Beyond freshwater: A critical review of next-gen strategies for scalable and efficient seawater splitting to green hydrogen fuel Farhan Arshad, Mohammed A. Gondal, Faiza Zulfiqar, Aleena Tahir, Ahmar Ali, Mohamed Jaffer Sadiq Mohamed International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2025 This review analyzes the advancements and challenges associated with electrocatalytic seawater splitting for green hydrogen production, underscoring hydrogen's promise as a clean energy carrier. It explores various hydrogen production methods, focusing on water electrolysis as a viable alternative to fossil fuels, particularly leveraging the abundance of seawater. The review highlights critical issues such as freshwater scarcity and the corrosive nature of seawater, which complicate the electrolysis process, and key challenges include the struggle between the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and chlorine evolution reaction (CER), which can generate toxic byproducts and degrade electrocatalysts. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of various strategies involving electrochemical parameters to enhance electrochemical performance in seawater splitting. The review also discusses advancements in the synthesis of electrocatalysts, emphasizing the significance of morphological engineering and the synergistic effects of multi-component materials. It notes that the structural complexity of the electrolyte environment and contaminations on electrode surfaces can significantly disturb catalyst active sites, necessitating controlled synthesis strategies. Despite progress, a comprehensive understanding of growth mechanisms is still lacking, which limits the practical application of various morphologies. The potential of alloys and heteroatom doping to enhance catalytic activity and the challenges of optimizing these approaches are highlighted. Moreover, the review suggests interfacial engineering to mitigate chlorine corrosion and improve catalyst stability. Various strategies, including defect engineering and protective layers, are proposed to enhance electrocatalytic activity. Ultimately, the review emphasizes the promise of developing multifunctional electrocatalytic materials for efficient hydrogen production from seawater, which will advance renewable energy technologies. • Review of strategies to boost electrocatalytic activity in seawater splitting. • Highlights the key challenges in seawater splitting technology. • Exploration of anti-chlorine-corrosion strategies to mitigate chlorine corrosion. • This study covers chemical oxidation-assisted decoupled H2 production. • Future outlook on catalyst design and decoupled water splitting advancements.
Ni Foam Supported Pd-Doped Zinc Spinel Oxide Nano-Electrocatalyst for Efficient Hydrogen Production Supported by DFT Study as Well Validated With Experimental Data Refah S. Alkhaldi, Mubarak A. Abdulwahab, Mohammed A. Gondal, Mohamed Jaffer Sadiq Mohamed, Munirah A. Almessiere, Abdulhadi Baykal, Abduljabar Alsayoud Advanced Sustainable Systems, 2025 An innovative palladium‐doped zinc cobalt oxide nanoelectrocatalyst, ZnPdxCo2‐xO4 (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.08)@NF, is successfully synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The resulting material exhibits a spinel oxide phase, as confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The electrocatalytic performance of ZnPdxCo2‐xO4 (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.08)@NF is evaluated for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The results show significant improvements in efficient hydrogen production, with an overpotential of 31 mV, a Tafel slope of 54.36 mV dec⁻1, and sustained stability for over 72 h, using chronopotentiometry methods. Doping with 8.0% Pd concentration enhances the highest electrochemical performance of the nanoelectrocatalyst, supporting the idea that Pd doping improves HER activity. The results suggest that the increased electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) and faster charge transfer kinetics at the interface between the semiconductor and electrolyte contribute to enhanced performance. The DFT calculations performed in this work confirm the role of Pd in improving the catalytic activity of the ZnCo2O4 spinel catalyst. Overall, this study has made a significant contribution to the development of sustainable energy solutions, offering a promising path toward the efficient production of hydrogen fuel.
Reflux condensation synthesis and characterization of Co3O4 nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications Iranian Journal of Catalysis, 2014
Development of NiO-Co3O4 nano-ceramic composite materials as novel photocatalysts to degrade organic contaminants present in water International Journal of Environmental Research, 2014
