The Investigation of Microplastics Abundance in Raw Water for Treated Water on the Primary Irrigation Canal of Karawang, West Java, Indonesia Gina Lova Sari, Ahsanal Kasasiah, Marsah Rahmawati Utami, Setyo Budi Kurniawan, Mhd. Fauzi, Nur Ridha Amethysia, Andini Siti Rohmana, Adinda Melianda Nainggolan Scientific World Journal, 2026 The abundance of microplastics (MPs) in the aquatic environment is increasingly threatening the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems and human health. Moreover, conventional raw water treatment for treated water used for drinking water supply has not been able to remove MPs, which can cause biomagnification and accumulation in the human body. Information regarding the distribution and characteristics of MPs, which contaminate raw water for treated water, still needs to be provided, which becomes the aim of current research. The objectives of this research are to determine the abundance and characterization of MPs in raw water for treated water in the primary irrigation canals of Karawang, which originates from the Citarum Watershed. Fifty water samples were taken along 50.00 km of primary irrigation canals with 1.00 km from each point by the volume reduction method using two modified manta trawls in duplicates. MPs were prepared, observed, and analyzed using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration method, Olympus BX‐41 microscopes, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier‐transform infrared spectrophotometry (ATR‐FTIR), respectively. The results showed that MPs had contaminated raw water for treated water along the primary irrigation canals of Karawang as much as 48.33–339.17 particles/L, which was dominated by less than 1.00 mm of particles and fragments in size and shapes, respectively. The polymer of contaminated MPs was dominated by polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride with similarities of 80.11%–92.26%, 81.26%–87.44%, and 88.96%. The development and improvement of management for water resources, solid waste, wastewater, and drinking water supply systems in Karawang are recommended to address the potential for MPs contamination, consumption, and biomagnification to humans.
Evaluating Performance Testing for Fabricated Wastewater Treatment Plant in Indonesia Prayatni Soewondo, Mhd. Fauzi, Andri Gumilar, Ellis Hastuti, Sri Darwati, Yoshitaka Ebie Future Cities and Environment, 2025 The push towards achieving 100% access to wastewater services in Indonesia necessitates the development of cost-effective non-sewer systems. Decentralized wastewater treatment systems, such as septic tanks, are prevalent but often fail to meet effluent quality standards. This study aims to evaluate the performance of various Fabricated Wastewater Treatment Plants (F-WWTP) with test methods adopted from Japanese test methods and adapted to conditions in Indonesia to determine processing unit standards to meet domestic waste quality standards set by the Ministry of the Environment and Forestry. The study was conducted in two stages: opinion polls through stakeholder meetings and performance testing of three small-scale F-WWTPs in Bandung, Indonesia. Stakeholders included various governmental and research institutions. The F-WWTP tested included configurations of anaerobic, anaerobic-aerobic, and anaerobic-anoxic biofilter systems. The performance evaluation was based on physical, chemical, and biological parameters, such as COD, BOD, TSS, and ammonia concentrations, monitored over 12 weeks. Effluent quality varied among the F-WWTPs, with COD concentrations ranging from 25.70 to 215.0 mg/L, BOD from 7.02 to 133.3 mg/L, TSS from 2.98 to 38.70 mg/L, and ammonia from 1.76 to 52.80 mg/L. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA showed no significant difference in pollutant removal efficiency among the F-WWTPs. The average BOD/COD ratio indicated moderate biodegradability, aligning with findings from other studies. When properly configured and maintained, decentralized wastewater treatment systems can achieve the effluent standards Indonesian regulations require. This study highlights the necessity for reliable performance testing and certification to ensure the quality of decentralized systems, preventing market entry of substandard products. Future research should focus on long-term field performance and developing more efficient treatment configurations.
Effect of polymer variation as carrier media for microorganism growth in biofilm development using aerobic fixed-biofilm reactor system Mhd. Fauzi, Prayatni Soewondo, Marisa Handajani, Teddy Tedjakusuma, Ansiha Nur Results in Engineering, 2025 The use of supporting media with different polymers in biofilm technology will affect the performance of the wastewater treatment system. This study aims to analyze the effect of polymer variation as a supporting medium in biofilm formation using aerobic fixed-biofilm system. The method used for Water Contact Angle (WCA) test is wettability test, analysis of Total Attached Solids (TAS) as biofilm using gravimetry, thickness and surface morphology of biofilm using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, specific growth rate of microorganisms (µ) and substrate removal rate using monod and 1st order kinetics. The results showed that the WCA values for Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polymethyl Methacrylate (PM), Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) polymers are 71.78 ± 0.94⁰, 80.47 ± 0.68⁰, 82.25 ± 0.76⁰, 77.58 ± 0.81⁰, and 75.28 ± 0.76⁰. WCA of PVC was the smallest, meaning that PVC has the most hydrophilic properties compared to other polymers. The best polymer in attaching microorganisms is PVC, followed by PET, PP, PM, and PE based on TAS, thickness of biofilm formed, biofilm development rate, and µ of microorganisms, as well as reactor performance in COD, NH₄, NO₂, NO₄, and PO₄ total removal. Pearson correlation test showed that there was a strong relationship between WCA to TAS formed, TAS to biofilm thickness, and TAS to organic and nutrient removal efficiency. So, it can be concluded that these types of polymers can be used as supporting media in wastewater treatment using a fixed-biofilm reactor system.
Takakura composting method for food waste using local microorganisms activator from tuna fish waste, shrimp wastecoconut coir, and leftover vegetables Rizki Aziz, Yommi Dewilda, Ayu Ardhinni, Mhd. Fauzi Ecological Engineering and Environmental Technology, 2025 Food waste is organic waste, the most significant component in Indonesia, which can be processed as raw mate - rial for composting. The composting process can be accelerated by adding an activator. Therefore, this study was conducted that utilized household food waste with the composition of leftover rice, leftover vegetables, and fruit peels as raw materials for composting to compare the compost yield with the addition of a bio activator of local microorganisms (LMO) with effective microorganisms (EM4) using the Takakura method. Composting was car - ried out in duplicate with five variations, namely, a variation I without the addition of activator, variation II EM4 activator, variation III LMO a mixture of tuna fish waste and shrimp waste plus leftover vegetables, variation IV LMO a mixture of coconut coir and leftover vegetables plus tuna fish waste, and variations V LMO a mixture of tuna fish waste and shrimp waste plus a mixture of coconut coir and leftover vegetables. The results showed that the maturity test (pH, temperature, color, texture, smell, humidity, and time of composting), and the quality test included physical elements (water content, pH, temperature, color, texture, odor) and macro elements (C-organic, nitrogen, C/N ratio, P 2 O 5 , and K 2 O) have complied with compost standards according to SNI 19-7030-2004. The result of the quantity test showed that mass reduction in the range of 46.97–53.46%. Based on the results of the scoring on the analysis of maturity, quality, and quantity, the best variation was found, namely variation V, with the fastest composting time of 11 days, and the compost yield was 4.6 kg from 9.24 kg of the initial weight of compost raw material with a mass reduction rate of 50.22%.
POTENTIAL FOR REDUCING, REUSING AND RECYCLING PLASTIC WASTE FROM DOMESTIC SOURCE , Ruslinda Yenni, Lestari Resti Ayu, , Gunawan Hendra, , Fauzi Mhd, and Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 2025 The increase in plastic waste generation may adversely impact human health and the environment, so, it is necessary to implement waste management initiatives through the implementation of the 3R principles: Reduce, reuse, and recycle. This research aims to analyse the potential 3R initiatives for plastic waste from households in Padang, Indonesia, specifically at coordinate’s 0.95556°S 100.36056°E. Data collection was carried out by measuring the generation and composition of plastic waste directly in the f ield, as well as identifying 3R initiatives practised in communities through a survey and interview. The generation of plastic waste from domestic sources was 40.43 g per capita per day. The waste composition was predominantly polypropylene (42.97%), with the most common usage was food packaging (42.61%). The current 3R initiatives for plastic waste at domestic sources were 25.48% and had the potential to increase to 59.56% of the total plastic waste. Recycling had the highest potential to reducing plastic waste through involvement of the informal sector and establishment of waste banks. Implementing 3R plastic waste initiatives can also reduce the amount of plastic waste dumped in landfills.
Domestic wastewater treatment using modified tripikon-S with pumice filters as support media Nico Halomoan, Siti Syakinah, Prayatni Soewondo, Ahmad Soleh Setiyawan, Prasanti Widyasih Sarli, Mhd. Fauzi Journal of Ecological Engineering, 2025 Research on tripikon-S has been conducted to reduce organics and nutrients in domestic wastewater.This study aims to analyze the performance of modified tripikon-S with the addition of pumice as a support media in domestic wastewater treatment.The tripikon-S used is a modification of three pipes of different sizes arranged concentrically.In the middle pipe, aerobic processes occur, the central section serves as a flow path, and the lower section is where anaerobic processes take place.Two tripikon-S units were tested between reactors with and without pumice stone, operated in batch mode with a retention time (td) of 2 days.The results showed that pumice has the ability to attach microorganisms.This can be analyzed based on the results of the SEM test which shows changes in the biofilm surface until the seeding ends.In addition, the attached VSS formed was 2.817 mg/L.This value indicates that biofilm formed on pumice has entered the maturation phase and continued by running using artificial wastewater with concentration variations.Variations in treatment with COD concentrations of 500 mg/L, 750 mg/L, and 1000 mg/L resulted in COD removal in the reactor with pumice stone > 85%, TN > 48%, and TP > 67%.This shows that the modification of tripikon-S with pumice supporting media is able to reduce organics and nutrients in wastewater.This result is reinforced by the identification of microorganisms using Oxford Nanopore Technology, where in this study identified microorganisms that are able to degrade organic and nutrients in wastewater.So, this system should be considered as an alternative to domestic wastewater treatment, especially in suburban areas.
Characteristics and removal of microplastics in urban domestic WWTP system: A case study in Bandung city, Indonesia Mhd. Fauzi, Prayatni Soewondo, Marisa Handajani, Teddy Tedjakusuma, Ansiha Nur, Muammar Qadafi Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 2024 The presence of microplastics (MPs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) raises concern. This study aims to investigate microplastics' abundance and reduction potential in suspended growth system communal WWTPs in Bandung City, Indonesia. Samples were evaluated using a 100 times magnification microscope to determine the number, size, shape, and color of MP, as well as FTIR to characterize MP polymer. The study found that the four WWTPs in Bandung had a high concentration of MP at 537.50 ± 35.21 particles/L. MP sizes ranged from 11 μm to 5000 μm, with the predominant size of 1,001 μm - 5,000 μm (32.09 ± 4.17%). MP has a transparent color (26.43 ± 3.14%) and fiber form (51.91 ± 4.02%). The MP is composed of polymers such as PES, PP, PE, PET, and others with percentages of 36.36 ± 2.93%, 14.69 ± 2.45, 23.14 ± 1.77%, 18.01 ± 0.31%, and 7.79 ± 1.87% respectively. MP in wastewater could be removed by the communal WWTPs with an efficiency of 76.74% to 83.78%. These MPs are most likely derived from community daily products such as clothing and personal care products. This research was used to evaluate the performance of communal WWTPs in Bandung City to remove the MPs. Based on the results of this research, the communal WWTPs will need to be modified in the future to have an attached growth system.
Clarity versus safety: A mini perspective review on disinfection by-products formation in household chlorinated peat water and mitigation strategies for the rural peatland … R Wulandari, NN Arifianingsih, W Prayogo, D Awfa, RN Azizah, M Fauzi, ... Environmental Geochemistry and Health 48 (8), 361 , 2026 2026
Microplastic occurrence and removal in unbranded refilled drinking water treatment systems: Implications for human exposure in Karawang, Indonesia GL Sari, N Amanah, Z Amala, SB Kurniawan, R Novembrianto, M Fauzi, ... Journal of Ecological Engineering 27 (8) , 2026 2026
Evidence-based non-residential waste analysis to support 3R strategies and food recovery hierarchy: a case study in Solok Selatan M Fauzi, R Aziz, N Chyntia, FR Titani, AW Afrianto Bioeksperimen: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, 79-91 , 2026 2026
Pollution Characteristics and Decline in Seawater Quality with Rapid Change in Land Use: Case Study of Bima Bay, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia P Soewondo, M Iqbal Novanta, P Widyasih Sarli, H Diastomo, M Fauzi, ... Pollution 12 (1), 190-204 , 2026 2026
Analysis of polymer alternatives as carrier media in domestic wastewater treatment using an anoxic fixed biofilm reactor system M Fauzi, P Soewondo, M Handajani, T Tedjakusuma, A Nur, M Qadafi Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 120083 , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Domestic wastewater treatment using modified tripikon-S with pumice filters as support media N Halomoan, S Syakinah, P Soewondo, AS Setiyawan, PW Sarli, M Fauzi Journal of Ecological Engineering 26 (9), 144-156 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Potential For Reducing, Reusing And Recycling Plastic Waste From Domestic Source R YENNI, LR AYU, G HENDRA, F MHD Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 20 (7), 1452-1466 , 2025 2025 Citations: 1
Takakura composting method for food waste using local microorganisms activator from tuna fish waste, shrimp waste, coconut coir, and leftover vegetables. R Aziz, Y Dewilda, A Ardhinni, M Fauzi Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology (EEET) 26 (5) , 2025 2025 Citations: 2
Evaluating Performance Testing for Fabricated Wastewater Treatment Plant in Indonesia P Soewondo, M Fauzi, A Gumilar, E Hastuti, S Darwati, Y Ebie Future Cities and Environment 11 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
Effect of polymer variation as carrier media for microorganism growth in biofilm development using aerobic fixed-biofilm reactor system M Fauzi, P Soewondo, M Handajani, T Tedjakusuma, A Nur Results in Engineering 25, 104038 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Characteristics and removal of microplastics in urban domestic WWTP system: A case study in Bandung city, Indonesia M Fauzi, P Soewondo, M Handajani, T Tedjakusuma, A Nur, M Qadafi Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 10, 100999 , 2024 2024 Citations: 17
PENGARUH BEBAN INFLUEN TERHADAP PERFORMA PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH DOMESTIK MENGGUNAKAN FIXED BED SYSTEM DENGAN MEDIA PENUNJANG PVC SARANG TAWON M Rizka, M Fauzi, P Soewondo, M Handajani, T Tedjakusuma Jurnal Reka Lingkungan 12 (3), 315-326 , 2024 2024
The effect of anthropogenic activities on the spatial distribution of total nitrogen and total phosphate in Lake Maninjau PS Komala, Z Zulkarnaini, RI Kurniati, M Fauzi Journal of Water and Land Development, 71-78-71-78 , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
The existence of artisanal small-scale gold mining in Indonesia, the Impact of public health and environmental sustainability: a narrative review E Fikri, YW Firmansyah, AS Afifah, M Fauzi Journal of Environmental Health 15 (2), 99 , 2023 2023 Citations: 9
TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF MAIN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PARAKU DRINKING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, PADANG CITY, INDONESIA. A Nur, M Fauzi Environmental & Social Management Journal/Revista de Gestão Social e … , 2023 2023
Analisis potensi daur ulang sampah domestik kabupaten solok selatan M Fauzi, R Aziz, Y Darnas, N Chyntia Jurnal Reka Lingkungan 11 (2), 140-151 , 2023 2023 Citations: 6
THE EFFECT OF TYPES AND SIZES VARIATIONS OF MARKET ORGANIC WASTE IN COMPOSTING USING BLACK SOLDIER FLY LARVAE (BSFL). R Aziz, Y Ruslinda, HA Pratiwi, M Fauzi Environmental & Social Management Journal/Revista de Gestão Social e … , 2023 2023 Citations: 8
Effects of different polymeric materials on the bacterial attachment and biofilm formation in anoxic fixed-bed biofilm reactors AS Setiyawan, A Nur, MHD Fauzi, K Oginawati, P Soewondo Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 234 (3), 147 , 2023 2023 Citations: 48
Korespondensi: A Study on The Projection of Drinking Water 2023-2033 In DKI Jakarta Indonesia E Fikri, Y Witsqa Firmansyah The Environmental and Social Management Journal 17 (1), 1-12 , 2023 2023 Citations: 10
Microplastics abundance in domestic wastewater as a pollutant source for the Daroy River, Indonesia M Fauzi, P Soewondo, Y Darnas, M Handajani, T Tedjakusuma, M Nizar, ... Journal of Water and Land Development , 2023 2023 Citations: 5
MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS
Effects of different polymeric materials on the bacterial attachment and biofilm formation in anoxic fixed-bed biofilm reactors AS Setiyawan, A Nur, MHD Fauzi, K Oginawati, P Soewondo Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 234 (3), 147 , 2023 2023 Citations: 48
Kajian potensi daur ulang sampah makanan restoran di Kota Padang Y Dewilda, R Aziz, M Fauzi Jurnal Serambi Engineering 4 (2) , 2019 2019 Citations: 36
Analysis of food industry waste management based-on the food recovery hierarchy and 3R concept–a case study in Padang City, West Sumatra, Indonesia Y Dewilda, M Fauzi, R Aziz, FD Utami Journal of Ecological Engineering 24 (7) , 2023 2023 Citations: 21
Characteristics and removal of microplastics in urban domestic WWTP system: A case study in Bandung city, Indonesia M Fauzi, P Soewondo, M Handajani, T Tedjakusuma, A Nur, M Qadafi Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 10, 100999 , 2024 2024 Citations: 17
Kajian Pengelolaan Sampah Makanan Hotel di Kota Padang berdasarkan Food Recovery Hierarchy Y Dewilda, A Riansyah, M Fauzi Jurnal Serambi Engineering 7 (4), 3959-3970 , 2022 2022 Citations: 14
Analisis karakteristik dan potensi daur ulang sampah non domestik Kabupaten Solok Selatan sebagai upaya meminimalisir sampah ke TPA M Fauzi, Y Darnas, R Aziz, N Chyntia Jurnal Serambi Engineering 7 (4), 3881-3888 , 2022 2022 Citations: 14
The occurrence of microplastics on the start-up process of an anoxic biofilm batch reactor A Nur, M Fauzi, P Soewondo, AS Setiyawan, K Oginawati GEOMATE Journal 22 (90), 63-70 , 2022 2022 Citations: 14
Performances of polyethylene terephthalate plastic bottles waste as supporting media in domestic wastewater treatment using aerobic fixed-film system M Fauzi, P Soewondo, A Nur, M Handajani, T Tedjakusuma, K Oginawati, ... Journal of Ecological Engineering 24 (10) , 2023 2023 Citations: 13
Treatment of domestic wastewater on fixed-bed reactor using plastic supporting Media–A review M Fauzi, P Soewondo, A Nur Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 24 , 2023 2023 Citations: 11
Korespondensi: A Study on The Projection of Drinking Water 2023-2033 In DKI Jakarta Indonesia E Fikri, Y Witsqa Firmansyah The Environmental and Social Management Journal 17 (1), 1-12 , 2023 2023 Citations: 10
The existence of artisanal small-scale gold mining in Indonesia, the Impact of public health and environmental sustainability: a narrative review E Fikri, YW Firmansyah, AS Afifah, M Fauzi Journal of Environmental Health 15 (2), 99 , 2023 2023 Citations: 9
Literatur review: Strategi penanganan pemukiman kumuh di Kelurahan Batang Arau Kota Padang terkait sanitasi dan kesehatan lingkungan F Monica, FI Jamika, A Razak, L Handayuni, E Yuniarti, M Fauzi J. Serambi. Eng 8 (1), 65-72 , 2023 2023 Citations: 9
THE EFFECT OF TYPES AND SIZES VARIATIONS OF MARKET ORGANIC WASTE IN COMPOSTING USING BLACK SOLDIER FLY LARVAE (BSFL). R Aziz, Y Ruslinda, HA Pratiwi, M Fauzi Environmental & Social Management Journal/Revista de Gestão Social e … , 2023 2023 Citations: 8
Perencanaan sistem pengelolaan persampahan kawasan wisata budaya nagari koto gadang, sumatra barat M Fauzi, Y Darnas, A Riansyah, S Nanda Jurnal Serambi Engineering 7 (4), 4024-4035 , 2022 2022 Citations: 8
Analisis potensi daur ulang sampah domestik kabupaten solok selatan M Fauzi, R Aziz, Y Darnas, N Chyntia Jurnal Reka Lingkungan 11 (2), 140-151 , 2023 2023 Citations: 6
Microplastics abundance in domestic wastewater as a pollutant source for the Daroy River, Indonesia M Fauzi, P Soewondo, Y Darnas, M Handajani, T Tedjakusuma, M Nizar, ... Journal of Water and Land Development , 2023 2023 Citations: 5
Evaluating Performance Testing for Fabricated Wastewater Treatment Plant in Indonesia P Soewondo, M Fauzi, A Gumilar, E Hastuti, S Darwati, Y Ebie Future Cities and Environment 11 , 2025 2025 Citations: 4
The effect of anthropogenic activities on the spatial distribution of total nitrogen and total phosphate in Lake Maninjau PS Komala, Z Zulkarnaini, RI Kurniati, M Fauzi Journal of Water and Land Development, 71-78-71-78 , 2024 2024 Citations: 4
Effect of polymer variation as carrier media for microorganism growth in biofilm development using aerobic fixed-biofilm reactor system M Fauzi, P Soewondo, M Handajani, T Tedjakusuma, A Nur Results in Engineering 25, 104038 , 2025 2025 Citations: 3
Distribution of microplastics in domestic wastewater and microplastics removal potential in wastewater treatment plants M Fauzi, Y Darnas, CR Muna, M Nizar Journal of Ecological Engineering 24 (12), 79-86 , 2023 2023 Citations: 3
