Salivary and Serum Cytokine Concentrations in Kidney Transplantation: A Prospective Study Luciano Miziara, Marcio Augusto de Oliveira, Debora Macedo, Ligia Pierrotti, Fabiana Agena, Elias David‐Neto, Aluísio Cotrim Segurado, Rodrigo Zerbinati, Marina Gallottini, Paulo Braz‐Silva, Fabiana Martins Oral Diseases, 2025 Background Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) experience immune modulation, which may lead to graft rejection and other adverse outcomes. Although serum cytokines are well‐established systemic immune markers, the role of salivary biomarkers has never been reported in the literature. Objective To investigate salivary and serum cytokine levels in KTRs and their correlations with clinical outcomes over time. Materials and Methods We evaluated the same group of 38 KTRs at T1 (< 6 months post‐transplantation) and T2 (> 6 months post‐transplantation). Samples were analysed with Human 6‐Plex Cytokine Panel (Luminex) and clinical data were collected from medical records. Statistical analyses included Wilcoxon tests, Fisher's exact tests, Spearman's correlation, and Benjamini‐Hochberg procedure for multiple comparisons ( p < 0.05 significant). Results Serum cytokines showed lower IFN‐γ levels in cardiac events and associations of TNF‐α, IL‐8, and IL‐10 with cytomegalovirus (CMV), BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) viremia and anaemia. Salivary cytokines showed distinct profiles, with elevated levels of TNF‐α in anaemia and IL‐8 in patients with diarrhoea. Those not experiencing acute rejection in both cases showed reduced salivary IL‐8 levels. Conclusions Integrating serum and salivary measurements highlighted the potential of salivary biomarkers, particularly TNF‐α and IL‐8, in complementing traditional blood‐based assays and other invasive monitoring methods in kidney transplantation.
Cytomorphometric Evaluation of Oral Mucosa of Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Débora S. Macedo, Thierry S. Jacomo, Bruna Moraes, Karem L. Ortega, Paulo H. Braz-Silva, Marco A. Zonta, Debora Pallos, Fabiana Martins Head and Neck Pathology, 2022 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare genetic disorder in which patients progressive muscle deterioration and low life expectancy. Since DMD has no cure, treatment slows the deterioration process using corticosteroids and other medications, including oral bisphosphonates (BP). These drugs can lead to toxicities in both soft and hard tissues. The objective of this study was to present cytological changes in DMD patients, comparing to young, healthy individuals. Cytological smears were obtained from buccal mucosa from nine DMD patients and five healthy patients. The Papanicolaou technique was used to stain the slides. Images were captured using a photomicroscope, and 50 clearly defined cells were selected. The size and ratio between the nucleus and cytoplasmic areas (NA/CA) diameter were measured using a computer program. All the DMD patients presented a statistical difference (p < 0.0001) in the size of the cytoplasm (0.60 ± 0.33 μm) and the NA/CA ratio (0.17 ± 0.07 μm) was seen when compared to the control group (cytoplasm 0.60 ± 0.15 µm and nucleus 0.14 ± 0.05 µm). Furthermore, in one DMD in use of BP who presented Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ), presented higher differences in the cytoplasmic (1.20 ± 0.65 µm) and nuclear (0.20 ± 0.12 µm) sizes (p < 0.0001) compared with all others DMD patients. These results suggest that the drugs used or the systemic condition of individuals with DMD may contribute to these changes.