Green fabrication, characterization, and application of nano-sized particles of lead oxide from the different plants Daoud Ali, Gvozden Rosic, Dragica Selakovic, Saud Alarifi Journal of Chemical Research, 2025 The creation of environmentally friendly synthesis methods is necessary for the synthesis of nanoparticles for a wide range of applications. In this study, we describe a straightforward and sustainable process for creating lead oxide nanoparticles from Actinidia deliciosa and Ananas comosus plant waste. The fruit peel of the aforementioned plants was used to make a methanolic extract, which in this work facilitated the synthesis of lead oxide nanoparticles. The crystalline structure of the lead oxide nanoparticles made from the obtained extract was verified by an X-ray diffraction examination. The strongest absorption bands were found when colloidal lead oxide nanoparticles were studied using UV–Vis spectroscopy. A green synthesis of nanoparticles showed the presence of functional peaks when lead nanoparticles were analyzed using the Fourier transform infrared method. The scanning electron microscope pictures made it clear that the majority of the lead oxide nanoparticles were irregularly shaped and spherical. The lead oxide nanostructures and the prepared extract were also tested for their antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium , Clostridium perfringens , Campylobacter , and Listeria . A high degree of antibacterial activity was found in lead oxide nanoparticles, suggesting their suitability for antimicrobial applications. In addition, the IC50 value was computed. Based on these results, a study showed that the biosynthesized lead oxide nanoparticles from the extracted fruit peels of Actinidia deliciosa and Ananas comosus can be used as an economical and sustainable substitute for lead oxide nanoparticle production.
Deferential nephrotoxicity effect of lanthanum oxide nanoparticle responses to concentration and time in vivo Nouf M. Alyami, Ghufran A. Almuhaini, Hussah Alobaid, Saleh Maodaa, Noura M. Alshiban, Zainab Ali Alnakhli, Faten Jamal Alashkar, Khalid Elfaki Ibrahim, Saeed Alqahtani, Rafa Almeer, Hanadi M. Alyami, Saud Alarifi Scientific Reports, 2025 Lanthanum oxide nanoparticles (La₂O₃ NPs) possess unique electronic properties. The increased use of La₂O₃ NPs raises the risk of exposure, potentially leading to bioaccumulation and metabolic disruptions. This study examines the impact of La₂O₃ NPs on the kidneys of mice administered intraperitoneally (i.p) at doses of 60, 150, and 300 mg/kg for 14 and 35 days. Results indicated variations in SOD gene expression and GSH plasma levels that were inversely correlated with NP dosage. A strong positive relationship was found between the inflammatory marker NOS2 transcription and NP dose, confirming pro-inflammatory effects based on concentration. Significant elevations, particularly at lower NP doses, were observed with KIM-1 , uric acid, urea, ALP, ALT, and AST, indicating kidney and liver dysfunction. Furthermore, markers of kidney inflammation, as determined by protein array, intensified with prolonged exposure to the lowest concentrations of La₂O₃ NPs. In contrast, higher doses initially caused inflammation that subsided over time. Along with the disruption of mineral balance detected by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (specifically the loss of Ca 2+ ), we believe these factors are the main contributors to nephrotoxicity, the adverse effects of La₂O₃ NPs releasing free La³⁺ ions, which mimic calcium-activating ROS production that worsens at lower concentrations due to their reduced aggregation and enhanced ability to penetrate the cell membrane. However, further studies must confirm whether these effects result from direct nanoparticle circulation in the bloodstream or secondary toxicity mechanisms.
INVESTIGATION OF THE PHOTO-CYTOTOXICITY AND PHOTO-APOPTOTIC EFFECTS OF NALIDIXIC ACID IN MOUSE FIBROBLAST CELL LINE EXPOSED TO AMBIENT UVA RADIATION LEVEL D. ALI, S. ALARIFI, B.O. ALMUTAIRI, M.H. ALMARZOUG, S. ALKAHTANI Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 2025 In biomedical sciences, nalidixic acid has been used as a powerful antibiotic drug.In this investigation, we evaluated the photochemical characteristics of nalidixic acid as well as its potential for photocytotoxicity, apoptosis, and genotoxicity on the mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) over a 24-h period at ambient UVA (3.0 mW/cm2).The nalidixic acid produced singlet oxygen ( 1 O2), superoxide anion radical (O2 -) and hydroxyl radical ( OH) in a dose-dependent way.Also, nalidixic acid reduced GSH and induced LPO levels in UVA-irritated L929 cells as compared to dark control cells.In general, a significant concentration-dependent effect of nalidixic acid (p < 0.05) was detected in L929 cells under ambient environmental intensity of UVA (3 mW/cm 2 ) over 24 h.It was observed that photocytotoxicity and caspase-3 activity were induced significantly (p < 0.05) in L929 cells.Thus, our finding warrants that nalidixic acid can act as phototoxic and photo-apoptotic under UVA irradiation.
Crude SlrP-Conjugated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Promising Anticancer Therapeutics Shiva Prasad Panjala, Satyanarayana Swamy Vyshnava, Swathi Banapuram, Mostafa Abdelrahman, Saud Alarifi, Sudisha Jogaiah, Roja Rani Anupalli Particle and Particle Systems Characterization, 2025 The study presents a novel nanocarrier technology that integrates mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with the bacterial effector protein SlrP for targeted cancer treatment. It is proposed that the conjugation of SlrP to carboxyl‐functionalized, fluorescein‐labeled mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNFITC/MPA) will facilitate regulated intracellular distribution and enhance cytotoxic effects in colorectal cancer cells. This method distinctively combines the apoptosis‐inducing protein SlrP with a biocompatible, traceable MSN platform, in contrast to conventional delivery techniques. Thorough characterization validated the effective synthesis, carboxylation, and SlrP conjugation, preserving particle integrity and improving surface functionality. Cellular investigations utilizing Caco‐2 cells revealed effective absorption, delayed release, and markedly elevated cytotoxicity and apoptosis rates in comparison to free SlrP. Significantly, MSNFITC/MPA/SlrP conjugates prompted G0/G1 phase arrest and a time‐dependent development of apoptosis, highlighting the therapeutic potential of the system. This study presents a novel protein‐nanoparticle hybrid that overcomes challenges in protein drug delivery and emphasizes mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a viable platform for targeted sustained cancer therapy.
Protective Effects of Teucrium Polium Leaf Ethanolic Extract Against Nicotine-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice A Alatawi, S Maodaa, S Alarifi, AH Harrath, EM Al-Shaebi, DA Alhomoud, SA Alawwad, JS Ajarem Physiological Research, 2025 This study aimed to examine the protective and antioxidant properties of a Teucrium polium leaf extract against acute kidney damage caused by nicotine in male mice. A total of 24 male Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups. The control group (oral solution of 0.9 % NaCl), the positive control group (injections of nicotine at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg b.w.), the third group (received 100 mg/kg b.w. ethanolic extract of T. polium), and the fourth group (nicotine injections at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg b.w + 100 mg/kg b.w. ethanolic extract of T. polium). GC-MS analysis of the plant extract revealed the presence of 16 active compounds. Nicotine administration resulted in a significant increase in kidney biomarkers, namely urea, uric acid, and creatinine, by 50 %, 207 %, and 129 %, respectively, compared to the control group, indicating nephrotoxicity. However, treatment with the T. polium extract improved these parameters by 77 %, 79 %, and 83 %, respectively. Furthermore, the nicotine group exhibited elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), which are indicators of oxidative stress, as well as decreased levels of glutathione (GSH) and reduced activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Conversely, the administration of the T. polium extract reversed these effects, suggesting its potential to enhance the antioxidant defense system. This finding was also supported by the improvements observed in the kidney TUNEL assay sections and the preservation of histopathological integrity. In conclusion, the T. polium extract demonstrates protective effects against nicotine-induced kidney damage by modulating oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms.
Utilizing of Seaweed for Eco-friendly Synthesis of Nickel Cobalt Nanoparticles and Assessment of its Cytotoxic Effects on Human Liver and Colon Cancer Cells Eman A. Alanazy, Daoud Ali, Mohammed H. A. Almarzoug, Khadijah N. Yaseen, Bader O. Almutairi, Saad Alkahtani, Badr A. Aldahmash, Saud Alarifi Dose Response, 2025 In this study we used biosynthesis methods to create bimetallic nickel cobalt nanoparticles (Ni-Co NPs) utilizing seaweed. Before exposure to target cells, the characterization of Ni-Co NPs is done by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, EDX, SEM, TEM, the shape of g Ni-Co NPs are polygonal form and its size is measured 38.27 ± 3 nm. The cytotoxic effect of g Ni-Co NPs on HuH7 and HCT cells were determined by MTT and NRU assays. The cytotoxicity of NPs increased in a concentration dependent manner and it showed high cytotoxic effect on HCT-116 cells than HuH-7 cells. We determined IC 50 24 h for HuH-7 and HCT -116 cells at 24 h, it was 65.84 and 24.73 μg/mL, respectively. ROS was elevated at higher concentration of Ni-Co NPs. LPO was increased at 16 μg/mL in HuH-7 cells and 19 μg/mL in HCT-116 cells. CAT was reduced in HCT-116 cells than HuH-7 cells high concentration of NPs. JC-1 staining, the loss of MMP in control, Ni-Co NPs exposed cell were evaluated. In HuH-7 and HCT-116 cells, maximum apoptotic cells were observed at high concentration. Apoptotic genes were expressed in both type cells. The above findings highlight the significance of Ni-Co NPs and useful in a number of cancer treatments.
Eupatorin Mitigates Airway Inflammation in Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Asthma in Mice by Regulating Th2 Cytokines and Oxidative Stress Juxiu Lu, Saud Alarifi, Anis Ahamed, Ruizhe Wang Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, 2025 Asthma is a prevalent airway inflammatory condition caused by exposure to various allergens. It is defined by the presence of airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and excessive production of mucus. This work was undertaken to study the curative potentials of eupatorin against ovalbumin (OVA)‐exposed asthma in mice. The influence of eupatorin on the RAW 264.7 cell growth were assessed by MTT test. The inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) concentration in the RAW 264.7 cells was examined using kits. The antibacterial effects of eupatorin against H. influenza, S. pneumoniae, and C. pneumoniae were evaluated using the well diffusion technique. The impact of eupatorin on the inflammatory cells in OVA‐treated asthma mice was evaluated. The Th2 cytokines, TNF‐α, IgE, and IFN‐γ weres evaluated using assay kits. The oxidative stress parameter levels were examined using the kits. The histopathological examination was performed on the lungs of the experimental mice. The current work demonstrates that the eupatorin treatment did not affect the RAW 264.7 cell growth. It also reduced the NO, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 concentrations in the LPS‐exposed RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, the eupatorin treatment to OVA‐induced mice led to a diminution in Th2 cytokine levels and inflammatory cell counts. The eupatorin treatment was found to decrease OVA‐specific IgE and pro‐inflammatory markers, which results in the alleviation of airway inflammation. The eupatorin treatment also improved the antioxidant status. The findings of the histopathological analysis demonstrated the curative properties of eupatorin against on asthmatic mice. The anti‐asthmatic effects of eupatorin are attributed to its capacity to decrease airway inflammation and enhance antioxidant processes. Therefore, it is evident that eupatorin possesses anti‐asthmatic properties, making it a promising therapeutic candidate to treat allergic asthma.
Assessment of Photo Apoptotic and Genotoxicity of Nalidixic Acid on the Mouse Fibroblast Cell Line Under Ambient Environmental Intensity of UV-B Irradiation Daoud Ali, Bader O. Almutairi, Anis Ahmed, Mohammed H. Almarzoug, Saud Alarifi, Saad Alkahtani Dose Response, 2025 Objectives: Nalidixic acid has been used as a potent antibiotic drug in the biomedical sciences. In this study, we assessed photochemical properties of nalidixic acid as well as its effect for photocytotoxicity, apoptosis, and genotoxicity on the mouse fibroblast (L929) cell line over the course of 24 h under the ambient UVB intensity. Methods: Reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), superoxide anion radical (O 2 •− ), and hydroxyl radical ( • OH) were measured by photochemical test and photocytotoxicity, apoptosis, and genotoxicity on the mouse fibroblast (L929) cell line were determined by various methods. Results: Furthermore, in UV-B irritated L929 cells, nalidixic acid decreased GSH and raised LPO levels compared to dark control cells. Nalidixic acid caused concentration-dependent toxicological effects ( P < 0.05) in L929 cells when exposed to ambient UVB intensity (1.4 mW/cm 2 ). DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity were observed to be significantly ( P < 0.05) activated in L929 cells under co-exposure of UV-B and nalidixic acid. Conclusion: Our results thus confirm that when exposed to UVB rays, nalidixic acid exhibits both phototoxic and photo-genotoxic effects.
The protective effect of Ammi visnaga extract against human hepatic cancer Mohammed Waleed Arafah, Bader Almutairi, Mohammed Al-Zharani, Abdullah A. Alkahtane, Fatimah O. Al-Otibi, Daoud Ali, Wadha M. Alghamdi, Ibtesam S. Alanazi, Nada H. Aljarba, Norah M. Alhoshani, Norah S. AL-Johani, Nora Alkeraishan, Alhanof Alhenaky, Saud Alarifi, Saad Alkahtani Journal of King Saud University Science, 2021
Bismuth oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells Ali Alamer, Daoud Ali, Saud Alarifi, Abdullah Alkahtane, Mohammed AL-Zharani, Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim, Gadah Albasher, Rafa Almeer, Nouf K. Al-Sultan, Abdulaziz Almalik, Ali H Alhasan, Christos Stournaras, Saquib Hasnain, Saad Alkahtani Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021
Morphological and molecular evidence for Myxobolus toyami as an evolutionary link between Thelohanellus and Myxobolus genera of myxozoan parasites Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2020
The ameliorative effects of ceftriaxone and vitamin E against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim, Lotfi Aleya, Badr E. El-Bialy, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Saad Alkahtani, Saud Alarifi, Abdullah A. Alkahtane, Gadah AlBasher, Daoud Ali, Rafa S. Almeer, Nouf K. Al-Sultan, Jawahir Alghamdi, Abeer Alahmari, Simona G. Bungau Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019
Genetic variations of NOD2 and MD2 genes in hepatitis B virus infection Mashael R. Al-Anazi, Nyla Nazir, Ayman A. Abdo, Faisal M. Sanai, Saad Alkahtani, Saud Alarifi, Abdullah A. Alkahtane, Hamad Al-Yahya, Daoud Ali, Mohammed S. Alessia, Mohammed N. Al-Ahdal, Ahmed A. Al-Qahtani Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2019
Antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation in liver of wistar rats exposed to arabian incense Vertebrate and Invertebrate Animal Approaches, 2014
