Advances, challenges, and future directions in biomass gasification: A critical review of feedstock, reactor designs, and process optimization Muthu Dinesh kumar Ramaswamy, Mukilarasan Nedunchezhiyan, Senthil Sampath, Sathiyamoorthi Ramalingam, Thiruselvam Krishamoorthi, Kubilay Bayramoğlu Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 2026 • Comprehensive review of biomass gasification feedstocks and reactor designs. • Identifies key barriers in tar reduction, efficiency, and large-scale operation. • Evaluates pre-treatment, drying, and densification impacts on syngas quality. • Discusses thermodynamic and kinetic gasification models for process prediction. • Highlights biochar’s catalytic role in tar reforming and H 2 yield enhancement. • Outlines future directions for hybrid reactors and advanced syngas cleaning Biomass has recently gained recognition as a promising renewable energy resource with the potential to meet the growing global demand for continuous, clean power generation. Among thermochemical conversion technologies, gasification is considered one of the most viable approaches, offering cold gas efficiencies typically between 65% and 80%, depending on the feedstock and reactor design. Nevertheless, integrating producer gas into residential or commercial energy systems remains difficult due to technological and operational challenges. Critical issues include biomass supply chain management, pre-treatment and drying to achieve moisture content ideally below 15%, and effective gas cleaning and conditioning. Tar formation represents one of the most significant barriers, with levels commonly ranging from 2 to 10 g/Nm³, while for engine-grade applications, concentrations must be reduced to below 100 mg/Nm³. Similarly, particulates need to be controlled to less than 50 mg/Nm³, and alkali metals must be removed to prevent fouling and corrosion. Despite the development of various gasifier configurations, such as downdraft, fluidized bed, and plasma-assisted systems, an efficient and scalable design that achieves cold-gas efficiencies above 80% while maintaining tar concentrations below 0.1 g/Nm³ remains lacking. Recent research emphasizes that next-generation gasification systems integrated with advanced gas conditioning techniques—such as catalytic tar cracking, plasma reforming, and hot-gas separation—offer a pathway to overcome these obstacles. Such advancements would enable the production of high-quality syngas suitable not only for thermal power and combined heat and power (CHP) generation but also for hydrogen production.
Sustainable utilization of coconut fatty acid distillate biodiesel with aluminum nitrate nanoparticles for enhanced engine efficiency and lower emissions Mukilarasan Nedunchezhiyan, Ravikumar Jayabal, Sathiyamoorthi Ramalingam, Prajith Prabhakar Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 2026 Many research works are focusing on novel techniques to replace crude‐based fuels due to the increasing demand for sustainable fuels and decreased emissions from automobile vehicles. The current study is mainly focused on the effect of aluminum nitrate (Al(NO 3 ) 3 ) nanoparticles on the performance and emission characteristics of coconut fatty acid distillate biodiesel (CFADB) in a diesel engine. In this novel approach, nitrate‐based aluminum nanoparticles having excess oxygen influence combustion improvement, lowering emissions compared to utilizing metal or oxide‐based nanoparticles. The different test fuels such as diesel, B20, B100 and their blends with Al(NO 3 ) 3 nanoparticles (50 ppm and 100 ppm) were investigated on a single‐cylinder engine with a constant speed of 1500 rpm at various loads. The B20 + Al(NO 3 ) 3 100 ppm blend exhibited a 12.16% higher brake thermal efficiency than diesel. In the case of emissions, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke are decreased by 47.3%, 44.6% and 34.6% respectively. Moreover, it is observed that the higher oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) emissions increased by 57.03% at peak load. The Al(NO 3 ) 3 nanoparticles have excessive oxygen and catalyst characteristics in their structure which has the ability for combustion improvement and lower emissions. The research findings confirmed the feasibility of CFADB‐ Al(NO 3 ) 3 combinations as cost‐effective, eco‐friendly, and renewable alternatives for diesel engines.
Forecasting Nonlinear Heat and Mass Transfer in Fluidized Bed Cooling Towers Using Ensemble Models E Shanmugapriya, Mukilarasan Nedunchezhiyan, Padmapriya J, Sathiyamoorthi Ramalingam Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2026 Fluidized bed cooling towers (FBCTs) enhance convective and evaporative heat transfer by promoting intensive mixing between air, water, and solid particles. In this study, the thermal behavior of an FBCT is analyzed using a data‐supported modeling approach based on ensemble machine‐learning methods. A database comprising more than 10 000 experimentally generated operating points was used to develop Random Forest and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models for predicting cooling efficiency across a wide range of air velocities, particle diameters, and inlet and wet‐bulb temperatures. XGBoost demonstrated the highest predictive reliability ( R 2 = 0.974, mean squared error [MSE] = 23.681, root mean squared error [RMSE] = 4.866), reflecting its ability to resolve the nonlinear coupling between turbulence‐driven convection and evaporation. Particle diameter exhibited a threshold behavior near 0.5 mm, corresponding to improved solids circulation and surface renewal. The results confirmed that XGBoost provides an effective, physics‐consistent framework for analyzing and optimizing FBCT heat‐transfer performance.
Carbon dioxide valorization technologies for a low-carbon future: Pathways, economics, and policy perspectives Ravikumar Jayabal, Mukilarasan Nedunchezhiyan, Poyyamozhi Natesan, Rajkumar Sivanraju, Prajith Prabhakar International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies, 2026 Global energy consumption continues its upward trajectory, pushing annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions beyond 36 Gt and underscoring the need for effective carbon mitigation strategies. CO2 valorization has emerged as a promising paradigm to reduce emissions while generating valuable fuels, chemicals, and materials, thereby facilitating the transition toward a circular carbon economy. This review amalgamates recent advancements across electrochemical, photochemical, biological, and thermochemical pathways, with particular emphasis on catalytic innovations, energy efficiency, reaction selectivity, and product yields. Electrochemical systems now report conversion efficiencies approaching 90%, whilst enhancements in photocatalysts and engineered biocatalytic platforms indicate burgeoning potential despite ongoing challenges in scalability, durability, and operational expenditures. A comparative techno-economic evaluation is presented for CO2-derived fuels, polymers, and specialty chemicals, covering production costs, returns on investment, and payback periods. Empirical case studies from industrial and pilot-scale projects illuminate both successful implementations and enduring deployment obstacles. Environmental performance is assessed through life-cycle analysis (LCA), demonstrating that renewable-energy-integrated CO2 conversion pathways achieve substantially lower carbon footprints than conventional production methodologies. Finally, an international policy examination including carbon pricing mechanisms, tax incentives, and targeted subsidies highlights the indispensable role of regulatory support in expediting industrial adoption. Collectively, this review delineates critical technological, economic, and policy facilitators required to propel CO2 valorization toward large-scale, sustainable implementation.
Optimization and synthesis process of biodiesel production from coconut oil using central composite rotatable design of response surface methodology Rajesh Kannan, Sathiyamoorthi Ramalingam, Senthil Sampath, Mukilarasan Nedunchezhiyan, Damodharan Dillikannan, Ravikumar Jayabal Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part E Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, 2025 In the transportation and power production industries, the use of renewable and environmentally friendly fuels has grown in importance. Biodiesel derived from coconut oil contains over 90% saturated fatty acids. Biodiesel was made using alkaline transesterification since coconut oil has a free fatty acid content of less than 2.5%. Enzymatic or chemical transesterification are both possible. For the synthesis of coconut biodiesel, the optimal processing conditions are 60 °C for 1 h, a 6:1 ratio, 1% potassium hydroxide and a 95% yield. According to the experiment, 55 °C was the ideal reaction temperature for using coconut oil to produce biodiesel. Sixty minutes was the ideal amount of time to extract biodiesel from coconut oil. The methanol-to-oil molar ratio raised yield from 6:1 to 8:1, a 95% increase. Significant amounts of an alkaline catalyst, which allows soap to develop under the influence of fatty acids, are responsible for the high yield response; it is concluded that 1 wt% would be an appropriate catalyst concentration for the present investigation. The central composite rotatable design (CCRD) of the response surface methodology method is used to optimize several process parameters, including temperature, reaction duration, methanol-to-oil ratio and catalyst concentration. The CCRD optimization approach produced better results. The following are the final, optimized results: coconut oil methyl ester ratio: 96.69%, temperature: 55 °C; duration: 59.2 min; catalyst concentration: 0.7; molar ratio: 6.4.