Influence of stress and specimen geometry on three-point bending DMA in hardened cement pastes R. Rocha Ribeiro, L. Hilliou, J. Granja, R. Lameiras, M. Azenha Construction and Building Materials, 2025 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is a valuable tool for studying short-term viscoelastic behaviour in millimetric cementitious specimens. Among available configurations, three-point bending is particularly suited for stiff materials like hardened cement paste . However, unlike in other material classes , the influence of experimental variables such as stress levels and specimen geometry has not been quantitatively assessed in this context, limiting the reliability and usefulness of DMA data. This study addresses this gap by evaluating how static and dynamic stresses, as well as specimen geometry, affect storage modulus and loss tangent in three-point bending DMA tests. The DMA operational range was first established to ensure measurement validity. Tests at 1 Hz and 25°C were conducted on three groups of rectangular specimens with distinct geometries, varying static and dynamic stresses independently and jointly. The effects of static and dynamic stress were found to be opposite and followed a logarithmic trend. A unified logarithmic model was successfully applied to capture these effects using a simple analytical form, dependent on maximum stress and stress ratio, an approach not previously reported for DMA in cementitious materials . Geometry effects were linked to drying and carbonation , highlighting the technique’s sensitivity to environmental interactions. Microstructural mechanisms consistent with reversible, short-term creep were discussed. Finally, practical recommendations were proposed to guide future DMA testing protocols.
Design and validation of a minimalist, open-source system for measuring elastic modulus evolution in cementitious materials R. Rocha Ribeiro, T. Russo, A. Araghi, J. L. Granja, M. Azenha, R. Lameiras Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation, 2025 The elastic modulus evolution of cementitious materials since early ages can be experimentally measured with the EMM-ARM (Elastic Modulus Measurement through Ambient Response Method) test. This methodology has been extensively validated, but its original implementation relied on costly proprietary platforms. A minimalist, open-source test system may provide a benchmark that sets minimum requirements and performance to enable the development of tailor-made systems. This work aimed to develop, characterise, and validate such system, composed of data-acquisition hardware and post-processing software. Characterisation results showed the system had a spectral noise floor of 2.1 × 10−8 g2/Hz, an RMS noise of 0.003 g, a sampling frequency variability of ± 0.006%, and an average power consumption of 41.53 mAh. Compared to an original EMM-ARM system, validation results indicated the proposed system had an absolute error lower than 0.3% from 1 day of testing onwards, with a similar coefficient of variation of 1.2%.
New impulse-based test method for early-age elastic modulus measurement in cementitious materials Amir Araghi, Renan Rocha Ribeiro, Thomas Russo, José Granja, Miguel Azenha, Rodrigo de Melo Lameiras Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2024 Accurate monitoring of the elastic modulus evolution during the early-age fluid-solid transition in cementitious materials is crucial for understanding their mechanical behavior under early stresses. While existing methods, such as EMM-ARM, have proven effective, they are often associated with high costs or complex setups. This study presents the development of a low-cost, easy-to-implement system that employs impulse excitation applied to a composite beam, introducing the EMM-IRM method for the effective assessment of the elastic modulus of cement paste from the earliest stages of hydration. The use of impulse excitation is particularly advantageous in low-cost systems with accelerometers of lower sensitivity, as it enhances signal clarity and reduces interference from background noise, thereby improving measurement reliability. The system was validated through experimental comparisons with conventional EMM-ARM, cyclic compression, and traditional impulse excitation techniques, using Portland cement paste as the test material. The results show that EMM-IRM consistently estimates the elastic modulus, with a maximum deviation of 6.33% from other methods. Moreover, despite its cost-effectiveness, EMM-IRM demonstrates a higher signal-to-noise ratio compared to conventional EMM-ARM. This approach offers a practical solution for early-age characterization of cementitious materials, balancing cost, simplicity, and measurement accuracy. • Introduced an impulse-based EMM-IRM system for early-age cement paste evaluation. • Developed a cost-effective system using readily available components. • The proposed system is validated across conventional EMM-ARM, cyclic compression, and traditional impulse excitation tests.
Continuous Monitoring of Elastic Modulus of Mortars Using a Single-Board Computer and Cost-Effective Components Thomas Russo, Renan Rocha Ribeiro, Amir Araghi, Rodrigo de Melo Lameiras, José Granja, Miguel Azenha Buildings, 2023 The Elastic Modulus Measurement through Ambient Response Method (EMM-ARM) is designed to continuously monitor the elastic modulus of hardening construction materials such as concrete, cement paste, mortars, stabilized soils, and epoxy resin. In practice, a composite beam, made of the tested material in its mould, is induced to vibration by means of environmental or controlled excitation, and its resonant frequency is identified. The material’s elastic modulus can then be calculated based on the vibration equation of structural systems. The traditional system to conduct EMM-ARM experiments is based on specialized equipment and on proprietary licensed software, which results in a considerable cost, as well as limited options for customization. The paper hereby presented proposes a delve into the development and validation of a cost-effective and open-source system that is able to conduct EMM-ARM experiments. By using a Raspberry Pi for the computing device and cost-effective electronic components, the cost of the system was one-twentieth of the traditional one, without compromising the measurement reliability. The composite beam’s excitation is generated, while the vibration response is recorded by the proposed system simultaneously, since the Raspberry Pi supports multiprocessing programming techniques. The flexibility earned by the exclusive use of open-source and cost-effective resources creates countless application possibilities for the proposed system.
A Low-Cost Wireless Multinode Vibration Monitoring System for Civil Structures Renan Rocha Ribeiro, Rafael de Almeida Sobral, I. B. Cavalcante, Luís Augusto Conte Mendes Veloso, Rodrigo de Melo Lameiras Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 2023 Structural health monitoring (SHM) has gained importance because many structures are approaching the end of their design life and demanding maintenance and monitoring. Low-cost solutions may push forward a widespread implementation of SHM on infrastructures but further investigation is still required to assess the performance of technically accessible, simple, and scalable low-cost systems. This work presents the development and validation of a low-cost vibration-based SHM multinode wireless system, based on the Arduino platform, for identification of modal parameters in civil infrastructures. Full details about the hardware and source code of the system are disclosed in an open repository, allowing its reproduction even by non-specialists in electronics. The sampling frequency stability of the system is experimentally characterized, and interpolation postprocessing algorithms are proposed to solve inherent limitations. The system is validated, and its performance is investigated in impulse and ambient vibration tests performed in a real-scale slab and a high-grade system. The data obtained from the proposed system in impulse tests allowed estimation of natural frequencies within 2%, and MAC values around 0.3 to 0.9, in relation to those estimated with the high-grade system. However, the low-cost system was unable to produce usable data in ambient vibration tests.
Influence of Temperature in the Early-age Elastic Modulus Evolution of Cement Pastes and Concrete José Granja, Renan Rocha Ribeiro, Thomas Russo, Rodrigo Lameiras, Miguel Azenha Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 2023 The influence of temperature on the hydration of cementitious materials has been traditionally modelled using the maturity concept and Arrhenius law. This approach yields a single material property, called apparent activation energy (Ea), that describes the whole temperature dependence. Determining Ea experimentally has sparked controversy, such as whether the different properties (e.g., compressive strength, tensile strength, E-modulus) exhibit different Ea, whether a single Ea value exists for the entire hydration process, or whether cement paste and concrete possess the same Ea. Furthermore, studies measuring Ea from elastic modulus measurements are truly scarce, likely due to experimental challenges with measuring this property at early-ages. This work investigated the influence of temperature on the elastic modulus evolution of cement paste and concrete. A single mix for each material was tested with the EMM-ARM (Elasticity Modulus Measurement through Ambient Response Method) methodology under three different isothermal conditions. The resulting elastic modulus evolution curves were used to derive Ea evolution curves from two traditional computation methods: the ‘speed’ method and the ‘derivative of speed’ method. Results showed that the elastic modulus evolution of both materials initially presented a constant Ea, independent of temperature and hydration development as preconized by the classical Arrhenius law. However, as hydration progressed to later stages, the activation energy exhibited evident dependencies on both temperature and hydration levels. Cement paste and concrete consistently exhibited different Ea values throughout hydration, with concrete having higher values. The use of the Ea curves to superimpose the different experimental elastic modulus evolution curves by means of the equivalent age concept led to near-perfect superpositions, strengthening the validity of this concept when applied to elastic modulus evolution.
Influence of slenderness ratio in the modal analysis by analytical formulation Proceedings of the International Conference on Structural Dynamic Eurodyn, 2020
Design and validation of a minimalist, open-source system for measuring elastic modulus evolution in cementitious materials R Rocha Ribeiro, T Russo, A Araghi, JL Granja, M Azenha, R Lameiras Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation 40 (12), 6175-6199 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Investigating the relationship between early-age elastic modulus development and setting time in cement-based materials A Araghi, J Granja, RR Ribeiro, M Azenha, R Lameiras Materials and Structures 58 (9), 274 , 2025 2025
Influence of stress and specimen geometry on three-point bending DMA in hardened cement pastes RR Ribeiro, L Hilliou, J Granja, R Lameiras, M Azenha Construction and Building Materials 490, 142109 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Experimental Challenges in Static Creep Testing of Cement Pastes R Rocha Ribeiro, J Granja, R Lameiras, M Azenha International RILEM Conference on Early-age and Long-term Cracking in RC … , 2025 2025
Reviewing experimental studies on latent thermal energy storage in cementitious composites: report of the RILEM TC 299-TES C Fabiani, E Erkizia, D Snoeck, M Rajczakowska, I Tole, RR Ribeiro, ... Materials and Structures 58 (2), 58 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Fabiani, C., Erkizia, E., Snoeck, D., Rajczakowska, M., Tole, I., Ribeiro, RR, Azenha, M., Caggiano, A. & Pisello, AL (2024). Reviewing Experimental Studies on Latent Thermal … C Fabiani, E Erkizia, D Snoeck, M Rajczakowska, I Tole, RR Ribeiro, ... Materials and structures , 2025 2025
New impulse-based test method for early-age elastic modulus measurement in cementitious materials A Araghi, RR Ribeiro, T Russo, J Granja, M Azenha, R de Melo Lameiras Case Studies in Construction Materials 21, e03971 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
Influence of temperature in the early-age elastic modulus evolution of cement pastes and concrete J Granja, RR Ribeiro, T Russo, R Lameiras, M Azenha Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 21 (10), 803-820 , 2023 2023 Citations: 7
A Cost-Effective Micro-controller Based System for EMM-ARM Tests in Cement Paste R Rocha Ribeiro, J Granja, R Lameiras, M Azenha International RILEM Conference on Synergising expertise towards … , 2023 2023 Citations: 2
Towards standardization of data for structural concrete: Product data templates M El Sibaii, R Rocha Ribeiro, R Dias, JR Pinto, J Granja, M Azenha International RILEM Conference on Synergising expertise towards … , 2023 2023 Citations: 10
Continuous monitoring of elastic modulus of mortars using a single-board computer and cost-effective components T Russo, RR Ribeiro, A Araghi, RM Lameiras, J Granja, M Azenha Buildings 13 (5), 1117 , 2023 2023 Citations: 9
An algorithm to compute the parameters of a Generalized Kelvin Chain model to represent aging creep of concrete RR Ribeiro, MML Pereira, VMS Capuzzo, R Lameiras, J Granja, ... XLIV Ibero-Latin American Congress on Computational Methods in Engineering 5 … , 2023 2023
Desenvolvimento de um novo sistema integrado de baixo custo para medição contínua do módulo de elasticidade em materiais cimentícios desde idades iniciais AM Araghi, RR Ribeiro, J Granja, M Azenha, R de Melo Lameiras Simpósio Brasileiro de Ciência do Cimento (SBCC) 1, 1-4 , 2023 2023
A Low‐Cost Wireless Multinode Vibration Monitoring System for Civil Structures R Rocha Ribeiro, R de Almeida Sobral, IB Cavalcante, ... Structural control and health monitoring 2023 (1), 5240059 , 2023 2023 Citations: 11
Rumo à definição de Product Data Templates nacionais para aplicação generalizada em contexto BIM: Esforços da CT197 M El Sibaii, J Granja, RR Ribeiro, P Meda, R Resende, J dos Santos, ... 4º congresso português de Building Information Modelling vol. 2-ptBIM , 2022 2022 Citations: 6
Innovative low-cost system for early age E-modulus monitoring of cement pastes: validation and application to nanosilica-added and limestone-calcined clay cements RR Ribeiro, MIC Sousa, JHS Rêgo, RM Lameiras Springer , 2022 2022
Innovative low-cost system for early age E-modulus monitoring of cement pastes: validation and application to nanosilica-added and limestone-calcined clay cements R Rocha Ribeiro, MIC Sousa, JHS Rego, RM Lameiras Materials and Structures 55 (1), 13 , 2022 2022 Citations: 10
Higroterm: An open-source and low-cost temperature and humidity monitoring system for laboratory applications R Rocha Ribeiro, E Bauer, R Lameiras Inventions 6 (4), 84 , 2021 2021 Citations: 12
Machine learning vibration-based damage detection and early-developed damage indicators RR Ribeiro, L Veloso, RM Lameiras Topics in Modal Analysis & Testing, Volume 8: Proceedings of the 39th IMAC … , 2021 2021 Citations: 1
Modelagem paramétrica baseada em objetos em BIM para o projeto estrutural: estudo de caso de fundações tipo tubulão RR Ribeiro, KMLC Júnior PARC: Pesquisa Em Arquitetura E Construção 12, e021029-e021029 , 2021 2021 Citations: 5
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Evaluation of low-cost MEMS accelerometers for SHM: Frequency and damping identification of civil structures RR Ribeiro, RM Lameiras Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures 16 (07), e203 , 2019 2019 Citations: 94
Higroterm: An open-source and low-cost temperature and humidity monitoring system for laboratory applications R Rocha Ribeiro, E Bauer, R Lameiras Inventions 6 (4), 84 , 2021 2021 Citations: 12
A Low‐Cost Wireless Multinode Vibration Monitoring System for Civil Structures R Rocha Ribeiro, R de Almeida Sobral, IB Cavalcante, ... Structural control and health monitoring 2023 (1), 5240059 , 2023 2023 Citations: 11
Towards standardization of data for structural concrete: Product data templates M El Sibaii, R Rocha Ribeiro, R Dias, JR Pinto, J Granja, M Azenha International RILEM Conference on Synergising expertise towards … , 2023 2023 Citations: 10
Innovative low-cost system for early age E-modulus monitoring of cement pastes: validation and application to nanosilica-added and limestone-calcined clay cements R Rocha Ribeiro, MIC Sousa, JHS Rego, RM Lameiras Materials and Structures 55 (1), 13 , 2022 2022 Citations: 10
Continuous monitoring of elastic modulus of mortars using a single-board computer and cost-effective components T Russo, RR Ribeiro, A Araghi, RM Lameiras, J Granja, M Azenha Buildings 13 (5), 1117 , 2023 2023 Citations: 9
Influence of temperature in the early-age elastic modulus evolution of cement pastes and concrete J Granja, RR Ribeiro, T Russo, R Lameiras, M Azenha Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 21 (10), 803-820 , 2023 2023 Citations: 7
Rumo à definição de Product Data Templates nacionais para aplicação generalizada em contexto BIM: Esforços da CT197 M El Sibaii, J Granja, RR Ribeiro, P Meda, R Resende, J dos Santos, ... 4º congresso português de Building Information Modelling vol. 2-ptBIM , 2022 2022 Citations: 6
Incorporation of paint waste from furniture painting booth into covering mortar RR Ribeiro, FG Bellon, RCSSA Alvarenga, AAP Rezende, ... Materials Science Forum 881, 362-366 , 2017 2017 Citations: 6
Modelagem paramétrica baseada em objetos em BIM para o projeto estrutural: estudo de caso de fundações tipo tubulão RR Ribeiro, KMLC Júnior PARC: Pesquisa Em Arquitetura E Construção 12, e021029-e021029 , 2021 2021 Citations: 5
Influence of stress and specimen geometry on three-point bending DMA in hardened cement pastes RR Ribeiro, L Hilliou, J Granja, R Lameiras, M Azenha Construction and Building Materials 490, 142109 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Design and validation of a minimalist, open-source system for measuring elastic modulus evolution in cementitious materials R Rocha Ribeiro, T Russo, A Araghi, JL Granja, M Azenha, R Lameiras Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation 40 (12), 6175-6199 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Reviewing experimental studies on latent thermal energy storage in cementitious composites: report of the RILEM TC 299-TES C Fabiani, E Erkizia, D Snoeck, M Rajczakowska, I Tole, RR Ribeiro, ... Materials and Structures 58 (2), 58 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Evaluation of production quality and mechanical behavior of low-cost shear connectors manufactured with perforated GFRP plates JKF Silva, RR Ribeiro, RM Lameiras Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 14 (3), e14301 , 2021 2021 Citations: 3
New impulse-based test method for early-age elastic modulus measurement in cementitious materials A Araghi, RR Ribeiro, T Russo, J Granja, M Azenha, R de Melo Lameiras Case Studies in Construction Materials 21, e03971 , 2024 2024 Citations: 2
A Cost-Effective Micro-controller Based System for EMM-ARM Tests in Cement Paste R Rocha Ribeiro, J Granja, R Lameiras, M Azenha International RILEM Conference on Synergising expertise towards … , 2023 2023 Citations: 2
BIM no projeto de estruturas de concreto armado: estudos de caso em Revit e Robot RR Ribeiro, KML César Jr Revista Técnico-Científica , 2019 2019 Citations: 2
Análise modal de um shear building sob carregamento senoidal RR Ribeiro Brasília: Universidade de Brasília, Brasília , 2017 2017 Citations: 2
Machine learning vibration-based damage detection and early-developed damage indicators RR Ribeiro, L Veloso, RM Lameiras Topics in Modal Analysis & Testing, Volume 8: Proceedings of the 39th IMAC … , 2021 2021 Citations: 1
Monitoring of elastic modulus evolution on concrete with a low-cost test system R Ribeiro, R Lameiras The Biot-Bazant Conference , 2021 2021 Citations: 1