Techniques for Monitoring and Fault Diagnostics of Industrial Plasma Processes and Applications Shakti Prasad Sethi, Ajay Pal Singh, Mohit Kumar Joshi IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2026 Plasma science and technology are considered an important source of applications for various industrial processes and scientific research. The scope of plasma sources is applied in various areas of science and engineering disciplines to leverage new applications with better efficiency and productivity. This article presents various techniques developed for monitoring plasma processes and discusses methods applied to diagnosing fault events during operation. It reviews the application of sensors, probes, and invasive as well as noninvasive diagnostic techniques for fault detection and mitigation of challenges in plasma systems. In this article, the role of signal and image processing techniques in fault event diagnosis is highlighted. The study also highlights the application of machine learning (ML) and optimization methods for fault classification and the optimization of plasma processes. Schematics of key experimental setups incorporating various sensing techniques are presented to facilitate better understanding, and the associated application-specific techniques are also explained. This article presents a comprehensive review of implemented techniques for identifying fault events in plasma processes, optimizing overall process efficiency, and enhancing system performance.
Ka-Band Meander-Line Slow Wave Structure Design for Traveling Wave Tube for High Data Rate Wireless Links Mohit Kumar Joshi, Vincent Da Costa, Muhammad Zubair, Ahsan Altaf, Rosa Letizia, Claudio Paoloni IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 2025 Ka-band (26–40 GHz) is widely used for satellite links. In particular, the 26.5–29.5-GHz band is mostly used for uplink in low-Earth-orbit (LEO) constellations and is also part of the FR2 (24.25–52.6 GHz) for high-capacity terrestrial links. The addition of the 26.5–29.5-GHz band for downlink would increase the satellite throughput, but presently, solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) modules do not provide enough power and have too low efficiency. Ka-band traveling wave tubes (TWTs) are traditionally used in geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites for their high transmission power and high efficiency. Compact and affordable Ka-band TWTs would be a promising solution to provide transmission power to enable downlink at the Ka-band. Meander lines (MLs) have been extensively investigated as slow wave structures (SWSs) for lightweight, small dimensions, and low voltage operation. In this article, an interaction circuit for compact and affordable Ka-band TWTs based on the ML (ML-TWT) is discussed. The first TWT with two ML sections interacting with an elliptical sheet beam with 4.56-kV beam voltage, in the 26.5–29.5-GHz frequency range, is proposed. More than 31-W output power with about 38-dB gain in the linear region is achieved. A single-section ML-SWS and a sever for the two-section ML-TWT are fabricated and measured. The compact dimensions and low voltage of the novel ML-TWT make it a competitive solution for medium transmission power in the future Ka-band high-capacity LEO satellite and terrestrial links for future 5G and 6G network integration.
Design and Analysis of Width-Modulated Two-Section Sine Waveguide for G-Band Traveling-Wave Tube Narugopal Nayek, Mohit Kumar Joshi, Ramesh Kumar Sonkar, Tapeshwar Tiwari, Ratnajit Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 2021 A novel width-modulated sine waveguide traveling-wave tube (SWGTWT) is proposed for G-band operation. The broadband single-section and two-section SWGTWT are analyzed, which has the potential to address various technological challenges in the THz regime, such as fabrication difficulty, reflection, and attenuation of RF power. The two-section design has separate RF structures for input and output sections of the TWT, which helps to eliminate undesired reflection during high-power operation. The width modulation is employed to enhance the interaction impedance and also to realize the flat dispersion characteristic of the slow wave structure (SWS). The fabrication feasibility of the structure is demonstrated by fabricating the scaled structure at the Ku-band. A 20.4-kV, 50-mA cylindrical beam is employed in the particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. The single-section structure offers a maximum power of 53 W with a 5.19% efficiency at 210 GHz. The peak power and a 3-dB bandwidth for the two-section structure are estimated to be 38.9 W and 32.5 GHz, respectively. The structure produces greater than 10 W of output power over a 46-GHz frequency band covering the range of 200–246 GHz.
Design of Truncated Sine-waveguide Structure for THz TWT Narugopal Nayek, Mohit Kumar Joshi, Ramesh Kumar Sonkar, Tapeshwar Tiwari, Ratnajit Bhattacharjee 2021 22nd International Vacuum Electronics Conference Ivec 2021, 2021 A novel truncated Sine-waveguide Travelling Wave Tube (SWGTWT) is studied to operate in 600–700 GHz. The cold circuit parameters like dispersion diagram, interaction impedance, and phase velocity are obtained. The extent of truncation is optimized to flatten the dispersion curve and to have a reasonable space for beam transportation. PIC simulation is carried out to study high-power oneration.
Design and efficiency enhancement of a Ka-band industrial gyrotron Narugopal Nayek, Mohit Kumar Joshi, Ramesh Kumar Sonkar, Tapeshwar Tiwari, Ratnajit Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2020 The key subsystems of a high efficiency material processing gyrotron are designed at an operating frequency of 27.885 GHz. A triode-type electron gun is designed to launch hollow spiraling electron beam. The outer diameter of the gun is kept at 50 mm to lower inside diameter of the magnet. Start oscillation current for TE02 operating as well as competing modes is plotted. The output power and efficiency are predicted to be 18.4 kW and 46%, respectively, based on single mode time-dependent analytical equation. Beam–wave interaction is studied by employing particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. Electronic efficiency and output power are increased by operating the tube in hard excitation region. An axially slotted cavity is adopted to abridge mode competitions. The output power and electronic efficiency are obtained to be 20.08 kW and 50.2%, respectively, without considering any velocity spread of the electron beam. However, the efficiency is reduced to 45%, when a moderate transverse velocity spread of 5% is considered. The power efficiency is enhanced to 67.07% by introducing a 3-staged depressed collector.
Particle-in-Cell Simulation and Analysis of 28-Vane Megawatt-Class Pulsed Power Coaxial Magnetron in X-Band Mohit Kumar Joshi, Sandeep Kumar Vyas, Tapeshwar Tiwari, Ratnajit Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2020 This article presents the design and analysis of a 28-vane megawatt-class pulsed power coaxial magnetron operating in <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band for medical linear accelerator (LINAC) applications. The systematic design procedure of the coaxial magnetron is presented. The proposed coaxial magnetron is analyzed using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. The output is taken from the standard WR112 waveguide through a rectangular slot in the outer wall of the coaxial cavity. The maximum total efficiency of 62.04% is obtained at 9.2987 GHz, having a 2.12-MW peak output power for stable <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\\pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-mode operation. The <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\\pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-mode operation is determined by 14 spokes of electrons in the PIC simulation. Electronic efficiency and circuit efficiency of the designed coaxial magnetron are obtained as 73.86% and 84%, respectively. The output peak power can be enhanced by optimizing the applied magnetic field in the operating region of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\\pi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-mode. Total efficiency is improved by 2.74% by changing the shape of the cathode end hats from conventional to conical. The dielectric properties of the slot-mode suppressor are optimized based on the output performance of coaxial magnetron. The optimal values of dielectric constant and loss tangents are obtained as 21 and 0.08, respectively. The frequency-tuning characteristics of the magnetron are also analyzed, and the tuning range is obtained as 9.2987 GHz ± 20 MHz.
A New Approach for High-Power Coaxial Magnetron Using Stacked Anode Resonators Mohit Kumar Joshi, Sandeep Kumar Vyas, Tapeshwar Tiwari, Ratnajit Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 2020 A novel design of the ${X}$ -band megawatt-class coaxial magnetron using multiple-anode resonators placed in a stacked configuration is presented. The proposed design enhances the output power of a coaxial magnetron substantially without requiring external circuitry for power combining. The coaxial magnetron design is presented with two different cathode arrangements: one with separate cathodes and the other with connected cathodes. This article presents a new way for the generation of high-power microwaves by combining powers generated by multiple-anode resonators within a coaxial magnetron itself. The proposed coaxial magnetron is analyzed using the particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. The output power of double-anode resonator magnetron is found to increase about 2.73 times compared with the coaxial magnetron with a single-anode resonator. The peak output power of 5.78 MW with 49.4% efficiency is obtained at 9.2906 GHz when a separate cathode arrangement is used, and both cathodes are excited simultaneously. The circuit efficiency and electronic efficiency are obtained as 83% and 59.5%, respectively. A wide frequency tuning range of 30.5 MHz is obtained, from 9.2840 to 9.3145 GHz. When only one cathode is excited, a different power level can be obtained. The output power can be enhanced further if more than two anode resonators are used in the connected cathode arrangement. The peak output power of 7.8 MW with 52% total efficiency is obtained with three anode resonators. The output performances of both the designs having different cathode arrangements are compared.
Multiphysics and multipactor analyses of TE022-Mode high-power X-Band RF window Mohit Kumar Joshi, Narugopal Nayek, Tapeshwar Tiwari, Jan Pidanic, Zdenek Nemec, Ratnajit Bhattacharjee IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 2020 This letter presents the design of an overmoded <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-band RF window for use in high-power microwave tubes, such as klystron, magnetron, and linear accelerator (LINAC). The cylindrical section of the window containing dielectric barrier operates in the TE<sub>022</sub> mode. Conversion from TE<sub>10</sub> mode to TE<sub>022</sub> mode is achieved using four rectangular slots made on the narrow walls of the rectangular waveguide sections. The simulation results for the proposed design in CST and HFSS are in good agreement. The return loss, insertion loss, and bandwidth are obtained as 52.76 dB, 0.06 dB, and 41.4 MHz, respectively, at 9.3 GHz. Coupled electromagnetic, thermal, and structural simulations are performed to study the multiphysics performance of the RF window. The multipactor analysis is carried out in SPARK3D to determine the multipactor threshold. The proposed TE<sub>022</sub> mode RF window can operate safely at a 20.75 MW of peak power.
Design and Analysis of Overmoded RF Window for High-Power Applications in X -Band Mohit Kumar Joshi, Narugopal Nayek, Tapeshwar Tiwari, Ratnajit Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2020 This article presents the design and analysis of overmoded RF window for megawatt-class pulsed coaxial magnetron operating in $X$ -band and other high-power systems such as linear accelerator (LINAC) and devices such as gyrotron and klystron. Three ingenious designs of RF windows are proposed based on the mode excitation techniques. Design 1 operates in TE012-type mode (mixed with TE113 and TE213), Design 2 in TE012-type mode (mixed with TE312), and Design 3 in TE014-type mode. Mixed-mode operation broadens the bandwidth of the RF window compared to single-mode operation. RF windows are simulated in CST and return losses are obtained as 55.04, 51.52, and 53.92 dB, and insertion losses as 0.054, 0.07, 0.194 dB, respectively. Return losses and insertion losses of the proposed designs are verified in HFSS, and results are in good agreement with the results obtained from CST. Coupled multiphysics analyses are carried out to study thermal and structural behaviors of the proposed RF windows. Sensitivity analysis of the windows is also performed to analyze the effect of mechanical deformation on the performance of S-parameters. Multipactor analysis is carried out to determine the safe operating power level, and multipactor thresholds are obtained as 10, 16, and 2.35 MW, respectively.
H-plane loaded sine waveguide TWT in G-band Narugopal Nayek, Ramesh Sonkar, Mohit Kr. Joshi, Tapeshwar Tiwari, Ratnajit Bhattacharjee Asia Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings APMC, 2019 In this paper, a G-band sine waveguide travelling wave tube (SWGTWT) is designed. Sinusoidal H-plane loading is incorporated to enhance the interaction impedance of the structure. Various cold circuit parameters are estimated by analyzing a single period of the structure with periodic boundary condition. Input and output coupler are designed to minimize the reflection from the structure. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation is carried out to compute beam wave interaction. The simulation predicts more than 58 W of output power at 220 GHz. The gain and electronic efficiency are estimated to be 31.1 dB and 3.27%, respectively
Identification and Suppression of Slot Modes in a Coaxial Magnetron Mohit Kumar Joshi, Sandeep Kumar Vyas, T. Tiwari, Jan Pidanic, Zdenek Nemec, Ratnajit Bhattacharjee 2019 Conference on Microwave Techniques Comite 2019 Microwave and Radio Electronics Week Marew 2019, 2019
Techniques for Monitoring and Fault Diagnostics of Industrial Plasma Processes and Applications SP Sethi, AP Singh, MK Joshi IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science , 2026 2026
Ka-band meander-line slow wave structure design for traveling wave tube for high data rate wireless links MK Joshi, V Da Costa, M Zubair, A Altaf, R Letizia, C Paoloni IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices , 2025 2025 Citations: 7
Design and analysis of width-modulated two-section sine waveguide for G-band traveling-wave tube N Nayek, MK Joshi, RK Sonkar, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 68 (12), 6458-6464 , 2021 2021 Citations: 7
Design of Truncated Sine-waveguide Structure for THz TWT N Nayek, MK Joshi, RK Sonkar, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee 2021 22nd International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC), 1-2 , 2021 2021
Investigation on Different Aspects of the High-Power Coaxial Magnetron and RF Windows Operating in X-band MK Joshi IIT Guwahati , 2020 2020
Design and Efficiency Enhancement of a Ka -Band Industrial Gyrotron N Nayek, MK Joshi, RK Sonkar, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 48 (11), 3807-3814 , 2020 2020 Citations: 3
Particle-in-cell simulation and analysis of 28-vane megawatt-class pulsed power coaxial magnetron in X-band MK Joshi, SK Vyas, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 48 (6), 1886-1893 , 2020 2020 Citations: 11
A new approach for high-power coaxial magnetron using stacked anode resonators MK Joshi, SK Vyas, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 67 (4), 1808-1813 , 2020 2020 Citations: 9
Multiphysics and Multipactor Analyses of TE 022 -Mode High-Power X-Band RF Window MK Joshi, N Nayek, T Tiwari, J Pidanic, Z Nemec, R Bhattacharjee IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 30 (3), 272-275 , 2020 2020 Citations: 5
High-power coaxial magnetron using stacked anode resonators with multi-cathode arrangement M. K. Joshi, R. Bhattacharjee, S. K. Vyas, T. Tiwari IN Patent 410,095 , 2020 2020
Design and Analysis of Overmoded RF Window for High-Power Applications in X-Band MK Joshi, N Nayek, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 48 (1), 127-132 , 2020 2020 Citations: 8
H-plane loaded sine waveguide TWT in G-band N Nayek, R Sonkar, MK Joshi, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee 2019 IEEE Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), 1250-1252 , 2019 2019 Citations: 3
Design and Multipactor Analysis of a High Power RF Window MK Joshi, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee 2019 International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC) , 2019 2019 Citations: 8
Design of a rectangular waveguide to cylindrical cavity mode launcher for TE011 mode with maximum quality‐factor MK Joshi, R Bhattacharjee International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer‐Aided Engineering, e21825 , 2019 2019 Citations: 10
Identification and Suppression of Slot Modes in a Coaxial Magnetron MK Joshi, SK Vyas, T Tiwari, J Pidanic, Z Nemec, R Bhattacharjee 2019 Conference on Microwave Techniques (COMITE), 1-5 , 2019 2019 Citations: 3
Study of High Power X-band RF Window Mohit Kumar Joshi, Sandeep Kumar Vyas, T. Tiwari, Ratnajit Bhattacharjee National symposium on Vacuum Electronic Devices and Applications (VEDA) - 2018 , 2018 2018
Optimal Design of a Coaxial Cavity Based on Quality-Factor Maximization for High-Power Coaxial Magnetron in -Band MK Joshi, SK Vyas, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 46 (3), 503-510 , 2018 2018 Citations: 22
Design of coaxial cavity for high power magnetron MK Joshi, SK Vyas, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee 2017 Conference on Microwave Techniques (COMITE), 1-5 , 2017 2017 Citations: 11
A Novel Compact Multiband H-shaped Patch Antenna Using CRLH Zeroth Order Resonator MK Joshi, AK Ghosh, A Mohan The 34th Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS), Stockholm … , 2013 2013
CRLH-TL Based Zeroth Order Resonance Antenna AK Ghosh, MK Joshi, A Mohan The 34th Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS), Stockholm … , 2013 2013
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Optimal Design of a Coaxial Cavity Based on Quality-Factor Maximization for High-Power Coaxial Magnetron in -Band MK Joshi, SK Vyas, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 46 (3), 503-510 , 2018 2018 Citations: 22
Particle-in-cell simulation and analysis of 28-vane megawatt-class pulsed power coaxial magnetron in X-band MK Joshi, SK Vyas, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 48 (6), 1886-1893 , 2020 2020 Citations: 11
Design of coaxial cavity for high power magnetron MK Joshi, SK Vyas, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee 2017 Conference on Microwave Techniques (COMITE), 1-5 , 2017 2017 Citations: 11
Design of a rectangular waveguide to cylindrical cavity mode launcher for TE011 mode with maximum quality‐factor MK Joshi, R Bhattacharjee International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer‐Aided Engineering, e21825 , 2019 2019 Citations: 10
A new approach for high-power coaxial magnetron using stacked anode resonators MK Joshi, SK Vyas, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 67 (4), 1808-1813 , 2020 2020 Citations: 9
Design and Analysis of Overmoded RF Window for High-Power Applications in X-Band MK Joshi, N Nayek, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 48 (1), 127-132 , 2020 2020 Citations: 8
Design and Multipactor Analysis of a High Power RF Window MK Joshi, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee 2019 International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC) , 2019 2019 Citations: 8
Ka-band meander-line slow wave structure design for traveling wave tube for high data rate wireless links MK Joshi, V Da Costa, M Zubair, A Altaf, R Letizia, C Paoloni IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices , 2025 2025 Citations: 7
Design and analysis of width-modulated two-section sine waveguide for G-band traveling-wave tube N Nayek, MK Joshi, RK Sonkar, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 68 (12), 6458-6464 , 2021 2021 Citations: 7
Multiphysics and Multipactor Analyses of TE 022 -Mode High-Power X-Band RF Window MK Joshi, N Nayek, T Tiwari, J Pidanic, Z Nemec, R Bhattacharjee IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 30 (3), 272-275 , 2020 2020 Citations: 5
Design of Piezoelectric Aluminum Nitride MEMS Resonator R Patni, M Joshi, S Mehra, A Mohan Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2011 … , 2011 2011 Citations: 5
Design and Efficiency Enhancement of a Ka -Band Industrial Gyrotron N Nayek, MK Joshi, RK Sonkar, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 48 (11), 3807-3814 , 2020 2020 Citations: 3
H-plane loaded sine waveguide TWT in G-band N Nayek, R Sonkar, MK Joshi, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee 2019 IEEE Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), 1250-1252 , 2019 2019 Citations: 3
Identification and Suppression of Slot Modes in a Coaxial Magnetron MK Joshi, SK Vyas, T Tiwari, J Pidanic, Z Nemec, R Bhattacharjee 2019 Conference on Microwave Techniques (COMITE), 1-5 , 2019 2019 Citations: 3
Techniques for Monitoring and Fault Diagnostics of Industrial Plasma Processes and Applications SP Sethi, AP Singh, MK Joshi IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science , 2026 2026
Design of Truncated Sine-waveguide Structure for THz TWT N Nayek, MK Joshi, RK Sonkar, T Tiwari, R Bhattacharjee 2021 22nd International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC), 1-2 , 2021 2021
Investigation on Different Aspects of the High-Power Coaxial Magnetron and RF Windows Operating in X-band MK Joshi IIT Guwahati , 2020 2020
High-power coaxial magnetron using stacked anode resonators with multi-cathode arrangement M. K. Joshi, R. Bhattacharjee, S. K. Vyas, T. Tiwari IN Patent 410,095 , 2020 2020
Study of High Power X-band RF Window Mohit Kumar Joshi, Sandeep Kumar Vyas, T. Tiwari, Ratnajit Bhattacharjee National symposium on Vacuum Electronic Devices and Applications (VEDA) - 2018 , 2018 2018
A Novel Compact Multiband H-shaped Patch Antenna Using CRLH Zeroth Order Resonator MK Joshi, AK Ghosh, A Mohan The 34th Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS), Stockholm … , 2013 2013