Loïs Fournier

@unil.ch

Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Loïs Fournier


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https://researchid.co/lfourni2
I am a Doctoral Research Fellow in Psychology supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under a " Doctoral Research Fellowship. I obtained my M.Sc. in Psychology from the University of Lausanne (Lausanne, Switzerland) in 2021, and I am currently pursuing my D.Sc. in Psychology. My research employs graphical and structural equation modeling techniques to investigate how psychological constructs — such as behavioral "addictions" and impulsive behaviors — are conceptualized and assessed by their corresponding psychometric instruments. Additionally, I am dedicated to advancing the development and evaluation of psychometric instruments and promoting best practices in open science.

EDUCATION

I am a Doctoral Research Fellow in Psychology supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under a " Doctoral Research Fellowship. I obtained my M.Sc. in Psychology from the University of Lausanne (Lausanne, Switzerland) in 2021, and I am currently pursuing my D.Sc. in Psychology.

RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS

Psychology
10

Scopus Publications

301

Scholar Citations

7

Scholar h-index

6

Scholar i10-index

Scopus Publications

  • A critical appraisal of how to employ - or not to employ - the Sexual Risk Survey in international populations
    Loïs Fournier, Beáta Bőthe,, Joël Billieux
    Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2026
    Introduction • In 2009, Turchik and Gaske constructed the Sexual Risk Survey (SRS), a self-administered material intended to assess the applicability of 23 statements related to five dimensions of sexual risk-taking behaviors. • Yet, despite Turchik et al. emphasizing that the validity and reliability evidence of the Sexual Risk Survey (SRS) had only been evaluated in populations of college students in the United States of America and urging that its applicability to other populations be investigated, a considerable body of research articles has employed the material in other populations without the prerequisite examination of its validity and reliability evidence. • Therefore, examination of the internal structure validity and internal consistency reliability evidence of the Sexual Risk Survey (SRS) with data from different populations is warranted. Methods • We examined the internal structure validity and internal consistency reliability evidence of the Sexual Risk Survey (SRS) with data from international populations (N = 81,060, 57% of which identified as cisgender women, 40% as cisgender men, and 3% as other gender identities) that were collected in the context of the International Sex Survey (ISS), a large-scale international survey conducted in 42 countries of residence. • Structural equation analyses of the Sexual Risk Survey (SRS) were performed with respect to its pre-established five-factor structure with polytomous (discretized) and continuous (non-discretized) data. Results • With polytomous (discretized) data: 2 (220) = 75,621.740 (p < 0.001), CFI = 0.796, TLI = 0.765, RMSEA = 0.142, SRMR = 0.080,   [0.678, 0.953],   [0.744, 0.907]. • With continuous (non-discretized) data: 2 (220) = 1,466.281 (p < 0.001), CFI = 0.901, TLI = 0.886, RMSEA = 0.056, SRMR = 0.050,   [0.368, 0.876],   [0.548, 0.822]. Discussion • Considering exact and approximate fit, alongside low model-implied  factor loading and McDonald’s  internal consistency values, we cannot recommend employing the Sexual Risk Survey (SRS) with polytomous (discretized) and continuous (non-discretized) data from international populations. • Nevertheless, we recommend that researchers interested in populations other than college students in the United States of America (1) examine the validity and reliability evidence of the material in their population(s) – notably by investigating alternatives to the pre-established internal structure of the material – or (2) employ continuous (non-discretized) data from the self-reported frequency of sexual risk-taking behaviors over the past six months (i.e., item scores) rather than arithmetic mean scores computed to reflect the level of endorsement of each of the five sexual risk-taking dimensions (i.e., factor scores).
  • Salience and tolerance are not indicators of problematic social media use: Evidence from the Social Media Disorder Scale and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale
    Víctor Ciudad-Fernández, Loïs Fournier, Tamara Escrivá-Martínez, Rosa Baños, Alfredo Zarco-Alpuente, Joël Billieux
    Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2025
    Background and aimsThe components model of addiction outlines six criteria shared by all addictive disorders. This proposal has been widely applied to conceptualize behavioral addictions, including problematic social media use (PSMU). However, certain criteria can be defined as “core” (e.g., mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, conflict), reflecting problematic involvement, while others as “peripheral” (e.g., salience, tolerance), reflecting non-problematic involvement. We evaluated whether a two-factor model distinguishing between core and peripheral criteria provides a better fit than the unifactorial model in PSMU. Additionally, we examined whether core and peripheral criteria exhibit different patterns of association with psychological measures.MethodsA total of 2,761 adolescents (M = 14.80 years, SD = 1.91 years) completed the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), the Social Media Disorder Scale (SMD), and measures of depression, anxiety, loneliness, life satisfaction, and self-esteem. Confirmatory factor analyses compared one-factor and two-factor models for the BSMAS and SMD. Associations were evaluated using structural equation models.ResultsA two-factor model that distinguished core (i.e., mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, conflict) and peripheral (i.e., salience, tolerance) criteria provided a better fit than the unifactorial model for both scales. Core criteria were positively associated with depression, anxiety, and loneliness, and negatively associated with life satisfaction and self-esteem. Opposite patterns were observed for peripheral criteria: they were negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and loneliness, and positively associated with life satisfaction and self-esteem.Discussion and ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the components model of addiction may not be valid for assessing PSMU, promoting overdiagnosis and pathologization.
  • Evaluating the factor structure and measurement invariance of the 20-item short version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale across multiple countries, languages, and gender identities
    Loïs Fournier, Beáta Bőthe, Zsolt Demetrovics, Mónika Koós, Shane W. Kraus, Léna Nagy, Marc N. Potenza, Rafael Ballester-Arnal, Dominik Batthyány, Sophie Bergeron, Peer Briken, Julius Burkauskas, Georgina Cárdenas-López, Joana Carvalho, Jesús Castro-Calvo, Lijun Chen, Giacomo Ciocca, Ornella Corazza, Rita I. Csako, David P. Fernandez, Hironobu Fujiwara, Elaine F. Fernandez, Johannes Fuss, Roman Gabrhelík, Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan, Biljana Gjoneska, Mateusz Gola, Joshua B. Grubbs, Hashim T. Hashim, Md. Saiful Islam, Mustafa Ismail, Martha C. Jiménez-Martínez, Tanja Jurin, Ondrej Kalina, Verena Klein, András Költő, Sang-Kyu Lee, Karol Lewczuk, Chung-Ying Lin, Christine Lochner, Silvia López-Alvarado, Kateřina Lukavská, Percy Mayta-Tristán, Dan J. Miller, Oľga Orosová, Gábor Orosz, Fernando P. Ponce, Gonzalo R. Quintana, Gabriel C. Quintero Garzola, , Jano Ramos-Diaz, Kévin Rigaud, Ann Rousseau, Marco De Tubino Scanavino, Marion K. Schulmeyer, Pratap Sharan, Mami Shibata, Sheikh Shoib, Vera Sigre-Leirós, Luke Sniewski, Ognen Spasovski, Vesta Steibliene, Dan J. Stein, Julian Strizek, Meng-Che Tsai, Berk C. Ünsal, Marie-Pier Vaillancourt-Morel, Marie Claire Van Hout, Joël Billieux
    Assessment, 2025
    The UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Model and the various psychometric instruments developed and validated based on this model are well established in clinical and research settings. However, evidence regarding the psychometric validity, reliability, and equivalence across multiple countries of residence, languages, or gender identities, including gender-diverse individuals, is lacking to date. Using data from the International Sex Survey ( N = 82,243), confirmatory factor analyses and measurement invariance analyses were performed on the preestablished five-factor structure of the 20-item short version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale to examine whether (a) psychometric validity and reliability and (b) psychometric equivalence hold across 34 country-of-residence-related, 22 language-related, and three gender-identity-related groups. The results of the present study extend the latter psychometric instrument’s well-established relevance to 26 countries, 13 languages, and three gender identities. Most notably, psychometric validity and reliability were evidenced across nine novel translations included in the present study (i.e., Croatian, English, German, Hebrew, Korean, Macedonian, Polish, Portuguese—Portugal, and Spanish—Latin American) and psychometric equivalence was evidenced across all three gender identities included in the present study (i.e., women, men, and gender-diverse individuals).
  • Can playing Dungeons and Dragons be good for you? A registered exploratory pilot programme using offline tabletop role-playing games to mitigate social anxiety and reduce problematic involvement in multiplayer online video games
    Joël Billieux, Loïs Fournier, Lucien Rochat, Iliyana Georgieva, Charlotte Eben, Marc Malmdorf Andersen, Daniel L. King, Olivier Simon, Yasser Khazaal, Andreas Lieberoth, Jonathan Bloch
    Royal Society Open Science, 2025
    Gamers with poor self-concept, high social anxiety and high loneliness are more at risk of problematic involvement in video games, such as massively multiplayer online role-playing games. There is a research gap concerning treatment approaches to cater to socially anxious gamers with problematic patterns of gaming involvement. This registered exploratory pilot programme tests the feasibility and initial effect of a structured protocol in which socially anxious online gamers are exposed to real-life social interactions while playing an offline tabletop role-playing game (TTRPG). Our structured protocol lasted 10 weeks and involved 10 sessions organized into three modules in which participants played a TTRPG inspired by the game ‘Dungeons and Dragons’. Each module deployed a role-playing scenario designed to challenge the players in game terms and involve them in a story based on maturing relationships with other characters and solving challenges by social means and investigation. Our study used a quasi-experimental multiple single-case design with a three-week baseline across groups (four groups of five gamers with sub-clinical problematic video game use and social anxiety) and a three-month follow-up. Primary outcomes were time spent gaming, gaming disorder symptoms and social anxiety symptoms. Secondary outcomes were assertiveness/social skills, self-concepts and perceived loneliness. In terms of feasibility, we observed that most participants completed the programme (two of the 20 participants dropped out) and were involved in terms of participation and weekly psychometric assessments. Moreover, participants were largely able to attain the progressively more difficult objectives implemented in the TTRPG programme. Multiple single-case analyses showed that most participants benefited from the intervention through a reduction in social anxiety symptoms and problematic gaming symptoms, although to varying degrees. Some participants also reduced their gaming time or presented with reduced perceived loneliness. Assertiveness and self-concepts were not improved. This pilot study shows that a TTRPG intervention approach is feasible and may be used to reduce social anxiety and gaming disorder symptoms. The present programme must now be tested with clinical participants.
  • From active escapism to virtual withdrawal: Validation of the Compensatory-Dissociative Online Gaming scales (C-DOGs)
    Alessandro Giardina, Loïs Fournier, Vladan Starcevic, Daniel L. King, Maria Di Blasi, Adriano Schimmenti, Joël Billieux
    Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2024
    BackgroundIn the Compensatory-Dissociative Online Gaming (C-DOG; Giardina et al., 2024) model, we proposed a continuum from compensatory to dissociative gaming involvement. This continuum represents different degrees of integration between physical and virtual environments with three core processes – Active Escapism, Escape, and Dissociation – and two peripheral processes – Gaming-Related Relaxation and Body-Mind Detachment. Here, we developed and tested a multidimensional measure based on this model.MethodWe capitalized on existing items for measuring escapism and dissociation and we generated new items consistent with the hypothesized model dimensions. A total of 54 items were administered to 1,176 online gamers playing different game genres, together with measures of problematic gaming, passion for gaming, and other psychological distress indicators.ResultsExploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded a six-factor, 36-item structure, with multiple hierarchical regression analyses highlighting unique associations with other psychological constructs assessed.DiscussionThe following factors were identified: (1) Emotional Displacement - redirection of negative emotion into the game with associated relaxation; (2) Absorption - detachment of the player from time and space while gaming; (3) Active Escapism - simulative use of the game to compensate for lack of self-confidence in reaching physical life objectives; (4) Virtual Withdrawal – maladaptive gaming to balance impaired social functioning, predicted by traumatic experiences and pervasive depression; (5) Dissociative Regulation - dysfunctional level of engagement associated with excessive anxiety; (6) Failure Escape - problematic avoidance via gaming related to fear of future failures.ConclusionsThe C-DOG factors identify critical psychological processes associated with problematic gaming, with relevant research and clinical implications.
  • Further evidence for the bidimensionality of the components model of addiction: a reply to Amendola (2023)
    Loïs Fournier, Adriano Schimmenti, Alessandro Musetti, Valentina Boursier, Maèva Flayelle, Ilaria Cataldo, Vladan Starcevic, Joël Billieux
    Addictive Behaviors, 2024
  • Deconstructing the components model of addiction: an illustration through “addictive” use of social media
    Loïs Fournier, Adriano Schimmenti, Alessandro Musetti, Valentina Boursier, Maèva Flayelle, Ilaria Cataldo, Vladan Starcevic, Joël Billieux
    Addictive Behaviors, 2023
    The components model of addiction posits that all addictions share six components, namely salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, and conflict. This highly influential model has resulted in the development of numerous psychometric instruments that measure addictive behaviors according to these criteria. However, recent research suggests that, in the context of behavioral addictions, certain components constitute peripheral features that do not distinguish non-pathological from pathological behavior. Using "addictive" use of social media as a representative example, we examined this perspective by testing whether these six components actually assess central features of addiction, or whether some of them constitute peripheral features that are not indicative of a disorder. Four independent samples totaling 4,256 participants from the general population completed the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, a six-item psychometric instrument derived from the components model of addiction to assess social media "addiction". By performing structural equation modeling and network analyses, we showed that the six components did not form a unitary construct and, crucially, that some components (i.e., salience, tolerance) were not associated with measures assessing psychopathological symptoms. Taken together, these results suggest that psychometric instruments based on the components model conflate central and peripheral features of addiction when applied to behavioral addictions. This implies that such instruments pathologize involvement in appetitive behaviors. Our findings thus call for renewing the conceptualization and assessment of behavioral addictions.
  • Compulsive sexual behavior disorder in 42 countries: Insights from the International Sex Survey and introduction of standardized assessment tools
    Beáta Bőthe, Mónika Koós, Léna Nagy, Shane W. Kraus, Zsolt Demetrovics, Marc N. Potenza, Aurélie Michaud, Rafael Ballester-Arnal, Dominik Batthyány, Sophie Bergeron, Joël Billieux, Peer Briken, Julius Burkauskas, Georgina Cárdenas-López, Joana Carvalho, Jesús Castro-Calvo, Lijun Chen, Giacomo Ciocca, Ornella Corazza, Rita Csako, David P. Fernandez, Elaine F. Fernandez, Loïs Fournier, Hironobu Fujiwara, Johannes Fuss, Roman Gabrhelík, Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan, Biljana Gjoneska, Mateusz Gola, Joshua B. Grubbs, Hashim T. Hashim, Md. Saiful Islam, Mustafa Ismail, Martha C. Jiménez-Martínez, Tanja Jurin, Ondrej Kalina, Verena Klein, András Költő, Chih-Ting Lee, Sang-Kyu Lee, Karol Lewczuk, Chung-Ying Lin, _ _, Christine Lochner, Silvia López-Alvarado, Kateřina Lukavská, Percy Mayta-Tristán, Ionut Milea, Dan J. Miller, Oľga Orosová, Gábor Orosz, _ _, Fernando P. Ponce, Gonzalo R. Quintana, Gabriel C. Quintero Garzola, Jano Ramos-Diaz, Kévin Rigaud, Ann Rousseau, Marco De Tubino Scanavino, Marion K. Schulmeyer, Pratap Sharan, Mami Shibata, Sheikh Shoib, Vera L. Sigre Leirós, Luke Sniewski, Ognen Spasovski, Vesta Steibliene, Dan J. Stein, Julian Strizek, Aleksandar Štulhofer, Berk C. Ünsal, Marie-Pier Vaillancourt-Morel
    Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2023
    Background and aimsDespite its inclusion in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases, there is a virtual paucity of high-quality scientific evidence about compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD), especially in underrepresented and underserved populations. Therefore, we comprehensively examined CSBD across 42 countries, genders, and sexual orientations, and validated the original (CSBD-19) and short (CSBD-7) versions of the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Scale to provide standardized, state-of-the-art screening tools for research and clinical practice.MethodUsing data from the International Sex Survey (N = 82,243; Mage = 32.39 years, SD = 12.52), we evaluated the psychometric properties of the CSBD-19 and CSBD-7 and compared CSBD across 42 countries, three genders, eight sexual orientations, and individuals with low vs. high risk of experiencing CSBD.ResultsA total of 4.8% of the participants were at high risk of experiencing CSBD. Country- and gender-based differences were observed, while no sexual-orientation-based differences were present in CSBD levels. Only 14% of individuals with CSBD have ever sought treatment for this disorder, with an additional 33% not having sought treatment because of various reasons. Both versions of the scale demonstrated excellent validity and reliability.Discussion and conclusionsThis study contributes to a better understanding of CSBD in underrepresented and underserved populations and facilitates its identification in diverse populations by providing freely accessible ICD-11-based screening tools in 26 languages. The findings may also serve as a crucial building block to stimulate research into evidence-based, culturally sensitive prevention and intervention strategies for CSBD that are currently missing from the literature.
  • Modeling urgency in the lab: Exploring the associations between self-reported urgency and behavioral responses to negative outcomes in laboratory gambling
    Charlotte Eben, Loïs Fournier, Frederick Verbruggen, Joël Billieux
    Acta Psychologica, 2023
    Impulsivity is a multifaceted construct that relates to different behaviors in everyday life and has been associated with many psychopathological disorders and behavioral problems, such as problematic gambling behavior. One questionnaire to measure these several facets on a trait level is the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Specifically, the UPPS-P investigates five distinct facets: (a) negative urgency, (b) lack of premeditation, (c) lack of perseverance, (d) sensation seeking, and (e) positive urgency. Negative urgency at a trait level in particular seems to be associated with the development of psychopathological disorders. To date, there are no established state measures of negative urgency. However, it was recently proposed that speeding after losses might be a suitable measure. Thus, in this study, we explored the possible relationship between a state measure of negative urgency modeled through a behavioral gambling task and a trait measure of negative urgency through the UPPS-P questionnaire. We used correlational and network analyses in an aggregated database of eight samples (total N = 1216) to explore the potential relationships between post-loss speeding on the behavioral gambling task and UPPS-P scores (by combining trait vs. item-based analyses). We found that the degree of speeding after losses (post-loss speeding) did not correlate with the trait measure of impulsivity in general and negative urgency specifically, either at the latent trait level or on an item-based level. This null finding indicates that our state measure of post-loss speeding and negative urgency on a trait level does not seem to capture the same underlying constructs. Implications for personality research are discussed.
  • Commentary on Karhulahti et al. (2022): addressing ontological diversity in gaming disorder measurement from an item-based psychometric perspective
    Joël Billieux, Loïs Fournier
    Addiction Research and Theory, 2023
    The present commentary aims to extend the work conducted by Karhulahti et al. (Citation2022), and more specifically to follow one of the research directions that they suggested but did not preregister, that is, to capitalize on network analysis (an item-based psychometric approach) to reinforce or – in contrast – to nuance the view that the four gaming disorder measurement tools that they scrutinized actually assess ontologically distinct constructs. Thanks to the open science approach endorsed by Karhulahti and colleagues, we were able to perform network analysis that encompassed all items from the four gaming disorder assessment tools used by the authors. Because of the very high density of connections among all available items, the analysis conducted suggests that these instruments are not reliably distinct and that their content strongly overlaps, therefore measuring substantially homogeneous constructs after all. Although not aligned with the main conclusions made by Karhulahti and colleagues, the current exploratory results make sense theoretically and require further elaboration of what is meant by ‘ontological diversity’ in the context of gaming disorder assessment and diagnosis.

RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

  • Toward non-confirmatory research approaches and epistemic rigor: a critical commentary on the concept of “nose spray addiction” proposed in Lakatos et al. (2025)
    M Flayelle, L Fournier, HJ Rumpf, J Billieux
    Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2006.2025. 00460 , 2026
    2026
  • A critical appraisal of how to employ – or not to employ – the Sexual Risk Survey in international populations
    L Fournier, B Bőthe, ISS Consortium, J Billieux
    The Journal of Sexual Medicine 23 (2) , 2026
    2026
  • Reducing assessment time without sacrificing content validity in short-form development: an illustration through the revised 20-item short version of the UPPS-P Impulsive …
    L Fournier, A Heeren, S Baggio, L Clark, A Verdejo-García, JC Perales, ...
    Collabra: Psychology 12 (1), 150350 , 2026
    2026
    Citations: 1
  • Salience and tolerance are not indicators of problematic social media use: evidence from the Social Media Disorder scale and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale
    V Ciudad-Fernández, L Fournier, T Escrivá-Martínez, R Baños, ...
    Journal of Behavioral Addictions , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 5
  • Renewing the assessment of behavioral addictions is necessary to avoid pathologizing nonproblematic behaviors: commentary on Grubbs and Boness (2025)
    M Flayelle, L Fournier, J Billieux
    Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science 134 (6), 615-616 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 7
  • Evaluating the factor structure and measurement invariance of the 20-item short version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale across multiple countries, languages, and gender …
    L Fournier, B Bőthe, Z Demetrovics, M Koós, SW Kraus, L Nagy, ...
    Assessment 32 (5), 635-653 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 11
  • Can playing Dungeons and Dragons be good for you? A registered exploratory pilot programme using offline tabletop role-playing games to mitigate social anxiety and reduce …
    J Billieux, L Fournier, L Rochat, I Georgieva, C Eben, ...
    Royal Society Open Science 12 (4) , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 10
  • From active escapism to virtual withdrawal: validation of the Compensatory-Dissociative Online Gaming scales (C-DOGs)
    A Giardina, L Fournier, V Starcevic, DL King, M Di Blasi, A Schimmenti, ...
    Journal of Behavioral Addictions 13 (4), 1028-1050 , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 15
  • Further evidence for the bidimensionality of the components model of addiction: a reply to Amendola (2023)
    L Fournier, A Schimmenti, A Musetti, V Boursier, M Flayelle, I Cataldo, ...
    Addictive Behaviors 150, 107914 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 12
  • Deconstructing the components model of addiction: an illustration through “addictive” use of social media
    L Fournier, A Schimmenti, A Musetti, V Boursier, M Flayelle, I Cataldo, ...
    Addictive Behaviors 143, 107694 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 129
  • Compulsive sexual behavior disorder in 42 countries: insights from the International Sex Survey and introduction of standardized assessment tools
    B Bőthe, M Koós, L Nagy, SW Kraus, Z Demetrovics, MN Potenza, ...
    Journal of Behavioral Addictions 12 (2), 393-407 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 98
  • Modeling urgency in the lab: exploring the associations between self-reported urgency and behavioral responses to negative outcomes in laboratory gambling
    C Eben, L Fournier, F Verbruggen, J Billieux
    Acta Psychologica 234, 103849 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 5
  • Commentary on Karhulahti et al. (2022): addressing ontological diversity in gaming disorder measurement from an item-based psychometric perspective
    J Billieux, L Fournier
    Addiction Research & Theory 31 (3), 170-173 , 2022
    2022
    Citations: 8

MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

  • Deconstructing the components model of addiction: an illustration through “addictive” use of social media
    L Fournier, A Schimmenti, A Musetti, V Boursier, M Flayelle, I Cataldo, ...
    Addictive Behaviors 143, 107694 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 129
  • Compulsive sexual behavior disorder in 42 countries: insights from the International Sex Survey and introduction of standardized assessment tools
    B Bőthe, M Koós, L Nagy, SW Kraus, Z Demetrovics, MN Potenza, ...
    Journal of Behavioral Addictions 12 (2), 393-407 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 98
  • From active escapism to virtual withdrawal: validation of the Compensatory-Dissociative Online Gaming scales (C-DOGs)
    A Giardina, L Fournier, V Starcevic, DL King, M Di Blasi, A Schimmenti, ...
    Journal of Behavioral Addictions 13 (4), 1028-1050 , 2024
    2024
    Citations: 15
  • Further evidence for the bidimensionality of the components model of addiction: a reply to Amendola (2023)
    L Fournier, A Schimmenti, A Musetti, V Boursier, M Flayelle, I Cataldo, ...
    Addictive Behaviors 150, 107914 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 12
  • Evaluating the factor structure and measurement invariance of the 20-item short version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale across multiple countries, languages, and gender …
    L Fournier, B Bőthe, Z Demetrovics, M Koós, SW Kraus, L Nagy, ...
    Assessment 32 (5), 635-653 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 11
  • Can playing Dungeons and Dragons be good for you? A registered exploratory pilot programme using offline tabletop role-playing games to mitigate social anxiety and reduce …
    J Billieux, L Fournier, L Rochat, I Georgieva, C Eben, ...
    Royal Society Open Science 12 (4) , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 10
  • Commentary on Karhulahti et al. (2022): addressing ontological diversity in gaming disorder measurement from an item-based psychometric perspective
    J Billieux, L Fournier
    Addiction Research & Theory 31 (3), 170-173 , 2022
    2022
    Citations: 8
  • Renewing the assessment of behavioral addictions is necessary to avoid pathologizing nonproblematic behaviors: commentary on Grubbs and Boness (2025)
    M Flayelle, L Fournier, J Billieux
    Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science 134 (6), 615-616 , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 7
  • Salience and tolerance are not indicators of problematic social media use: evidence from the Social Media Disorder scale and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale
    V Ciudad-Fernández, L Fournier, T Escrivá-Martínez, R Baños, ...
    Journal of Behavioral Addictions , 2025
    2025
    Citations: 5
  • Modeling urgency in the lab: exploring the associations between self-reported urgency and behavioral responses to negative outcomes in laboratory gambling
    C Eben, L Fournier, F Verbruggen, J Billieux
    Acta Psychologica 234, 103849 , 2023
    2023
    Citations: 5
  • Reducing assessment time without sacrificing content validity in short-form development: an illustration through the revised 20-item short version of the UPPS-P Impulsive …
    L Fournier, A Heeren, S Baggio, L Clark, A Verdejo-García, JC Perales, ...
    Collabra: Psychology 12 (1), 150350 , 2026
    2026
    Citations: 1
  • Toward non-confirmatory research approaches and epistemic rigor: a critical commentary on the concept of “nose spray addiction” proposed in Lakatos et al. (2025)
    M Flayelle, L Fournier, HJ Rumpf, J Billieux
    Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2006.2025. 00460 , 2026
    2026
  • A critical appraisal of how to employ – or not to employ – the Sexual Risk Survey in international populations
    L Fournier, B Bőthe, ISS Consortium, J Billieux
    The Journal of Sexual Medicine 23 (2) , 2026
    2026