Efficiency and costs of different sampling methods in an inventory of a Terra Firme Forest, Pará state, Brazil Fabio de Jesus Batista, Elce Lima Castro, Fernanda Kelly Ribeiro Gonçalves Leite, Luciana Maria de Barros Francez, Deivison Venicio Souza, et al. Ciencia Florestal, 2025 O inventário florestal na Fazenda Caculé, localizada em Paragominas-PA, teve como objetivo comparar a eficiência e custos de diferentes processos de amostragem (simples ao acaso, conglomerado sem estratificação e conglomerado com pós-estratificação) em uma floresta de terra firme. A fazenda, com uma área total de 8.637 hectares, foi dividida em um grid com coordenadas equidistantes de 700 metros. Neste grid, foram selecionadas aleatoriamente 47 unidades amostrais (UAs). A análise considerou quatro tratamentos diferentes: simples ao acaso por conglomerado (T1); simples ao acaso por subunidade (T2); por conglomerado (T3) e pós-estratificado por conglomerado (T4). Para cada processo de amostragem foram utilizados os estimadores paramétricos tradicionais para obtenção das estimativas de produção por hectare. O T4 exigiu uma análise prévia dos dados a fim de identificar os estratos existentes (análise de agrupamento). Na estimativa da produção (m³) por hectare a média foi de 154,9855 m³, com desvio variando de ±5,33 a 36,54 m³.ha-1. O erro de amostragem teve pouca variação, 4,67% a 6,92%. T2 e T4 apresentaram os menores erros. A suficiência amostral para o erro pré-definido apresentou alta variação (14 a 43 UAs), sendo T4 o melhor tratamento. O custo fixo por Unidade Amostral (UA) foi de $269,22. Em comparação com os demais tratamentos, T4 foi o mais eficiente em termos de tempo, recursos e esforço necessários para atingir a precisão de 10%, o que reduz os custos do inventário florestal.
Spectroradiometry in Distinguishing Forest Species using Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial Neural Network Igor da Silva Narvaes, Mateus Sabadi Schuh, Pábulo Diogo Souza, Matheus Morais Ziembowicz, José Augusto Spiazzi Favarin, et al. Revista Brasileira De Geografia Fisica, 2024 A distinção de espécies florestais na arborização urbana é fundamental para mitigação dos efeitos locais do aquecimento global. Neste sentido, foram utilizados os algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina RF, SVM e de aprendizagem profunda ANN. Os elevados valores de acurácia encontrados (F-1 score = 0,989; 0,9434; 0,9346, Acurácia Global = 0,989; 0,9444; 0,9333 e de índice kappa = 0,988; 0,9383; 0,9259) para o algoritmo ANN, SVM e RF, respectivamente. Os erros de classificação para a predição de algumas espécies para os classificadores analisados se dão em geral pela semelhança nos valores de reflectância nas regiões do red edge (700 a 720 nm) relacionados ao conteúdo similar de clorofila e nos comprimentos de onda específicos na região do infravermelho de ondas curtas (1400 e 1420 nm) responsáveis pelas diferenças no conteúdo de água e concentração química na planta e de lignina, respectivamente. Dado a complexidade dos classificadores, em especial o algoritmo de aprendizagem profunda ANN, e também aos de aprendizagem de máquina SVM e RF, recomenda-se a alteração de seus hiperparâmetros para se evitar o sobreajuste dos resultados, ou seja, mesmo que o algoritmo esteja adaptado a uma determinada região se torne ineficaz para prever novos resultados.
Aboveground biomass stock and change estimation in Amazon rainforest using airborne light detection and ranging, multispectral data, and machine learning algorithms Juliana Marchesan, Elisiane Alba, Mateus Sabadi Schuh, José Augusto Spiazzi Favarin, Roberta Aparecida Fantinel, et al. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, 2023 Developing an efficient method to accurately estimate aboveground biomass in tropical forests is critical to monitoring the carbon stock and implementing policies to reduce emissions caused by deforestation. Thus, the objective of the present study was to estimate aboveground biomass in areas of the Amazonian Forest with selective logging, using the random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and artificial neural network (ANN) machine learning algorithms, using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data and these combined with OLI/Landsat 8 variables, as well as mapping the biomass for the years 2014 and 2017, allowing one to analyze its dynamics between the years of analysis. The RF and SVM algorithms obtained the lowest error values in all datasets. The association of the variables increased the RF performance. Analyzing the dynamics of biomass, it was observed that the oldest exploration units (2006, 2007, and 2008) have lower biomass stocks. The highest biomass losses in 2017 came from units operated between 2012 and 2013 (the most recent record). Thus, with the method used in this study, it was possible to infer that the machine learning algorithms were efficient in estimating the biomass, emphasizing the RF and the SVM.
Use of Machine Learning Algorithms in the Classification of Forest Species Táscilla Magalhães Loiola, Roberta Aparecida Fantinel, Fernanda Dias Dos Santos, Franciele De Bastos, Mateus Sabadi Schuh, et al. Anuario do Instituto De Geociencias, 2023 Optimization in the process of managing forest resources seeks alternatives that make data collection possible. One of them alternatives is spectroradiometry, which consists of measuring the spectral response, having as product the response of the target in relation to the incident radiation along the electromagnetic spectrum, and that, using machine learning, with pre-selected models, makes it possible to identify. Given the above, the study aimed to use machine learning algorithms to classify species by vegetation indices from reflectance data. The study was developed at the Federal University from Santa Maria, working with the species Ficus benjamina, Inga marginata, Handroanthus chrysotrichus, Psidium cattleianum, Salix humboldtiana, Corymbia citriodora and Myrcianthes pungens, and spectral readings of the leaves were taken using the FieldSpec®3 spectroradiometer connected to RTS-3ZC3 integrating sphere. The reflectance values with wavelength ranged in amplitude from 350 ƞm to 2,500 ƞm and spectral resolution of 1 ƞm. Vegetation indices were calculated using the software R Studio, being: NDVI, SAVI, RVI, GNDVI, NDWI, NDWI2, GEMI, DVI, TVI, RVI, MSAVI, WDVI. The algorithms used to develop machine learning were: Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN), Naive Bayes (NB) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). RF proves to be the most appropriate for data validation, with 85% global accuracy, followed by SVM, with 71%, K-NN with 64% and NB with 35%. The indices with the best performance to point the species were NDWI and SAVI.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ORBITAL IMAGES APPLICATION FOR ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL LAND USE AND COVERAGE PATTERNS Roberta Aparecida Fantinel, Rudiney Soares Pereira, Ana Caroline Paim Benedetti, Fernando Coelho Eugenio, Juliana Marchesan, et al. Floresta, 2022 The study aimed to analyze the performance of different machine learning (ML) algorithms in predicting land use and land cover patterns from time series spectral data from Thematic Mapper (TM) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensors. The QGIS software was used, where the import of TM / Landsat 5 images began in 2004 and 2009 and OLI/Landsat 8 for 2015 and 2019, to obtain information to characterize and differentiate usage patterns and land cover. Subsequently, training and testing of the algorithms, Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN), and Naive Bayes (NB), were carried out in the proportions of 80%-20%, 70%-30%, 60%-40% in the KNIME software. The performance was analyzed based on global accuracy and the Kappa index. The RF and SVM for the years 2004 and 2009 showed the best performance (global accuracy), while for the years 2015 and 2019, they were the K-NN and the RF. The Kappa index values indicated that the classifications of the algorithms varied from 0.80 – 1.00. The proportion of 60% (training) and 40% (test) was the one that provided the best results for all the dates analyzed. The data from the pixels sampled from the land use and land cover patterns of the TM and OLI sensor images proved to be efficient for the ML process in the KNIME software.
Influence of flight hours on spectral behavior of rice (Oryza Sativa L.) and soybean (Glycine Max L.) cultivars in images obtained by remotely piloted aircraft system Fernando Coelho Eugenio, Mara Grohs, Caroline Lorenci Mallmann, Cristine Tagliapietra Schons, Mateus Sabadi Schuh, et al. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, 2021 The research aimed to evaluate the spectral behavior of remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) images taken of agricultural crops during the day to answer the following hypotheses: (1) there are no significant differences between spectral reflectance information obtained through RPAS images and data from spectroradiometry; (2) the survey time can be defined as a limiting factor in obtaining accurate reflectance data; and (3) it is possible to characterize homogeneous observation windows throughout the day. With regular intervals of 1 h, 12 surveys were made in rice and soybean cultivars, using a Sequoia® camera, embedded in RPAS, and the FieldSpec®3 spectroradiometer, to validate the image spectra. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI), and Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption Reflectance Index (TCARI) derived from aerial images were subjected to Kruskal–Wallis and hierarchical cluster tests to define homogeneous observation times. The Sequoia® system made it possible to obtain reflectance data that met the validation criteria, even operating under varying interaction factors during the day, so the flight schedule did not result in loss of information about the vegetation. The hierarchical cluster analysis allowed the detection of temporal patterns of NDVI, OSAVI, and TCARI throughout the day. For rice and soybeans, three more homogeneous observation windows were characterized. In terms of temporal pattern of NDVI, OSAVI, and TCARI, the Kruskal–Wallis analysis was quite sensitive to the inherent variation of the crops throughout the day, so a hypothesis of homogeneous monitoring windows input throughout the day could not be proven.
Spectroradiometry of comercial wood veneers in the visible and near infrared spectra Floresta, 2014
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