Implementation of triplicate fuel blends to enhance diesel engine characteristics Jitendra Narayan Gangwar, Samir Saraswati Technologies and Innovations for Sustainable Development, 2025 Experimental investigations are carried out to show the effects of triplicate fuel blends of diesel, alcohol and ethers on the performance and emission characteristics of a Bharat Stage-IV commercial diesel engine. The engine is coupled with an eddy current dynamometer to evenly vary engine speed and engine load from 1000 rpm to 2200 rpm and 0 Nm to 25 Nm engine load, respectively. The results are presented using color coded maps. Prior to actual engine testing, a stability analysis was carried out which shows that diesel+10% ethanol fuel blend is the most stable blend that remains stable for the span needed to conduct experiments. Further, 2.5% and 5% diethyl ether are added to diesel+10% ethanol to get comparative performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine vis-à-vis pure diesel. Performance maps show that at reference point (1600 rpm and 15 N-m load), the brake-specific fuel consumption (bsfc) for diesel+10% ethanol is 10.5% greater than pure diesel. Further, adding 2.5% and 5% diethyl ethers in diesel+10% ethanol lowers the bsfc value of triplicate fuel by 2% and 5.7 %, respectively. The brake thermal efficiency (bte) of various test fuels shows the inverse nature to that of bsfc. Emission maps show that both particulate matter and oxide of nitrogen decreases up to 8.4 and 50% respectively when 10% ethanol is added to diesel fuel. Moreover, the addition of 5% diethyl ethers to the diesel+10% ethanol further decreases the PM and NOX emissions by 10.4% and 28.89% respectively with respect to the dual blend of diesel+10% ethanol.
Experimental Study of the Thermal Management System of an Air-Cooled Li-Ion Battery Pack with Triangular Spoilers Satya Prakash Verma, Samir Saraswati Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage, 2024 This research experimentally examines the thermal behavior of an air-cooled Li-ion battery pack with triangular spoilers. The objective is to enhance temperature uniformity and reduce the maximum temperature of the battery pack by redirecting airflow toward regions of higher temperatures using triangular spoilers. The effects of spoiler angles (α) and spoiler positions (Ds) on the thermal performance of a 24V, 10Ah aligned battery pack are investigated. The parameters used to evaluate the thermal performance are temperature variation along as well as transverse to the airflow direction and temperature variation around the circumference of the cell. The maximum temperature (Tmax), average temperature (Tavg.), maximum temperature difference (ΔTmax), and standard deviation of the temperature (σT) are the other performance parameters that are assessed. It is observed that the temperature of the battery pack decreases along the airflow direction with both the increase in α and Ds. It happens due to the enhancement in the heat transfer rate caused by higher turbulence kinetic energy. The non-uniformity in the cell temperature around the circumference improves by 0.4 K and 1.8 K with the change in α and Ds, respectively. It is found that Tmax and Tavg of the battery pack are reduced by a maximum value of 2.5 K and 1.55 K, respectively, compared to the case when no spoiler is used. The maximum reduction in ΔTmax and σT is found to be 2.4 K and 1.02, respectively.
Modeling and Parameter Identification of Spark Plug Deposit Formation Mechanism for Different Fuel/Lubricant Combination Garima Kushwaha, Samir Saraswati, Bireswar Paul Journal of Energy Resources Technology Transactions of the ASME, 2024 The identification of model parameters is complex and requires many approximations and laboratory investigations. Here, a novel approach to identifying these parameters is proposed, which uses experimental data, and a parameter estimation method to minimize a cost function made up of errors between the predicted and experimental deposit thickness. Parameters are determined for various ethanol–gasoline mixtures and lubricants. Simultaneously, the thermal and electrical properties of deposits are studied, and this information, coupled with the identified parameters, is utilized to infer potential deposit formation sources, mechanisms, and other elements that will influence the characteristics of the spark plug. It is found that the deposit formation model along with the identified parameters has the potential to reliably estimate the deposit growth with time as good correlations have been observed between measured and predicted spark plug deposit mass for all fuels and lubricants. The thermal and electrical conductivity of the spark plug deposit increases with a high ethanol fraction and high viscous oil, which results in increased chances of side sparking.
Cyclic Variability Analysis of an Engine Fueled With Gasoline/ Natural Gas Using Return Maps and Symbol Sequences Pawan Kumar Singotia, Samir Saraswati Journal of Energy Resources Technology Transactions of the ASME, 2023 The present work investigates the cyclic variability of a single-cylinder spark ignition engine fueled with gasoline/natural gas. Return maps and symbol sequence analysis are used to analyze the cycle dynamics at different engine loads and mixture strength. Cycle dynamics is found to be stochastic in nature at high engine loads with low cyclic variability. The frequency of deterministic patterns with close coupling between consecutive cycles is found to be high at low loads with high cyclic variability. In comparison to gasoline, the deterministic effects are found to be more predominant for natural gas fueled engine. The paper also demonstrates that the identification of deterministic patterns and omitting them through an efficient engine management system brings the engine to a stable state from unstable state. The research provides an estimate of how much better engine performance could be achieved with the knowledge of determinism in the system and the subsequent application of this knowledge for efficient engine control.
Characterisation of spark plug deposits of an SI engine fuelled with gasoline-ethanol blends Garima Kushwaha, Samir Saraswati, Bireswar Paul International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022 This work investigates the effect of gasoline-ethanol blends on spark plug deposits. The mass of deposits rapidly increases in all blends at first, then stabilises to an equilibrium state. The steady-state deposit mass for fuel E0, E5, E10, and E15 is found to be 1.0994, 1.6890, 2.2432, and 3.1420 g, respectively. The scanning electron microscope results show that the deposits are porous and formed by agglomeration of fine particles. However, as the ethanol fraction increases, the microstructures of the deposits become denser and more compact. The maximum particle diameter for E0 is found to be 5.71 μm while it increases to 13.61 μm for E15. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results show the presence of metal elements such as iron, zinc, aluminium, copper, and nickel, and other elements such as calcium, phosphorus, sulphur, and sodium. The deposits conductive in nature promote the chance of side sparking.
An optimization algorithm for neural predictive control of air-fuel ratio in SI engines 2010 International Conference on Modelling Identification and Control Icmic 2010, 2010
Thermodynamic evaluation of hydrogen fueled combustion turbine cycle for power generation Energy and the Environment Proceedings of the International Conference on Energy and the Environment, 2003
