Imidazole Alkaloids Epiisopilosine and Epiisopiloturine Attenuate Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Toxicity in Mice via Autophagy Modulation and Anti-Inflammatory Effects Ana Patricia de Oliveira, Gabriella Pacheco, André Luis Fernandes Lopes, Andreza Ketly da Silva Araujo, Letícia de Sousa Chaves, et al. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, 2026 There is increasing interest in natural metabolites, such as alkaloids, due to their potential in treating liver diseases, including acetaminophen (APAP)‐induced hepatotoxicity. Alkaloids are known to modulate autophagy, a mechanism associated with liver protection. Epiisopilosine (EPIIS) and epiisopiloturine (EPI), imidazole alkaloids derived from Pilocarpus microphyllus (Jaborandi), exhibit anti‐inflammatory and hepatic immunomodulatory effects. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the hepatoprotective and autophagy‐modulating effects of EPI and EPIIS in a murine model of APAP‐induced hepatotoxicity. In the experimental design, male BALB/c mice received APAP (750 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce hepatotoxicity, followed by phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), N‐acetylcysteine (NAC‐318 mg/kg, i.p.), or alkaloids (0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min later. To assess the involvement of autophagy, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ; 80 mg/kg, i.p.), an autophagy inhibitor, was administered 2 h before APAP. Treatment with EPI, EPIIS, or NAC significantly reduced liver toxicity ( p < 0.05). APAP‐treated mice exhibited marked centrilobular necrosis, which was markedly reduced following the treatment with Jaborandi alkaloids. Furthermore, EPIIS and EPI significantly reduced the inflammatory and oxidative markers. Administration of HCQ 2 h before APAP abolished these effects. Western blotting analysis revealed increased LC3B expression, a marker of autophagy, in the hepatic tissues of the treated mice, indicating that EPIIS and EPI modulate autophagy. Molecular docking analysis suggested potential interactions between the alkaloids and CXCL10, a chemokine linked to inflammation and autophagy inhibition. These findings demonstrate that EPIIS and EPI protect against APAP‐induced hepatotoxicity in mice, potentially by modulating autophagy and reducing inflammation.
Limonene and carvacrol combined with drugs that inhibit ergosterol synthesis are potent against Leishmania major Rita de Cássia Viana de Carvalho, Karla Germana dos Reis Bacelar, Eduardo Lima Pereira, Bianca Soriano dos Anjos, Evellyn Caroline Silva Melo, et al. Naunyn Schmiedeberg S Archives of Pharmacology, 2026 Leishmaniases are neglected diseases widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries, caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus. Current therapy includes pentavalent antimonial and amphotericin B, but adverse effects persist. The development of a new, more selective, and less toxic combination therapy is therefore a rational and promising approach. In this study, we report the effects of combinations of the monoterpenes limonene (Lim) and carvacrol (Car) with drugs targeting ergosterol biosynthesis, namely nystatin (Nys), tioconazole (Tio), and rosuvastatin (Ros), on Leishmania major , their cytotoxicity on macrophages, and we evaluate their synergism and mechanisms of action. The combinations inhibited the growth of L. major promastigotes, with Lim-Car combined with nystatin (3:2) exhibiting the highest activity, showing an IC 50 of 2.02 µg/mL. Furthermore, this combination demonstrated greater action against amastigotes (IC 50 of 0.53 µg/mL) and a high selectivity index (33.60). Low cytotoxicity was observed in murine macrophages (CC 50 17.81 µg/mL), as well as a low hemolytic potential (CH 50 of > 100 µg/mL). The Lim-Car and nystatin (3:2) combination presented a synergistic effect, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.4. Changes in parasite membrane integrity were also observed, which may be linked to the interaction of nystatin with the enzyme 14-alpha demethylase, along with an increase in TNF-α expression and a reduction in IL-10 and IL-6 levels. These results suggest that the combination of Lim-Car with Nys (3:2) may exert a summative effect through multiple biochemical pathways and warrants further investigation as a potential combined therapy with antileishmanial activity.
Cytotoxic and Antileishmanial Potential of Pilocarpus microphyllus Essential Oil: In Vitro and In Silico Study Juniel Cruz Silva, Maria Gabriela Araújo Mendes, Paulo Sérgio de Araujo Sousa, Alyne Rodrigues de Araújo Nobre, Michel Muálem de Moraes Alves, et al. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 2026 The essential oil of Pilocarpus microphyllus (jaborandi) (EOJ), a species traditionally recognized for its alkaloid‐based pharmacological properties, remains poorly investigated despite its richness in bioactive terpenes. In this study, the chemical profile of EOJ obtained from fresh and dried leaves was determined by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, revealing 24 constituents, predominantly γ‐cadinene (23.6%) and trans‐ caryophyllene (22.9%). Antifungal activity was observed against Cryptococcus neoformans (minimum inhibitory concentration: 149−2395 µg/mL), while antileishmanial potential was confirmed against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes (half‐maximal inhibitory concentration [IC 50 ]: 22.8–25.2 µg/mL). EOJ also exhibited cytotoxic effects on HCT‐116 and PC‐3 cell lines (IC 50 : 27.8–29.2 µg/mL). In silico studies revealed strong binding affinities with therapeutic targets: γ‐cadinene to Nectin‐4 (ΔG = −7.3 kcal/mol) and trans‐ caryophyllene to lanosterol 14α‐demethylase (ΔG = −5.7 kcal/mol). Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity predictions indicated favorable oral absorption and low genotoxicity. Altogether, EOJ demonstrates multitarget bioactivity, and its major constituents represent promising leads for antifungal, antileishmanial, and anticancer drug development.
Evaluation of Potential Molecular Targets of the Alkaloid Epiisopiloturine, Involved in Cardioprotective Effects, Using Computational Molecular Docking in an Animal Model of Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion Francisco Sandro Menezes-Rodrigues, Elisa Andrade Costa, Pedro Ivo De Marqui Moraes, Erisvaldo Amarante de Araújo, Carlos Eduardo Braga Filho, et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2025 The most common cause of morbidity and death worldwide is acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which is typified by severe and deadly arrhythmias resulting from cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (CIR). We chose to investigate the possible cardioprotective activity of epiisopiloturine (EPI), an imidazole alkaloid presents in the leaves of Pilocarpus microphyllus, in an animal model of CIR in rats. Control rats were treated with 0.9% saline solution and then subjected to CIR (SS + CIR); they were compared to rats pretreated with either 10 mg/kg (EPI10 + CIR group) or 15 mg/kg EPI (EPI15 + CIR) before CIR. ECG analysis was used to assess the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), atrioventricular block (AVB), and lethality (LET) brought on by CIR in these rats. Serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) was assessed using a colorimetric assay. In comparison to the SS + CIR group, animals treated with EPI15 + CIR had lower AVB incidence, which decreased from 85.7% to 21.4%, while LET incidence decreased from 71.4% to 21.4%. In both EPI10 + CIR and EPI15 + CIR groups, serum CK-MB was lower than in SS + CIR positive controls. These findings suggest that administration of EPI (15 mg/kg) before CIR could reduce the incidences of AVB and LET, as well as cardiac injury markers, which suggests that, likely due to its antioxidant effects, EPI may be a promising drug to reduce LET in patients with severe and fatal arrhythmia due to AMI.
Cajuína from Piauí (Brazil): Implications of a cultural beverage with nutraceutical potential in the management of peptic oesophagitis Josivan Lopes Ferreira, Gildeanni Iasmim Alves Vieira, Katriane Carvalho da Silva, Thalia Fernandes de Melo Pimentel, Antonio Carlos Pereira de Oliveira, et al. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2025 Cajuína, a traditional clarified beverage obtained from the cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.), holds ethnopharmacological relevance in Northeastern Brazil, particularly in Piauí, where it is recognised as intangible cultural heritage. This study evaluated its oesophagoprotective effects in a murine model of acute erosive oesophagitis and characterised its antioxidant and phytochemical profile. Cajuína contained phenolic compounds and high levels of vitamin C, which contributed to significant reductions in oesophageal lesion area, oedema, histopathological damage, and biochemical markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. In vitro assays confirmed its antioxidant potential through ABTS and DPPH radical-scavenging activity. These findings provide the first experimental evidence that cajuína preserves mucosal integrity and attenuates injury in reflux-related oesophageal damage, supporting its potential as a culturally relevant nutraceutical and dietary adjunct in the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
Potential molecular targets on which methylene blue acts to promote its effects on cardiac electrophysiology, myocardial injury, and oxidative stress in spontaneously … RY Lima, TCP Govato, EA Araújo, M Pires-Oliveira, PSA Sousa, JA Rocha, ... Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira 41, e411826 , 2026 2026
Computational Screening of Membrane Protein Epitopes for Vaccine Development Against Trypanosoma brucei M Fochesato, KP Santos, MEL Fernandes, YC Sousa, YVF Pinheiro, ... Proceedings 137 (1), 129 , 2026 2026
Limonene and carvacrol combined with drugs that inhibit ergosterol synthesis are potent against Leishmania major RCV de Carvalho, KG dos Reis Bacelar, EL Pereira, BS Dos Anjos, ... Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 1-14 , 2026 2026
Imidazole Alkaloids Epiisopilosine and Epiisopiloturine Attenuate Acetaminophen‐Induced Liver Toxicity in Mice via Autophagy Modulation and Anti‐Inflammatory Effects AP de Oliveira, G Pacheco, ALF Lopes, AK da Silva Araujo, ... Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 40 (3), e70782 , 2026 2026
Quantification of Flavonoids and Computational Evaluation of Major Compounds of Chrysobalanus icaco L. Against Trypanosoma cruzi M Fochesato, YC Sousa, YVF Pinheiro, LMC Véras Proceedings 137 (1), 44 , 2026 2026
The effects of skeletal muscle conditioned medium on oxidative stress and morphometry of murine testicles cultured in vitro Alves et al. FL Alves, MAF Oliveira, SD Martins, MJN de Moura, C dos Santos Borges, ... In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Animal 62 (2), 181-188 , 2026 2026
Epiisopiloturine Attenuates the Pro-inflammatory Effects of Experimental Colitis Through the M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor VPA de Almeida, TML da Silva, D de Aguiar Magalhães, ACC da Costa, ... Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 36 (1), 17 , 2026 2026
Cytotoxic and Antileishmanial Potential of Pilocarpus microphyllus Essential Oil: In Vitro and In Silico Study JC Silva, MGA Mendes, PSA Sousa, ARA Nobre, MMM Alves, ... Chemistry & Biodiversity 23 (1), e02175 , 2026 2026
Aqueous cigarette smoke extract reduces mitochondrial potential and increases nuclear degeneration in bovine oocytes matured in vitro AK de Carvalho Albuquerque, SD Martins, LMC Véras, ... Reproductive Toxicology, 109141 , 2025 2025
Evaluation of Potential Molecular Targets of the Alkaloid Epiisopiloturine, Involved in Cardioprotective Effects, Using Computational Molecular Docking in an Animal Model of … FS Menezes-Rodrigues, E Andrade Costa, PI De Marqui Moraes, ... International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26 (19), 9488 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Cajuína from Piauí (Brazil): implications of a cultural beverage with nutraceutical potential in the management of peptic oesophagitis JL Ferreira, GIA Vieira, KC da Silva, TF de Melo Pimentel, ... International Journal of Food Science and Technology 60 (2), vvaf250 , 2025 2025
Metal complexes as potential anti-Trypanosoma agents: a bibliographic review SS Nogueira, PS de Araújo Sousa, M Fochesato, JA Rocha, LMC Veras Caderno Pedagógico 22 (4), e14464-e14464 , 2025 2025
In vitro Antileishmanial Activity and In silico Molecular Modeling Studies of Novel Analogs of Dermaseptins S4 and B2 H Haddad, KA da Franca Rodrigues, H Othman, LM Costa Véras, ... Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 26 (2), 276-288 , 2025 2025
Produção e avaliação de frutos da macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) cultivada no Cariri Cearense. MA CORDÃO, MRN FARIAS, SP FAVARO, L VERAS, HU de SOUSA, ... 2025
Extraction and Identification of Flavonoids from the Leaves of Pilocarpus microphyllus : Focus on Antioxidant Activity and Neuroprotective Profile MLG Perfeito, FOS Ribeiro, JR Jesus, LMC Véras, ARA Nobre, EM Lopes, ... Drugs and Drug Candidates 3 (4), 796-812 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
Epiisopiloturine possibly controls inflammation and accelerates wound healing AA Rodrigues, PS de Araújo Sousa, FDO Matias, TCCS Garcês, ... Medical Hypotheses 191, 111447 , 2024 2024
Anticorrosive properties in 1020 steel of an alkaloid-rich extract obtained from the jaborandi biomass ( Pilocarpus microphyllus staff ex wardlew) of the pilocarpine … FMA de Araújo, ETA de Araújo, MG Cardoso, BS Sá, LMC Veras, ... Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 35 (3), 673-682 , 2024 2024
Antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles based on carboxymethylated cashew gum and epiisopiloturine: In vitro and in silico studies PS de Araujo Sousa, RRL Rodrigues, VMR de Souza, ... International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 274, 133048 , 2024 2024 Citations: 7
A systematic literature review on the pharmacological applications of the carotenoid norbixin AL Alves, LS Miranda, TL Alves, VGF Viana, AS Teles, JA Rocha, ... Peer Review Journals, 127-146 , 2024 2024
Lamellar double hydroxides as pharmaceutical excipients: a compatibility study LR de Moura Ferraz, LCPBB Silva, DF de Melo, NM da Silva, LP Alves, ... Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 149 (7), 2857-2872 , 2024 2024 Citations: 1
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Anti-inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity of Epiisopiloturine, an Imidazole Alkaloid Isolated from Pilocarpus microphyllus VG Silva, RO Silva, SRB Damasceno, NS Carvalho, RS Prudêncio, ... Journal of natural products 76 (6), 1071-1077 , 2013 2013 Citations: 129
Anthelmintic Activity In Vivo of Epiisopiloturine against Juvenile and Adult Worms of Schistosoma mansoni MA Guimaraes, RN de Oliveira, LMC Véras, DF Lima, YDM Campelo, ... PLoS neglected tropical diseases 9 (3), e0003656 , 2015 2015 Citations: 73
Involvement of Cholinergic and Opioid System in γ ‐Terpinene‐Mediated Antinociception FFB Passos, EM Lopes, JM de Araújo, DP de Sousa, LMC Veras, ... Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (1), 829414 , 2015 2015 Citations: 71
Characterization and Biological Activities of Ocellatin Peptides from the Skin Secretion of the Frog Leptodactylus pustulatus MM Marani, FS Dourado, PV Quelemes, AR de Araujo, MLG Perfeito, ... Journal of natural products 78 (7), 1495-1504 , 2015 2015 Citations: 63
Contribution of the cashew gum (Anacardium occidentale L.) for development of layer-by-layer films with potential application in nanobiomedical devices IMS Araújo, MF Zampa, JB Moura, JR dos Santos Jr, P Eaton, V Zucolotto, ... Materials Science and Engineering: C 32 (6), 1588-1593 , 2012 2012 Citations: 55
Anthelmintic, Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Activity of Imidazole Alkaloids from Pilocarpus microphyllus Leaves JA Rocha, IM Andrade, LMC Véras, PV Quelemes, DF Lima, MJS Soares, ... Phytotherapy research 31 (4), 624-630 , 2017 2017 Citations: 50
The Skin Secretion of the Amphibian Phyllomedusa nordestina : A Source of Antimicrobial and Antiprotozoal Peptides GD Brand, RC Santos, LM Arake, VG Silva, LMC Veras, V Costa, ... Molecules 18 (6), 7058-7070 , 2013 2013 Citations: 45
Epiisopilosine alkaloid has activity against Schistosoma mansoni in mice without acute toxicity MA Guimaraes, RN de Oliveira, RL de Almeida, AC Mafud, ALV Sarkis, ... PLoS One 13 (5), e0196667 , 2018 2018 Citations: 43
Industrial Scale Isolation, Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Epiisopiloturine from Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf Leaves: A Promising Alkaloid … LMC Véras, VRR Cunha, FCDA Lima, MA Guimarães, MM Vieira, ... PLoS One 8 (6), e66702 , 2013 2013 Citations: 38
Acetylated cashew gum-based nanoparticles for the incorporation of alkaloid epiisopiloturine J do Amaral Rodrigues, AR de Araujo, NA Pitombeira, A Placido, ... International journal of biological macromolecules 128, 965-972 , 2019 2019 Citations: 37
Synergistic effects of in vitro combinations of piplartine, epiisopiloturine and praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni YDM Campelo, AC Mafud, LMC Véras, MA Guimaraes, LF Yamaguchi, ... Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 88, 488-499 , 2017 2017 Citations: 37
Nanopharmaceutical approach of epiisopiloturine alkaloid carried in liposome system: preparation and in vitro schistosomicidal activity MA Guimaraes, YDM Campelo, L Veras, MC Colhone, DF Lima, ... Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology 14 (6), 4519-4528 , 2014 2014 Citations: 36
Anti-leishmanial activity of the antimicrobial peptide DRS 01 observed in Leishmania infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi) cells P Eaton, CR Bittencourt, VC Silva, LMC Véras, CHN Costa, MJ Feio, ... Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 10 (2), 483-490 , 2014 2014 Citations: 36
Eugenia piauhiensis Vellaff. essential oil and γ-elemene its major constituent exhibit antileishmanial activity, promoting cell membrane damage and in vitro immunomodulation TA de Lima Nunes, LH Costa, JMS De Sousa, VMR De Souza, ... Chemico-Biological Interactions 339, 109429 , 2021 2021 Citations: 34
Antifungal and anti-inflammatory potential of eschweilenol C-rich fraction derived from Terminalia fagifolia Mart AR de Araújo, B Iles, K de Melo Nogueira, J do Nascimento Dias, ... Journal of ethnopharmacology 240, 111941 , 2019 2019 Citations: 32
Epiisopiloturine, an imidazole alkaloid, reverses inflammation and lipid peroxidation parameters in the Crohn disease model induced by trinitrobenzenosulfonic acid in Wistar rats LR de Carvalho, TV de Brito, JSC Junior, GJD Júnior, ... Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 102, 278-285 , 2018 2018 Citations: 31
Gastric Antiulcerogenic and Hypokinetic Activities of Terminalia fagifolia Mart. & Zucc. (Combretaceae) PHM Nunes, MCC Martins, RCM Oliveira, MH Chaves, EA Sousa, ... BioMed Research International 2014 (1), 261745 , 2014 2014 Citations: 30
Epiisopiloturine hydrochloride, an imidazole alkaloid isolated from Pilocarpus microphyllus leaves, protects against naproxen-induced gastrointestinal damage in rats LAD Nicolau, NS Carvalho, DM Pacífico, LT Lucetti, KS Aragão, ... Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 87, 188-195 , 2017 2017 Citations: 25
Immobilization of cationic antimicrobial peptides and natural cashew gum in nanosheet systems for the investigation of anti-leishmanial activity CR Bittencourt, EA de Oliveira Farias, KC Bezerra, LMC Véras, VC Silva, ... Materials Science and Engineering: C 59, 549-555 , 2016 2016 Citations: 22