Khaled Khaled

Scopus Publications

Hydrothermal synthesis and energy saving potential of thermochromic VO2 nanocomposite window coatings in temperate North American climates
Khaled Khaled, Umberto Berardi, Marcel Schlaf, Dmitriy V. Soldatov
Solar Energy, 2025
Full-scale assessment of a liquid CsWO3-SnO2 near-infrared shielding coating and a nanoceramic WO3 photochromic window film for in-situ window retrofits
Khaled Khaled, Umberto Berardi
Building and Environment, 2025
• Evaluation of two low-cost window retrofits: a near-infrared absorbing nanocoating and a photochromic film. • The technologies were tested under real-world conditions in Toronto's continental climate with distinct summers and winters. • Significant reductions in solar transmittance and solar factor were observed, leading to the mitigation of overheating. • The photochromic film enhanced visual comfort, improving useful daylight illuminance by 10%–17% and reducing peak discomfort glare by 9%. • Limited energy savings were observed in a low window-to-wall ratio setting, but results indicate potential benefits for highly glazed buildings. Windows play a pivotal role in building design by providing daylight, solar heat gains, and natural ventilation. However, older buildings with outdated windows and inadequate solar control suffer from overheating, discomfort glare, and high cooling costs. While replacing existing windows with high-performance products can significantly boost energy efficiency and occupant comfort, the associated costs can be prohibitive. Consequently, retrofit technologies that utilize existing glass panes and frames offer a compelling solution. This paper investigates the thermal, energy, and daylight performance of two innovative window retrofit technologies relative to a clear reference tested simultaneously at the BeTOP outdoor test cells in Toronto, ON-a vicinity with distinct warm summers and cold winters. The retrofits included a near-infrared absorbing CsWO 3 -SnO 2 nanosuspension and a nanoceramic WO 3 -based photochromic window film with dynamic absorptance to visible radiation. The low-cost technologies were applied directly to interior glass surfaces, allowing for swift installation with minimal occupancy interruption. The results show that retrofitting existing glass did not significantly influence the equivalent thermal transmittance but significant reductions in the equivalent solar factor and solar transmittance were observed. Although the retrofits did not significantly influence the energy consumption in this particular setting due to Toronto's cold climate and the adopted low window-wall ratio (10%), they contributed to the mitigation of overheating indicated by up to 50% reduction in the percentage of people dissatisfied. Furthermore, the photochromic film significantly improved visual comfort indicated by a 10%–17% improvement in the useful daylight illuminance and a 9% reduction in peak discomfort glare probability.
Heating Performance of Photochromic and NIR-Shielding Window Retrofits: An Experimental Evaluation in a Continental Climate
Khaled Khaled, Umberto Berardi
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2025
One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Vanadium Dioxide Structures for Thermochromic Glass Applications
Khaled Khaled, Umberto Berardi, Marcel Schlaf, Dmitriy Soldatov
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2025
Architectural Glass Solar and Thermal Control Coating Technologies
Umberto Berardi, Khaled Khaled
Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies Second Edition Volumes 1 4, 2024
A cross-climate assessment of the visual and energy performance of flexible photochromic films for in-situ window retrofits
Khaled Khaled, Umberto Berardi
Energy and Buildings, 2023
Characterization and energy performance of flexible photochromic window films
Khaled Khaled, Umberto Berardi
E3s Web of Conferences, 2023
Windows are considered the weakest components in the building envelope, driven by their low thermal resistance and static transmittance to solar gains. Consequently, innovative coatings are often proposed to promote energy saving performance of windows. This article investigates several flexible photochromic window films capable of reversibly modulating solar gains based on the abundance of ultraviolet radiation. The peel-and-stick films are applied to the internal glazing surface, making them suitable for window retrofits without interrupting building occupancy. The optical properties of the photochromic films are experimentally characterized at various solar radiation intensities. The results are then used to numerically evaluate the energy-saving potential of the different films for a representative room in a high-rise office building located in Tokyo’s warm climate. The results of the experimental and numerical investigations are discussed to show the potential of photochromic films for window-retrofit applications.
Energy-Saving Potential of Thermochromic Glazing in a Cold Climate
Khaled Khaled, Umberto Berardi, Zaiyi Liao
Environmental Science and Engineering, 2023
Energy modelling and saving potential of polymeric solar-responsive thermochromic window films
Khaled Khaled, Umberto Berardi, Zaiyi Liao
Solar Energy, 2022
Current and future coating technologies for architectural glazing applications
Khaled Khaled, Umberto Berardi
Energy and Buildings, 2021
Thermal performance impacts of vented EIFS assemblies in the cold climate of Southern Ontario
Khaled Khaled, Russell Richman
Journal of Building Engineering, 2020
A smart hybrid energy system grid for energy efficiency in remote areas for the army
Umberto Berardi, Elisa Tomassoni, Khaled Khaled
Energies, 2020

RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

Hydrothermal synthesis and energy saving potential of thermochromic VO2 nanocomposite window coatings in temperate North American climates
K Khaled, U Berardi, M Schlaf, DV Soldatov
Solar Energy 291, 113411 , 2025
2025
Citations: 8
Full-scale assessment of a liquid CsWO3-SnO2 near-infrared shielding coating and a nanoceramic WO3 photochromic window film for in-situ window retrofits
K Khaled, U Berardi
Building and Environment 269, 112447 , 2025
2025
Citations: 10
One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Vanadium Dioxide Structures for Thermochromic Glass Applications
K Khaled, U Berardi, M Schlaf, D Soldatov
International Association of Building Physics, 355-362 , 2024
2024
Citations: 2
Heating Performance of Photochromic and NIR-Shielding Window Retrofits: An Experimental Evaluation in a Continental Climate
K Khaled, U Berardi
International Association of Building Physics, 219-225 , 2024
2024
Citations: 1
Architectural glass solar and thermal control coating technologies
U Berardi, K Khaled
Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies, 2nd ed.; Abraham, MA, Ed, 361-386 , 2024
2024
Citations: 7
A cross-climate assessment of the visual and energy performance of flexible photochromic films for in-situ window retrofits
K Khaled, U Berardi
Energy and Buildings 300, 113664 , 2023
2023
Citations: 36
Characterization and energy performance of flexible photochromic window films
K Khaled, U Berardi
E3S Web of Conferences 396, 04019 , 2023
2023
Citations: 3
Energy modelling and saving potential of polymeric solar-responsive thermochromic window films
K Khaled, U Berardi, Z Liao
Solar Energy 244, 84-103 , 2022
2022
Citations: 42
Energy-saving potential of thermochromic glazing in a cold climate
K Khaled, U Berardi, Z Liao
5th International Conference on Building Energy and Environment (COBEE 2022) , 2022
2022
Citations: 2
Current and future coating technologies for architectural glazing applications
K Khaled, U Berardi
Energy and Buildings 244, 111022 , 2021
2021
Citations: 155
Thermal performance impacts of vented EIFS assemblies in the cold climate of Southern Ontario
K Khaled, R Richman
Journal of Building Engineering 31, 101446 , 2020
2020
Citations: 4
A Smart Hybrid Energy System Grid for Energy Efficiency in Remote Areas for the Army
U Berardi, E Tomassoni, K Khaled
Energies, 1-22 , 2020
2020
Citations: 41

MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

Current and future coating technologies for architectural glazing applications
K Khaled, U Berardi
Energy and Buildings 244, 111022 , 2021
2021
Citations: 155
Energy modelling and saving potential of polymeric solar-responsive thermochromic window films
K Khaled, U Berardi, Z Liao
Solar Energy 244, 84-103 , 2022
2022
Citations: 42
A Smart Hybrid Energy System Grid for Energy Efficiency in Remote Areas for the Army
U Berardi, E Tomassoni, K Khaled
Energies, 1-22 , 2020
2020
Citations: 41
A cross-climate assessment of the visual and energy performance of flexible photochromic films for in-situ window retrofits
K Khaled, U Berardi
Energy and Buildings 300, 113664 , 2023
2023
Citations: 36
Full-scale assessment of a liquid CsWO3-SnO2 near-infrared shielding coating and a nanoceramic WO3 photochromic window film for in-situ window retrofits
K Khaled, U Berardi
Building and Environment 269, 112447 , 2025
2025
Citations: 10
Hydrothermal synthesis and energy saving potential of thermochromic VO2 nanocomposite window coatings in temperate North American climates
K Khaled, U Berardi, M Schlaf, DV Soldatov
Solar Energy 291, 113411 , 2025
2025
Citations: 8
Architectural glass solar and thermal control coating technologies
U Berardi, K Khaled
Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies, 2nd ed.; Abraham, MA, Ed, 361-386 , 2024
2024
Citations: 7
Thermal performance impacts of vented EIFS assemblies in the cold climate of Southern Ontario
K Khaled, R Richman
Journal of Building Engineering 31, 101446 , 2020
2020
Citations: 4
Characterization and energy performance of flexible photochromic window films
K Khaled, U Berardi
E3S Web of Conferences 396, 04019 , 2023
2023
Citations: 3
One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Vanadium Dioxide Structures for Thermochromic Glass Applications
K Khaled, U Berardi, M Schlaf, D Soldatov
International Association of Building Physics, 355-362 , 2024
2024
Citations: 2
Energy-saving potential of thermochromic glazing in a cold climate
K Khaled, U Berardi, Z Liao
5th International Conference on Building Energy and Environment (COBEE 2022) , 2022
2022
Citations: 2
Heating Performance of Photochromic and NIR-Shielding Window Retrofits: An Experimental Evaluation in a Continental Climate
K Khaled, U Berardi
International Association of Building Physics, 219-225 , 2024
2024
Citations: 1

Khaled Khaled

RESEARCH, TEACHING, or OTHER INTERESTS

Scopus Publications

RECENT SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS

MOST CITED SCHOLAR PUBLICATIONS