, B Govind, A Bhardwaj, VN Singh Journal of Alloys and Compounds 900, 163454 , 2022 2022 Citations: 11
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
A Review on Fundamentals, Design and Optimization to High ZT of Thermoelectric Materials for Application to Thermoelectric Technology A Kumar, S Bano, B Govind, A Bhardwaj, K Bhatt, DK Misra Journal of Electronic Materials 50 (11), 6037-6059 , 2021 2021 Citations: 97
Room temperature Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric materials with high performance S Bano, A Kumar, B Govind, AH Khan, A Ashok, DK Misra Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 31 (11), 8607-8617 , 2020 2020 Citations: 34
Thickness dependent pn switching in SnSe2/SnOx/SnSe heterojunction-based NO2 gas sensor as well as photodetector S Rani, M Kumar, P Garg, R Yadav, Y Singh, A Kumar, B Govind, ... Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices 8 (3), 100583 , 2023 2023 Citations: 21
Structural and Magnetic Properties of Ni 1+ x MnSb Bulk Heusler Composite Materials B Govind, A Kumar, S Bano, A Bhardwaj, DK Misra ACS omega 5 (21), 11895-11900 , 2020 2020 Citations: 17
Enhanced thermoelectric performance of p-type ZrCoSb0. 9Sn0. 1 via Tellurium doping A Kumar, KM Chaturvedi, S Bano, B Govind, DK Misra Materials Chemistry and Physics 258, 123915 , 2021 2021 Citations: 16
Electronic structure and magnetic properties of a full-Heusler Mn2NiSb: Cu2MnAl type structure B Govind, M Srivastava, JJ Pulikkotil, DK Misra Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 517, 167375 , 2021 2021 Citations: 16
Sb 2 Se 3 Nanosheet Film-Based Devices for Ultraviolet Photodetection and Resistive Switching Y Singh, M Asif, K Kumar, Himanshu, R Parmar, R Yadav, Shashi, ... ACS Applied Nano Materials 6 (17), 15397-15407 , 2023 2023 Citations: 14
Magnetic properties of intermediate Ni2-xMn1+ xSb full-Heusler compounds B Govind, P Bharti, M Srivastava, A Kumar, S Bano, K Bhatt, JS Tawale, ... Materials Research Bulletin 142, 111427 , 2021 2021 Citations: 12
Enhanced thermoelectric performance of n-type Zr0. 66Hf0. 34Ni1+ xSn Heusler nanocomposites A Kumar, S Bano, B Govind, A Bhardwaj, VN Singh Journal of Alloys and Compounds 900, 163454 , 2022 2022 Citations: 11
Ni-doped Bi 0.5 Sb 1.5 Te 3 single crystal: a potential functional material for thermoelectricity, topological insulator, and optoelectronics S Bano, B Govind, A Kumar, DK Misra Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 31 (18), 15652-15658 , 2020 2020 Citations: 11
Pressure driven polymorphic transitions in nanocrystalline Lu 2 O 3 , Tm 2 O 3 and Eu 2 O 3 N Bura, A Bhoriya, D Yadav, S Velaga, B Govind, J Singh, HK Poswal, ... Scientific Reports 13 (1), 17365 , 2023 2023 Citations: 10
Enhanced thermoelectric performance at elevated temperature via suppression of intrinsic excitation in p-type Bi 0.5− x Sn x Sb 1.5 Te 3 thermoelectric material S Bano, DK Misra, P Bharti, A Kumar, B Govind, A Bhardwaj Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 33 (8), 6018-6030 , 2022 2022 Citations: 9
Effect of Sn substitution at Sb site on the magnetic properties of Mn2NiSb full-Heusler alloy B Govind, P Bharti, A Kumar, S Bano, S Singh, VPS Awana Journal of Alloys and Compounds 907, 164515 , 2022 2022 Citations: 8
Implication of nanostructuring of bulk nanocomposite Ti 9 Ni 7 Sn 8 on the optimization of high thermoelectric performance A Kumar, KM Chaturvedi, A Bhardwaj, B Govind, S Bano, DK Misra Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy 9 (2), 12 , 2020 2020 Citations: 8
Investigation of micro-indentation hardness of Bi 2 Te 3 based composite thermoelectric materials S Bano, A Kumar, B Govind, D Nayak, N Vijayan, DK Misra AIP Conference Proceedings 2220 (1), 120006 , 2020 2020 Citations: 8
Errors in Measurement of Magnetic Field and Magnetic Moment with its Associated Uncertainty B Govind, DK Misra, SP Khanna, A Kumar, S Bano Recent Advances in Metrology: Select Proceedings of AdMet 2021, 157-165 , 2022 2022 Citations: 6
Nitrogen Ion Induced 2D-GaN Layer Formation of GaAs (001) Surface P Kumar, S Bhattacharya, BR Mehta, SM Shivaprasad Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 9 (9), 5659-5663 , 2009 2009 Citations: 6
Disorder Induced Magnetic Behavior of Non-Stoichiometric Co 0.75 Mn 0.5 Fe 0.75 Si Full-Heusler Alloy B Govind, P Bharti, S Bano, A Kumar, S Singh, VPS Awana Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 35 (2), 445-453 , 2022 2022 Citations: 4
Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance of Ni x Bi 0.5 Sb 1.5 Te 3 via In Situ Formation of NiTe 2 Channels S Bano, A Kumar, B Govind, A Bhardwaj, A Kapoor, A Ashok, ... ACS Applied Energy Materials 5 (11), 14127-14135 , 2022 2022 Citations: 3
Evolution of a weak magnetic moment in the FeNbSb based HH materials via Ni doping at Fe site A Kumar, B Govind, S Bano, M Kumar, Y Singh, S Rani, B Kumar, ... Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 554, 169306 , 2022 2022 Citations: 3
GRANT DETAILS
We have one research grant from CST-UP lucknow (Project Id-CST/D-838) which is ongoing with the lakh.