From subduction initiation to oceanic core complex formation: a tale of two ophiolites in the Kurdistan, NW Iran Bahman Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh Sepidbar, Harald Furnes, Richard M. Palin International Geology Review, 2026 The processes of subduction initiation and oceanic core complex (OCC) formation are essential to understanding plate tectonic evolution. The Kermanshah–Walash Ophiolitic Complex (KWOC) in Kurdistan, NW Iran, preserves a unique record of both mechanisms in spatially parallel but temporally distinct Late Cretaceous (Razab) and Eocene (Sarv-Abad) ophiolites. These ophiolites comprise peridotite, gabbroic bodies, a dike complex, and pillowed and massive basaltic lavas. Whole-rock geochemistry, U–Pb zircon geochronology, and field structures reveal distinct ages and tectonic settings for the two ophiolites. While radiolarian cherts constrain the Razab ophiolite to the Cretaceous, new U–Pb zircon (42–38 Ma) geochronology firmly places the formation of the Sarv-Abad oceanic core complex in the Eocene. The Cretaceous Razab unit contains high-Cr# spinel chromitite (0.77–0.82), forearc, and island arc tholeiitic (IAT) lavas, supporting formation during subduction initiation. In contrast, the Eocene Sarv-Abad unit features mylonitized gabbros, syn-extensional dikes, and contemporaneous D-MORB/E-MORB magmatism derived from heterogeneous mantle melting, diagnostic of an Oceanic Core Complex (OCC) in an extensional back-arc. Our results demonstrate that the KWOC was shaped by two distinct geodynamic mechanisms: subduction initiation in the Cretaceous and oceanic core complex formation in the Eocene. Despite ∼50 Myr separation, both units were emplaced during the Miocene closure, suggesting how contrasting mechanisms may have shaped the KWOC. The OCC model also offers a potential resolution to prior ambiguities in the geodynamic evolution of Peri-Arabic ophiolites.
Origin and tectonic architecture of the Dargai ophiolitic peridotites and chromitites: A geochemical perspective on platinum-group elements Tehseen Zafar, Abiola Oyebamiji, Irfan Maqbool Bhat, Zaheen Ullah, Hafiz Ur Rehman, Umar Farooq Jadoon, Mohamed Zaki Khedr, Fatemeh Nouri, Fatemeh Sepidbar, Shuguang Song, Cheng-Biao Leng, Muhammad Farhan, Zahid Hussain, Mabrouk Sami Ore Geology Reviews, 2025 The Dargai ophiolites in northern Pakistan are characterized by extensive peridotite and chromitite exposures, however, their geochemical evolution remains debated. Here we investigate the mineral chemistry and platinum-group elements (PGEs) of the Dargai ophiolitic peridotites and associated chromitites to elucidate their genesis and tectonic evolution. Olivine, pyroxenes, and spinel compositions suggest a forearc setting, with Dargai peridotites representing refractory mantle residues formed through two stages of melting. Initial low-degree melting produced less depleted peridotites and high-Al chromitites with mid-ocean ridge affinity, followed by high-degree melting resulting in the formation of high-Cr chromitites and highly depleted peridotites in a supra-subduction zone. The depletion of Palladium and Platinum in high-Cr chromitites suggests that they were formed from sulfur-undersaturated melts, while enrichment in high-Al chromitites reflects that they were formed from sulfur-saturated parental melts. Melt impregnation after partial melting influenced the geochemical signatures, revealing interactions between peridotite and infiltrating melts. The geochemical evolution, combined with melt modeling, suggests the formation of MORB-like melts during proto-forearc spreading and the formation of boninitic melts during mature arc formation, explaining the co-occurrence of high-Al and high-Cr chromitites.
What do arc magmatism trace-element patterns and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data reflect? Insights from the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc of Iran Mohammad Reza Ghorbani, Meysam Akbari, Ian T. Graham, Mathieu Benoit, Fatemeh Sepidbar Solid Earth, 2025 Mafic volcanic rocks from the Cenozoic Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic arc (UDMA) of Iran, a segment of the Alpine–Himalayan orogenic belt, provide rather restricted ranges of trace-element abundances and patterns as well as Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic signatures. However, they are distinct enough to help characterize the geochemical signatures inherited from their arc system components. The volcanic rocks are classified into three series: the LILE-rich, LILE-poor, and incompatible trace-element-rich series (ITE-rich series, which includes samples with OIB-like – oceanic-island basalt – patterns). The LILE-rich series is derived from a mantle source metasomatized by fluid-rich slab partial melts, whereas the LILE-poor series, high in immobile and highly incompatible elements that include La and Ce, is derived from a mantle source metasomatized by fluid-poor slab partial melts. Slab melting is favored by the young, hot slab subduction of a then narrow, contracting Neotethyan oceanic plate. The ITE-rich series bear the signatures of mantle metasomatized by slab partial melts that were induced by, and reacted with, asthenospheric mantle that ascended through a slab window or rupture. Given almost primitive geochemical signatures of the mafic rocks, the Sr–Nd isotopic modeling indicates mantle wedge : slab melt : sediment melt contributions of 45:27.5:27.5 and 55:09:36 for the LILE-rich and LILE-poor series respectively. The mafic volcanic rocks, which extend from the mantle array (i.e., the NHRL; Northern Hemisphere reference line) toward an enriched mantle, on the Pb–Pb isotopic plots, further support this finding. Eocene to Early Miocene ages for these three series favor intermittent volcanism of each rock series over an extended period of time, rather than single episodic magmatism for each geochemically distinct magma series. Dominance of LILE-rich series rocks in the northern part of the study area (the Kahak area) points to a more hydrous, more altered slab compared to the slab beneath the central part, where the LILE-poor series is dominant.
Alkaline-rich intermediate and felsic melts beneath the NW Iranian plate: new insights from coeval silica-undersaturated and -saturated rocks Seyed Masoud Homam, Fatemeh Sepidbar, Shao-Yong Jiang, Hao Zheng, Richard M. Palin, Harald Furnes, Mohamed Zaki Khedr, Tehseen Zafar International Geology Review, 2025 New whole-rock major and trace element data, coupled with Sr–Nd isotopic ratios data, zircon Hf isotopes, and U–Pb geochronology are presented for three alkaline intrusions (Hashroud, Sisan, and Sarab) in the Zanjan-Takab complex in northwestern Iran, to investigate their sources, petrogenesis, and tectonic implications of emplacement. The Hashroud and Sisan plutons are mainly composed of silica-saturated granite and syenogranite, respectively, whereas the Sarab region consists of nepheline-bearing syenite, and associated undersaturated lavas ranging in composition from tephri-phonolite to trachy-basalt/andesite. Zircon U–Pb geochronology gives emplacement ages of 38 and 36 Ma for the Hashroud and Sisan silica-saturated rocks, which are slightly younger than the Sarab silica-undersaturated rocks (40 Ma). Silica-undersaturated and silica-saturated rocks differ from each other mostly in terms of their silica content, but show comparable incompatible trace element distributions, typical of subduction-related magmatic rocks. The undersaturated rocks display higher LILE/HFSE (Ba/Th: up to 365), but relatively similar LILE/LREE (Ba/La: 13–44) values to those of saturated rocks (Ba/Th: up to 38; Ba/La: up to 27). Silica-undersaturated and -saturated rocks also show distinct Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions, with the former having less radiogenic Sr (87Sr/86Sr, 0.70452–0.70510) and Pb (206Pb/204Pb, 18.61–18.67; 207Pb/204Pb, 15.57–15.60; 208Pb/204Pb, 38.64–38.74) and more radiogenic Nd (143Nd/144Nd, 0.512648–0.512674) than the latter (87Sr/86Sr, 0.70619–0.71409; 206Pb/204Pb, 18.78–18.82; 207Pb/204Pb, 15.60–15.63; 208Pb/204Pb, 38.78–38.82; 143Nd/144Nd, 0.512613–0.512620). Geochemical and isotopic compositions of the silica-undersaturated rocks suggest the involvement of fluids derived from subducted oceanic crust and subordinate sediment as metasomatizing agents in their mantle source. On the other hand, the studied silica-saturated units, which crystallized from mafic parental melts modified by crustal assimilation and fractional crystallization, originated from a lithospheric mantle source that had been metasomatized via a relatively high volume of terrigenous subducted sediment melts. Both the Eocene saturated and undersaturated igneous rocks formed in a post-collisional extensional setting. Our study, along with compiled data, also finally settles the long-standing debate about the geodynamic evolution of the NW Iranian belt, showing that a compressive to extensional tectonic regime existed during the Arabia–Eurasia collision. This was related to the Neo-Tethyan slab roll-back, which generated alkali-rich magmatic rocks throughout the NW Iranian belt.
Petrology of Oligocene Lalehzar igneous rocks in the southeast of Saveh-Naein-Jiroft magmatic belt Fatemeh Sepidbar, Bahareh Borouzi Niyat Journal of Economic Geology, 2024 Lalehzar igneous rocks are located in the southeast of Iran, the SE of Saveh-Naein-Jiroft magmatic belt. In this study, zircon U-Pb dating, and whole-rock geochemistry and Sr-Nd isotopic analyzes were performed on granitoid rocks (granite and granodiorite) and associated volcanics. The granodiorites and granite include quartz, plagioclase, alkali feldspar, biotite and amphibole with different percentages. New zircon U–Pb ages show granitic magmatism at ~28 Ma, followed by emplacement of granodiorite at ~24 Ma. Both granitoid and volcanic rocks are characterized with depletion in Nb and Ti and enrichement in large ion lithophile (LILE) and light rare earth elements (LREE). Their calc-alkaline arc geochemical signature (low Sr/Y ratio of almost <55), negative to positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu∗ =0.6–1.3) and the negative to positive εNd (t) values of -1.4 to +0.27 offer formations in an orogenic belt. The geochemistry and isotopic results show that they are formed during partial melting of the lower crust (amphibolite) which is impelemented by inherited mantle source components in a subduction zone. Introduction The magmatism at the convergent margins changes in response to processes related to the subduction zone. For example, most magmatic systems are associated with typical calc-alkaline to adakitic magmatic rocks, respectively (Cooke et al., 2005). In this research, we study the Oligocene magmatic rocks of Lalehzar in the southeastern part of the Saveh-Naein-Jiroft belt based on new geological, geochemical and isotopic data in order to obtain more information about the Oligocene magmatism of southeastern Iran. Research method About 100 samples were sampled from namerous Lalehzar intrusive and volcanic outcrops Afterward, 50 granitoid and volcanic rocks were selected for mineralogical studies. 12 samples of volcanic and granitoid rocks that had little alteration were selected for major and minor elements analyzes. Major oxides and trace/minor elements were analyzed by XRF and PQ2 Turbo ICP-MS methods at Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGGCAS) in Beijing. Two samples of granitoids were selected for zircon U-Pb dating. Analyzes were done by an Agilent 7500a quadrupole ICP-MS and a Thermo-Finnigan Neptune multi-collector connected to a 193nm Excimer ArF laser-ablation system at the IGGCAS laboratory in Beijing, China. Four volcanic and granitoid rocks were chosen for Sr and Nd isotopic analysis at the IGGCAS laboratory in Beijing, China. Sr, Rb, Sm and Nd isotopes were measured by a Thermo Fisher Scientific Triton Plus multi-collector thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS). During the analysis process, the Sr-Nd isotopic ratios were corrected for mass separation to 88Sr/86Sr=86Sr=375209 and Nd=144Nd=0146/7219. Geology setting Regional geology The Saveh-Naein-Jiroft magmatic belt mostly consists of alkaline to calc-alkaline igneous rock, which were formed during subduction of the Neotethys ocean beneath central Iran (Berberian and King, 1981). Magmatism in the Saveh-Naein-Jiroft magmatic belt initiated in the late Paleocene, followed into the late Cenozoic, with a magmatic flare up in the Middle Eocene (Verdel et al., 2011). Southeast of Saveh-Naein-Jiroft, is known as the Dehj-Sardouyeh magmatic belt, mainly comrisis of abundant calc-alkaline to adakitic igneous rocks, which consists of Late Eocene to Late Miocene granitoid rocks (Asadi et al., 2014). The Lalehzar volcanic rocks include lavas, breccias, tuffs and agglomerates that are exposed around the villages of Lalehzar to Bezenjan. The Oligocene calc-alkaline granitoids are intruded in the Eocene volcanic rocks with the northwest-southeast trending. Field observations and petrography The Lalehzar magmatic complex is exposed in the southeast of Saveh-Naein-Jiroft (120 Km2). The oldest rocks include Late Cretaceous limestone-marble and sandstone, which are overlain by Eocene andesite and dacite. The andesites and dacites are intruded by Oligocene granitoids. Granitoids include granodiorite and granite, which are outcropped as stocks. Granodiorites have a granular texture with main minerals of quartz (20-25%), plagioclase (35%), alkali feldspar (30-35%), biotite and amphibole (5-10%), whereas, magnetite and zircon are the main subordinate minerals (Figure 3B). Granite is less abundant than granodiorite and has a granophyric texture (Figure 3C). The principal phenocrysts include alkali feldspar (30-40%), quartz (20-25%), plagioclase (40 %), biotite and amphibole (5-4%). Andesites have a porphyry texture with main phenocrysts of feldspars, biotite and amphibole, set in a matrix composed of plagioclase microlites. They also include mafic microgranular enclaves, size of 2 to 5 cm, that show a curved shape (Figure 3D). The dacite consists of plagioclase, biotite and quartzset in fine-grained groundmass. Due to the proximity of this unit to intrusive rocks, evidence of contact metamorphism is observed. Whole-rock geochemistry The volcanic rocks show SiO2 in ranges of 52.5 to 67.5 wt.%, Al2O3 in ranges of 15.8 to 19.3 wt.%, K2O in ranges of 1.4 to 5.4 wt.% and of K2O/Na2O in range of 0.4 and 1.2. The granitoids are characterized with SiO2 in ranges of 61.5 to 68.4 wt.%, Al2O3 in ranges of 15.1 to 17.2 wt.%, K2O in ranges of 1.2 to 5.2 wt.% and K2O/Na2O in range of 0.35 and 1.94. In the TAS (Middlemost, 1994) diagram, intrusive plot in granite and granodiorite, whereas volcanic rocks lie in andesite, and dacite fields in the Nb/Y vs. Zr/TiO2 diagram. Both granitoid and volcanic rock are characterized by enrichment in Rb, Ba, Th, U and depletion in Nb, Ti and P in the primitive-mantle normalized multi-element diagram (Sun and McDonough, 1989). They also show enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) with respect to heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) in chondrite-normalized REE patterns (Sun and McDonough, 1989), with the Eu/Eu* ratios from 0.6 to 1.03. U-Pb dating of zircon The zircons from granodiorite and granite are euhedral to subhedral grains with length of 100 to 250 µm. Oscillating zoning, Th/U ratio (0.31 to 1.63), depletion in LREE along with negative Eu anomalies point to magmatic origin (Belousova et al., 2002). Concordia diagram and the best age obtained from U-Pb data were shown in Figure 6. Based on the analysis, the average ages were 24.6 and 28.1 Ma for granodiorite and granite, respectively. Sr-Nd isotopic study The (87Sr/86Sr)i and (143Nd/144Nd)i (t=25Ma) of granitoids range from 0.70540 to 0.70522 and 0.51252 to 0.51260, respectively. While the volcanic rocks are characterized by those values of 0.70542-0.70612 and 0.51263-0.51253, respectively. The εNd (i) values varies from +0.27 to -1.4, plot in the enriched quadrant of the Nd-Sr isotopic diagram (Hou et al., 2011). Discussion U-Pb dating indicates that plutotism of the area occurred in the Middle to Late Oligocene (24-28). These rocks are depleted in Nb and Ti and enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements. Their geochemistry with typical calc-alkaline magmatism (Sr/Y ratio is low ~55), negative Eu anomalies of 0.6-1.3 Eu/Eu*, and enrichment in HFSE and radiogenic Sr isotope values indicate their formation in the subduction zone. Eu/Eu* ratios, negative to slightly positive Eu anomalies and non-depletion in HFSE and initial values of 87Sr/86Sr are similar to other Oligocene magmas of Saveh-Naein-Jiroft magmatic belt. The geochemistry and age of magmatism show that partial melting of the lower crust (amphibolite) with a low contributions of inherited mantle source in a subduction zone may has role in the genesis of Lalehzar igneous rocks.
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