SRC prides itself on conducting high-quality clinical trials with excellent recruitment and retention rates and high-quality data.
The site’s core focus upon inception was conducting HIV prevention studies. Since then, the site has demonstrated the ability to expand its portfolio to include HIV and
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Scopus Publications
Scopus Publications
The impact of ethical implications intertwined with tuberculosis household contact investigation: A qualitative study Lebohang M. Mlambo, Minja Milovanovic, Colleen F. Hanrahan, Kegaugetswe Motsomi, Mashido T. Morolo, Mbali M. Mohlamonyane, Nicholas W. Albaugh, Khatija Ahmed, Neil Martinson, David W. Dowdy, Nora S. West Plos One, 2026 Background Household contact investigation (HCI) is an effective and widely used approach to identify persons with tuberculosis (TB) disease and infection globally. Despite widespread recommendations for the use of HCI, there remains poor understanding of the impact on and value of contact investigation for participants. Further, how HCI as a practice impacts psychosocial factors, including stigma and possible unintended disclosure of illness among persons with TB, their families, and communities, is largely unknown. Methods This exploratory qualitative study nested within a randomized trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04520113, 17 August 2020) was conducted in South Africa to understand the impacts of HCI on index patients living with TB and their household contact persons in two rural districts in the Limpopo province (Vhembe and Capricorn) and Soshanguve, a peri-urban township in Gauteng province. People with TB and household members of people with TB were recruited to participate in in-depth interviews and focus group discussions using semi-structured guides. We explored individual, interpersonal, and community-level perceptions of potential impacts of household contact investigation to elucidate their perceptions of HCI. Thematic analysis identified key themes. Results Twenty-four individual interviews and six focus group discussions (n = 39 participants) were conducted. Participants viewed HCI as an effective approach to finding TB cases, helpful in educating households about TB symptoms and reducing barriers to health-related services. At the interpersonal level, HCI aided people with TB in safely disclosing their TB status to family members and facilitated family and social support for accountability. The introduction of HIV testing during HCI was reported by some participants as making household members slightly uncomfortable, decreasing interest in household members being tested for TB. HCI negatively impacted community-level TB and HIV-related stigma due to healthcare worker visibility at home. Conclusion Our data suggests varying impacts of HCI on people with TB, their families and interpersonal relationships, and communities, highlighting the importance of considering approaches that address concerns about community stigma and HIV testing to enhance acceptance of HCI. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT 04520113
Timing of household contact investigation for tuberculosis among rural and urban populations in South Africa (Kharituwe study): a pragmatic individually randomized controlled trial Colleen F. Hanrahan, Bareng Aletta Sanny Nonyane, Patrick Biche, Mbali Mohlamonyane, Matshidiso Morolo, Shaheed V. Omar, Khatija Ahmed, Neil Martinson, David W. Dowdy Eclinicalmedicine, 2026 Background: One major challenge in the implementation of household contact investigation (HCI) for tuberculosis (TB) in high burden settings is finding contact persons in the home for screening. Conducting HCI during evenings, weekends, or holidays, particularly in settings with high levels of poverty, may improve effectiveness and implementation. Methods: We conducted a pragmatic, individually randomized controlled trial of HCI for TB at two sites in South Africa, comparing the effectiveness of two novel strategies for timing (during evenings and weekends in an urban area and during three annual holiday periods in a rural area) to weekday working hours. The primary outcome was the number of secondary cases identified and started on TB treatment per index participant, comparing novel versus standard timing at each site. Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT04520113. Findings: From September 2020 to August 2023, we randomized 1335 index participants with TB in Limpopo to receive standard HCI and 666 to receive holiday = based HCI, and 1616 to receive standard HCI and 805 to receive evening/weekend HCI in Soshanguve. In Limpopo, standard HCI and holidy-based HCI and resulted in 0.6 and 0.7 secondary TB diagnoses started on treatment per 100 index participants, respectively (difference: 0.1 [95% CI: -0.7, 0.8, p = 0.84]). In Soshanguve, evening/weekend-based HCI and standard HCI generated 0.4 and 0.6 diagnoses started on TB treatment per 100 index participants, respectively (difference 0.3 [95% CI: -0.8, 0.4, p = 0.54]). Interpretation: HCI conducted either during evenings/weekends or during holiday did not increase effectiveness compared to HCI conducted during weekday working hours. Funding: Funding was provided by the United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Grant # 5R01AI147681).
I needed somebody to encourage me to take it [PrEP], maybe it would have protected me and the baby: a qualitative study to understand prenatal oral PrEP use among pregnant adolescent girls and young women in Tshwane, South Africa Jacqueline W. Ndirangu, Wendee M. Wechsberg, Felicia A. Browne, Courtney P. Bonner, Alexandra M. Minnis, Laura Nyblade, Ilene S. Speizer, Brittni N. Howard, Poonam Rawat, Khatija Ahmed Reproductive Health, 2025 BACKGROUND: South Africa has the highest number of people living with HIV globally, with adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) being disproportionately affected. Pregnant AGYW are particularly vulnerable to HIV due to hormonal changes, leading to increased risks of HIV transmission, including mother-to-child transmission. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended to prevent HIV in this population, but concerns and lack of knowledge about its safety hinder uptake and continuation during pregnancy. METHODS: This qualitative sub-study was part of a cluster-randomized controlled trial in Tshwane, South Africa, involving 12 public health clinics. The parent study aimed to enroll AGYW aged 16-24 who were HIV-negative, reported to have had condomless sex, and were interested in taking PrEP. For this sub-study, 25 AGYW who became pregnant after enrollment were invited, and 16 consented to participate in in-depth interviews. Journey mapping was used to explore participants' experiences with PrEP before and during pregnancy. Interviews were conducted in English, Sesotho, and Setswana, then transcribed and coded for analysis. Inter-coder reliability reached a Krippendorff Cu-Alpha score of 0.84. The journey maps were combined and depicted graphically to understand the AGYW PrEP use journey during pregnancy. RESULTS: Most AGYW discontinued PrEP upon discovering their pregnancy due to concerns about potential risks to the unborn baby despite evidence showing PrEP is safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Participants experienced common PrEP side effects such as nausea, which they found difficult to distinguish from pregnancy-related symptoms. Lack of support from healthcare providers and family members further contributed to their decision to stop PrEP. Clinicians, often unfamiliar with updated guidelines recommending PrEP for pregnant women, advised discontinuation. AGYW expressed a need for greater support and reassurance from both healthcare providers and their families. CONCLUSION: Despite the safety of oral PrEP during pregnancy, AGYW in South Africa lack the necessary information and support to continue its use. Empowering healthcare providers and family members to offer informed guidance and reassurance, AGYW may gain the confidence needed to make critical HIV prevention decisions during pregnancy. Targeted strategies, such as provider training with community PrEP education, are essential to protect pregnant AGYW's well-being and reduce their HIV risk.
Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Across 3 Distinct Geographic Sites in South Africa Theresa S Ryckman, Lincoln Hopkins, Linrui Tang, Patrick Biché, Mbali Mohlamonyane, Matshidiso Morolo, Bareng Aletta Sanny Nonyane, Khatija Ahmed, Neil Martinson, Colleen F Hanrahan, Shaheed V Omar, Barun Mathema, David W Dowdy Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2025 Background Whole genome sequence data can generate insights about Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) transmission. We used whole genome sequencing and linked epidemiology data from a recent randomized trial to characterize Mtb relatedness across 3 geographically distinct South African sites. Methods We sequenced culture isolates from participants with culture-positive tuberculosis in the Kharituwe study, which evaluated household contact investigation strategies in 1 urban and 2 rural sites. We adapted a previous bioinformatic pipeline to clean, extract, and filter Mtb reads; perform reference alignment; calculate single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) distances between isolates; and group isolates into clusters linked by recent transmission based on 3 SNP-based cutoffs. Sequence data were linked to individual data on demographics and risk factors. We analyzed clustering across and within study sites and used log-binomial regression to assess characteristics associated with clustering. Results At a cutoff of 12 SNPs, 213 of 714 sequenced isolates passing quality control filters were clustered. While only 3 of 45 pairs included participants from different sites, the majority of clusters with ≥4 participants included representation from at least 2 sites. Expanding to a 20-SNP cutoff revealed a large cluster containing 10% of isolates, with urban/rural representation mirroring that of all the isolates (61% urban, 39% rural). Participants from the urban site, TB household contacts, and participants reporting a history of incarceration were more likely to be in a cluster. Conclusions Observed clustering and strain diversity across sites indicate the presence of multiple ongoing and geographically dispersed outbreaks in this setting.
Effect of contraceptive methods on the vaginal microbiome and host immune factors Myrna G. Serrano, David Edwards, Khatija Ahmed, Veronique C. Bailey, Mags Beksinska, Laahirie Edupuganti, Rushil Harryparsad, Florence L. D'Hellencourt, Bahiah Meyer, Celia Mehou-Loko, Nina Radzey, Ongeziwe Taku, Anna-Lise Williamson, Jennifer Smit, Katherine Spaine, Bin Zhu, Kimberly K. Jefferson, Kavita Nanda, Jerome F. Strauss III, Charles S. Morrison, Jennifer Deese, Lindi Masson, Gregory A. Buck Contraception, 2025 OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess alterations in vaginal microbiota and immune markers over the first 3 months following initiation of copper intrauterine device (copper IUD), levonorgestrel (LNG) implant, and intramuscular depot medroxyprogestone acetate (DMPA-IM). STUDY DESIGN: We included 162 participants from the Evidence for Contraceptive Options and HIV Outcomes (ECHO) trial, which enrolled healthy, HIV-negative women seeking contraception and randomized them to a copper IUD, LNG implant, or DMPA-IM. Microbiome and immune profiles in vaginal swab samples collected at enrollment, 1 month and 3 months were analyzed. We categorized microbiome profiles as ''optimal'', ''intermediate'', or ''non-optimal'' based on established criteria [1]. We compared microbiome and immune markers across contraceptive groups and evaluated changes to 1 and 3 months. RESULTS: Copper IUD users had a more diverse vaginal microbiome and generally increased inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides over the 3-month follow-up, compared to LNG-implant and DMPA-IM users [2]. LNG-implant users had less complex vaginal microbiomes with reduced inflammation, while DMPA-IM showed little change in either microbiome composition or inflammatory markers. Copper IUD users exhibited lower microbiome stability and a higher likelihood of transitioning to less optimal profiles. In contrast, LNG-implant users showed greater stability and a higher probability of transition to optimal microbiome and immune marker profiles. CONCLUSIONS: Contraceptive methods affect the vaginal microbiome differently. Copper IUD use may lead to less favorable profiles and increased levels of some immune markers, indicating potential adverse health effects. Conversely, LNG-implant usage promotes a more favorable microbiome and immune marker balance. IMPLICATIONS: Our findings suggest that copper IUDs are associated with decreased prevalence of Lactobacillus-dominated microbiomes, higher transition rates towards less optimal microbiome and increased inflammatory profiles, which may lead to negative implications for gynecologic and reproductive health, the LNG-implant may offer positive health benefits with increased prevalence of L. crispatus-dominated microbiomes.
Innovative timing strategies for tuberculosis household contact investigation: cost-effectiveness analysis from a randomized trial in rural and urban South Africa (Kharituwe Study) Neenah Young, Patrick Biché, Mbali Mohlamonyane, Matshidiso Morolo, Babalwa Maholwana, Khatija Ahmed, Neil Martinson, Colleen F. Hanrahan, David W. Dowdy Eclinicalmedicine, 2025 Background: Household contact investigation (HCI) for tuberculosis (TB) is recommended but often limited by resource constraints, particularly for individuals unavailable during business hours. Methods: We conducted an economic evaluation from January 1, 2022, through December 31, 2022, nested within a randomized trial in South Africa ("Kharituwe") comparing standard HCI for TB and two novel strategies: HCI during holiday periods in a rural setting and off-peak HCI during weekends and evenings in an urban setting. Costs were derived from 2022 expenditures, and secondary TB cases were defined by positive sputum cultures. As a secondary outcome of the Kharituwe Study, we assessed the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of each strategy against a hypothetical no-HCI scenario from the health system perspective in 2022 US dollars. Cost-effectiveness was assessed using a country-specific willingness-to-pay threshold of US$3015 per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. The trial is registered with clincaltrials.gov (NCT04520113). Findings: Relative to a hypothetical no-HCI approach, standard HCI was estimated to cost US$1400 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): $1000-$2100] per DALY averted in the urban setting and US$3600 [95% UI: $2500-$5400] in the rural setting. Corresponding cost-effectiveness ratios were US$1900 [95% UI: $1300-$2800] for off-peak (urban) and US$6400 [$3900-$10,000] for holiday-based (rural) HCI. Personnel costs, travel costs (in the rural setting), and TB prevalence among contact persons were primary drivers of cost-effectiveness. Interpretation: HCI for TB is likely cost-effective in urban South Africa and may be cost-effective in rural settings, which face barriers including long travel times and lower TB prevalence. Holiday-based HCI was not found to be cost-effective. Integrating HCI for TB into broader home-based interventions may improve cost-effectiveness. Funding: Funding was provided by the United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Grant # 5R01AI147681).
No evidence of MMR induced trained immunity to prevent SARS COV2: results from a multi-centre RCT Sinead Delany-Moretlwe, Hakim-Moulay Dehbi, Izukanji Sikazwe, George Kyei, Kwadwo Koram, Erik Dubberke, Noluthando Mwelase, Dominic Hague, Linda-Gail Bekker, Linda Yun, Annalene Nel, Leon du Toit, Bruce Biccard, Katherine Gill, Chikumbutso Chipeta, Kathryn T. Mngadi, Limakatso Lebina, Reshmi Dassaye, Villeshni Asari, Samantha H. Fry, Edwin Turton, Khatija Ahmed, Kwadwo Kusi, Susan Adu-Amankwah, Roma Chilengi, Joyce Chinyama Chilekwa, Laurence Lovat, Dermot McGuckin, Emilia Caverly, Mary Politi, Ben Swan, Anne DeSchryver, Sherry McKinnon, Ananya Gupta, Gemma Jones, Nicholas Freemantle, Shabaana Khader, Helen Rees, Mihai G. Netea, S. Ramani Moonesinghe, Michael S. Avidan Frontiers in Immunology, 2025 BackgroundMeasles-containing vaccines (MCV), by training innate immune cells, are hypothesized to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).MethodsIn this international, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned adults, 18 years and older, to receive MCV or saline. The primary outcome was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed symptomatic COVID-19, up to 60 days after intervention. Secondary outcomes were PCR-confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 and serologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, up to 150 days after intervention.ResultsOf 3411 randomised participants, the modified intention-to-treat population included 1607 in the MCV and 1545 in the saline group. The estimated risk of symptomatic COVID-19 by 60 days was 1.5% in the MCV and 1.2% in the saline group (risk difference, 0.3 percentage points, 95% CI, -0.5 to 1.1; p=0.52). At 150 days, these percentages were 4.1% (65/1585) and 4.1% (64/1544) in the MCV and saline groups, respectively (risk difference, 0.04 percentage points, 95% CI, -1.4 to 1.3; p=0.95). Based on serology results available at 0 and 150 days, 10.6% (100/945) of participants in the MCV and 10.3% (98/951) in the saline group had infection with SARS-CoV-2 over the course of the trial (risk difference, 0.3 percentage points, 95% CI, -2.6 to 3.1; p=0.84). Three patients were hospitalised with COVID-19 disease in the MCV and one in the saline group.ConclusionsAdministering MCVs to stimulate trained immunity did not prevent COVID-19 or SARS-CoV2 infection. Stimulating trained immunity might not be useful for preventing respiratory illness during future pandemics.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT04333732.
True and False Positive HIV Point of Care Test Results in a Prospective Multinational Study of At-Risk African Women: Implications for Large-Scale Repeat HIV Testing in HIV Prevention Programs Susan Morrison, Joanne Batting, Valentine Wanga, Ivana Beesham, Jennifer Deese, G Justus Hofmeyr, Margaret P. Kasaro, Cheryl Louw, Charles Morrison, Nelly R. Mugo, Thesla Palanee-Phillips, Melanie Pleaner, Krishnaveni Reddy, Caitlin W. Scoville, Jenni Smit, Jeffrey S.A. Stringer, Khatija Ahmed, Elizabeth Bukusi, Philip Kotze, Jared M. Baeten, and Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 1999, 2024 Background: Accurate HIV point of care testing is the cornerstone of prevention and treatment efforts globally, though false (both negative and positive) results are expected to occur. Setting: We assessed the spectrum of true and false positive HIV results in a large prospective study of HIV incidence in African women using three contraceptive methods tested longitudinally in Eswatini, Kenya, South Africa, and Zambia. Methods: HIV serologic testing was conducted quarterly using two parallel rapid HIV tests. When one or both tests were positive, additional confirmatory testing was conducted, including HIV enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Results: 7730 women contributed 48,234 visits: true positive results occurred at 412 visits (0.9%) and false positives at 96 visits (0.2%). Of 412 women with HIV seroconversion, 10 had discordant (i.e., one negative and one positive) rapid tests and 13 had undetectable HIV RNA levels. Of 62 women with false positive rapid HIV results, most had discordant rapid testing but six (9.7%) had dually-positive rapid results and four (6.5%) had false positive or indeterminate EIA results. The positive predictive value of dual positive rapid results was 98.3%. Conclusion: Although the majority of rapid test results were accurate, false positive results were expected and occurred in this population of initially HIV seronegative individuals tested repeatedly and prospectively. When HIV infection occurred, not all cases had textbook laboratory results. Our findings highlight the importance of confirmatory testing, particularly for individuals undergoing repeat testing and in settings where the point prevalence is expected to be low.
Twice-Yearly Lenacapavir or Daily F/TAF for HIV Prevention in Cisgender Women Linda-Gail Bekker, Moupali Das, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Khatija Ahmed, Joanne Batting, William Brumskine, Katherine Gill, Ishana Harkoo, Manjeetha Jaggernath, Godfrey Kigozi, Noah Kiwanuka, Philip Kotze, Limakatso Lebina, Cheryl E. Louw, Moelo Malahleha, Mmatsie Manentsa, Leila E. Mansoor, Dhayendre Moodley, Vimla Naicker, Logashvari Naidoo, Megeshinee Naidoo, Gonasagrie Nair, Nkosiphile Ndlovu, Thesla Palanee-Phillips, Ravindre Panchia, Saresha Pillay, Disebo Potloane, Pearl Selepe, Nishanta Singh, Yashna Singh, Elizabeth Spooner, Amy M. Ward, Zwelethu Zwane, Ramin Ebrahimi, Yang Zhao, Alexander Kintu, Chris Deaton, Christoph C. Carter, Jared M. Baeten, Flavia Matovu Kiweewa New England Journal of Medicine, 2024 BACKGROUND There are gaps in uptake of, adherence to, and persistence in the use of preexposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention among cisgender women. METHODS We conducted a phase 3, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial involving adolescent girls and young women in South Africa and Uganda. Participants were assigned in a 2:2:1 ratio to receive subcutaneous lenacapavir every 26 weeks, daily oral emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide (F/TAF), or daily oral emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (F/TDF; active control); all participants also received the alternate subcutaneous or oral placebo. We assessed the efficacy of lenacapavir and F/TAF by comparing the incidence of HIV infection with the estimated background incidence in the screened population and evaluated relative efficacy as compared with F/TDF. RESULTS Among 5338 participants who were initially HIV-negative, 55 incident HIV infections were observed: 0 infections among 2134 participants in the lenacapavir group (0 per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.00 to 0.19), 39 infections among 2136 participants in the F/TAF group (2.02 per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 1.44 to 2.76), and 16 infections among 1068 participants in the F/TDF group (1.69 per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 0.96 to 2.74). Background HIV incidence in the screened population (8094 participants) was 2.41 per 100 person-years (95% CI, 1.82 to 3.19). HIV incidence with lenacapavir was significantly lower than background HIV incidence (incidence rate ratio, 0.00; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.04; P<0.001) and than HIV incidence with F/TDF (incidence rate ratio, 0.00; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.10; P<0.001). HIV incidence with F/TAF did not differ significantly from background HIV incidence (incidence rate ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.55 to 1.28; P = 0.21), and no evidence of a meaningful difference in HIV incidence was observed between F/TAF and F/TDF (incidence rate ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.67 to 2.14). Adherence to F/TAF and F/TDF was low. No safety concerns were found. Injection-site reactions were more common in the lenacapavir group (68.8%) than in the placebo injection group (F/TAF and F/TDF combined) (34.9%); 4 participants in the lenacapavir group (0.2%) discontinued the trial regimen owing to injection-site reactions. CONCLUSIONS No participants receiving twice-yearly lenacapavir acquired HIV infection. HIV incidence with lenacapavir was significantly lower than background HIV incidence and HIV incidence with F/TDF. (Funded by Gilead Sciences; PURPOSE 1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04994509.).
Long-term effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on invasive pneumococcal disease incidence among people of all ages from national, active, laboratory-based surveillance in South Africa, 2005–19: a cohort observational study A. von Gottberg, J. Kleynhans, L. De Gouveia, S. Tempia, S. Meiring, V. Quan, M. du Plessis, C. von Mollendorf, P. Crowther-Gibson, T. Avenant, N. D. du Plessis, R. Kularatne, V. Chibabhai, S. Madhi, K. Klugman, Cynthia G. Whitney, C. Cohen Lancet Global Health, 2024 BACKGROUND: In South Africa, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was introduced in 2009 and 13-valent PCV (PCV13) was introduced in 2011, both in a two plus one schedule. We evaluated the ongoing effects of PCV on the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) over 15 years of sustained surveillance in South Africa before the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We conducted national, active, laboratory-based surveillance for IPD among all ages in South Africa, including isolate serotyping and susceptibility testing. We fitted linear regression models with vaccine covariates to imputed IPD case counts each year by serotype and age to compare expected and actual IPD cases in 2019, which was the main outcome. Vaccine effects were set to zero to identify expected incidence after the introduction of PCV7 and PCV13. FINDINGS: From Jan 1, 2005, to Dec 31, 2019, surveillance identified 52 957 IPD cases. Among the 50 705 individuals with age data available, 9398 (18·5%) were infants aged younger than 2 years. Compared with expected case numbers (no vaccination) predicted using all available data, overall IPD rates among children younger than 2 years declined by 76·0% (percentage risk difference; 95% CI -79·0 to -72·8%) in 2019; notably, PCV7 and additional PCV13 serotype IPD rates declined by 95·5% (-97·0 to -93·4%) and 93·8% (-96·2 to-90·5%), respectively, whereas non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs) did not change significantly. Among adults aged 25-44 years, overall IPD declined by 50·4% (-54·2 to -46·3%), and PCV7 and additional PCV13 serotype IPD rates declined by 86·1% (-88·7 to -83·1%) and 77·2% (-80·9 to -73·0%), respectively, whereas NVTs increased by 78·5% (56·8 to 103·4%). Individuals aged older than 64 years also benefited from declines in IPD (-30·2%; -41·9 to -16·2%), but NVTs increased (234·9%; 138·1 to 379·4%). INTERPRETATION: We documented sustained direct and indirect benefits of PCV across age groups, and NVT increases in adults older than 24 years. Higher valency PCVs would have the added benefit of preventing this residual disease. FUNDING: National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (South Africa) and US Agency for International Development Antimicrobial Resistance Initiative, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Incidence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Illness in Infants in Low- and Middle-Income Regions During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Samantha Fry, Kulkanya Chokephaibulkit, Sridevi Pallem, Ouzama Henry, Yongjia Pu, Agnes Akawung, Joon Hyung Kim, Emad Yanni, Antonella Nadia Tullio, Linda Aurpibul, Christine Mui Fong Lee, Ana Ceballos, Khalequ Zaman, Ivonne Abadía de Regalado, Khatija Ahmed, Diana Andrea Arias Fernandez, Sri Wahyu Taher, Juliana Caccavo, Conrado Milani Coutinho, Ulises D’Andrea Nores, Tirza De León, Emily Christine D’Silva, Mara De Bernardi, Pablo Dieser, Andrea Falaschi, Clara del Carmen Flores Acosta, Angela Gentile, Ik Hui Teo, Sheena Kotze, Eduardo López-Medina, Ruben Luca, Maria Florencia Lucion, Jacinto Blas III V Mantaring, Bladimir Marín, Malahleha Moelo, Marisa Márcia Mussi-Pinhata, Jorge Pinto, Thanyawee Puthanakit, Osvaldo Reyes, Maria Fernanda Roa, María Teresa Rodriguez Brieschke, Camilo Enrique Rodriguez, Juan Nicolas Rodriguez Niño, Alexandre Vargas Schwarzbold, Alexandra Sierra Garcia, Lavitha Sivapatham, Ruey Soon, Juan Carlos Tinoco, Jesús Arnulfo Velásquez Penagos, Gaël Dos Santos Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 2023
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine-induced Fc receptor binding tracks with differential susceptibility to COVID-19 Paulina Kaplonek, Deniz Cizmeci, Gaurav Kwatra, Alane Izu, Jessica Shih-Lu Lee, Harry L. Bertera, Stephanie Fischinger, Colin Mann, Fatima Amanat, Wenjun Wang, Anthonet L. Koen, Lee Fairlie, Clare L. Cutland, Khatija Ahmed, Keertan Dheda, Shaun L. Barnabas, Qasim Ebrahim Bhorat, Carmen Briner, Florian Krammer, Erica Ollman Saphire, Sarah C. Gilbert, Teresa Lambe, Andrew J. Pollard, Marta Nunes, Manfred Wuhrer, Douglas A. Lauffenburger, Shabir A. Madhi, Galit Alter Nature Immunology, 2023
Durability of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine and hybrid humoral immunity against variants including omicron BA.1 and BA.4 6 months after vaccination (COV005): a post-hoc analysis of a randomised, phase 1b–2a trial Shabir A Madhi, Gaurav Kwatra, Simone I Richardson, Anthonet L Koen, Vicky Baillie, Clare L Cutland, Lee Fairlie, Sherman D Padayachee, Keertan Dheda, Shaun L Barnabas, Qasim Ebrahim Bhorat, Carmen Briner, Khatija Ahmed, Parvinder K Aley, Sutika Bhikha, A E Bhorat, Aliasgar Esmail, Elizea Horne, Haajira Kaldine, Christian K Mukendi, Vimbai Sharon Madzorera, Nelia P Manamela, Mduduzi Masilela, S Tandile Hermanus, Thopisang Motlou, Nonkululeko Mzindle, Suzette Oelofse, Faeezah Patel, Sarah Rhead, Lindie Rossouw, Carol Taoushanis, Samuel van Eck, Teresa Lambe, Sarah C Gilbert, Andrew J Pollard, Penny L Moore, Alane Izu Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2023
Genital inflammatory status and the innate immune response to contraceptive initiation Nina Radzey, Rushil Harryparsad, Bahiah Meyer, Pai Lien Chen, Xiaoming Gao, Charles Morrison, Ongeziwe Taku, Anna‐Lise Williamson, Celia Mehou‐Loko, Florence Lefebvre d'Hellencourt, Gregory Buck, Jennifer Smit, Jerome Strauss, Kavita Nanda, Khatija Ahmed, Mags Beksinska, Myrna Serrano, Veronique Bailey, Lindi Masson, Jennifer Deese American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 2022
High Asymptomatic Carriage With the Omicron Variant in South Africa Nigel Garrett, Asa Tapley, Jessica Andriesen, Ishen Seocharan, Leigh H Fisher, Lisa Bunts, Nicole Espy, Carole L Wallis, April Kaur Randhawa, Maurine D Miner, Nzeera Ketter, Margaret Yacovone, Ameena Goga, Yunda Huang, John Hural, Philip Kotze, Linda Gail Bekker, Glenda E Gray, Lawrence Corey, Khatija Ahmed, Sharlaa Badal-Faesen, Shaun Barnabas, William Brumskine, Kim Comline, Andreas Diacon, Thozama Dubula, Katherine Gill, Coert Grobbelaar, Craig Innes, Sheetal Kassim, Sheena Kotze, Erica Lazarus, Johannes Lombaard, Angelique Luabeya, Rebone Molobane Maboa, Scott Mahoney, Disebo Mahkaza, Moelo Malahleha, Daniel Malan, Kathryn Mngadi, Nivashnee Naicker, Vimla Naicker, Logashvari Naidoo, Maphoshane Nchabeleng, Mohammed Rassool, Elizabeth Spooner, Hugo Tempelman, Nyaradzo Mgodi, Sufia Dadabhai, Joe Makhema, Harriet Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha, Taraz Samandari, Peter James Elyanu, Roma Chilengi, Zvavahera Chirenje, Julie McElrath, Myron Cohen, James Kublin, Peter Gilbert, Melissa Peda, Erica Andersen-Nissen, Guido Ferrari, Manuel Villaran, Azwidhwi Takalani, Marianne Gildea, Michelle Nebergall, Carrie Sopher, Lori Proulx-Burns, Dhevium Govender, Lisa Sanders, Jen Hanke, Kagisho Baepanye, Bert Le Roux, Haven Wilvich, Smitha Sripathy, Daciana Margineantu, Valerie Brown, Kim Linton, Haley Howell, Bianca Noronha, Sarah Nikles, Alicia Toledano, Jeanine May, Jill El-Khorazaty, Keshani Naidoo, Azwidhwi Takalani, Kentse Khuto, Fatima Mayat, Lara Fairall, Ian Sanne, and Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2022
High HIV incidence among young women in South Africa: Data from a large prospective study T. Palanee-Phillips, H. Rees, Kate B. Heller, K. Ahmed, J. Batting, I. Beesham, R. Heffron, J. Justman, Heeran Makkan, T. Mastro, Susan Morrison, N. Mugo, Gonasagrie Nair, James Kiarie, N. Philip, M. Pleaner, K. Reddy, Pearl Selepe, P. Steyn, Caitlin W Scoville, J. Smit, K. Thomas, D. Donnell, J. Baeten Plos One, 2022
Safety evaluation of the single-dose Ad26. COV2.S vaccine among healthcare workers in the Sisonke study in South Africa: A phase 3b implementation trial Simbarashe Takuva, Azwidhwi Takalani, Ishen Seocharan, Nonhlanhla Yende-Zuma, Tarylee Reddy, Imke Engelbrecht, Mark Faesen, Kentse Khuto, Carmen Whyte, Veronique Bailey, Valentina Trivella, Jonathan Peter, Jessica Opie, Vernon Louw, Pradeep Rowji, Barry Jacobson, Pamela Groenewald, Rob E. Dorrington, Ria Laubscher, Debbie Bradshaw, Harry Moultrie, Lara Fairall, Ian Sanne, Linda Gail-Bekker, Glenda Gray, Ameena Goga, Nigel Garrett, and Plos Medicine, 2022
Immunogenicity and safety of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein nanoparticle vaccine in people living with and without HIV-1 infection: a randomised, controlled, phase 2A/2B trial Shabir A Madhi, Dhayendre Moodley, Sherika Hanley, Moherndran Archary, Zaheer Hoosain, Umesh Lalloo, Cheryl Louw, Lee Fairlie, Leon Frederik Fouche, Mduduzi S L Masilela, Nishanta Singh, Coert Grobbelaar, Khatija Ahmed, Gabriella Benadé, Sutika Bhikha, As'ad Ebrahim Bhorat, Qasim Bhorat, Natasha Joseph, Keertan Dheda, Aliasgar Esmail, Sharne Foulkes, Ameena Goga, Aylin Oommen Jose, Gertruida Kruger, Dishiki J Kalonji, Natasha Lalloo, Johan J Lombaard, Anthonet Lombard Koen, Angelique Kany Luabeya, Rosie Mngqibisa, Friedrich G Petrick, Annah Pitsi, Michele Tameris, Asha Thombrayil, Pieter-Louis Vollgraaff, Shane Cloney-Clark, Mingzhu Zhu, Chijioke Bennett, Gary Albert, Emmanuel Faust, Joyce S Plested, Lou Fries, Andreana Robertson, Susan Neal, Iksung Cho, Greg M Glenn, Vivek Shinde Lancet HIV, 2022
Effectiveness of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in health-care workers in South Africa (the Sisonke study): results from a single-arm, open-label, phase 3B, implementation study Linda-Gail Bekker, Nigel Garrett, Ameena Goga, Lara Fairall, Tarylee Reddy, Nonhlanhla Yende-Zuma, Reshma Kassanjee, Shirley Collie, Ian Sanne, Andrew Boulle, Ishen Seocharan, Imke Engelbrecht, Mary-Ann Davies, Jared Champion, Tommy Chen, Sarah Bennett, Selaelo Mametja, Mabatlo Semenya, Harry Moultrie, Tulio de Oliveira, Richard John Lessells, Cheryl Cohen, Waasila Jassat, Michelle Groome, Anne Von Gottberg, Engelbert Le Roux, Kentse Khuto, Dan Barouch, Hassan Mahomed, Milani Wolmarans, Petro Rousseau, Debbie Bradshaw, Michelle Mulder, Jessica Opie, Vernon Louw, Barry Jacobson, Pradeep Rowji, Jonny G Peter, Azwi Takalani, Jackline Odhiambo, Fatima Mayat, Simbarashe Takuva, Lawrence Corey, Glenda E Gray, William Brumskine, Nivashnee Naicker, Disebo Makhaza, Vimla Naicker, Logashvari Naidoo, Elizabeth Spooner, Elane van Nieuwenhuizen, Kathryn Mngadi, Maphoshane Nchabeleng, James Craig Innes, Katherine Gill, Friedrich Georg Petrick, Shaun Barnabas, Sharlaa Badal-Faesen, Sheetal Kassim, Scott Hayden Mahoney, Erica Lazarus, Anusha Nana, Rebone Molobane Maboa, Philip Kotze, Johan Lombaard, Daniel Rudolf Malan, Sheena Kotze, Phuthi Mohlala, Amy Ward, Graeme Meintjes, Dorothea Urbach, Faeezah Patel, Andreas Diacon, Khatija Ahmed, Coert Grobbelaar, Pamela Mda, Thozama Dubula, Angelique Luabeya, Musawenkosi Bhekithemba Mamba, Lesley Burgess, Rodney Dawson Lancet, 2022
ART initiation among women newly diagnosed with HIV in a contraceptive trial in sub-Saharan Africa Ivana Beesham, Rodal Issema, Thesla Palanee-Phillips, Maricianah Onono, Shannon Evans, Mags Beksinska, Khatija Ahmed, Margaret P. Kasaro, Joanne Batting, Jennifer Deese, Lunga Dlamini, Berthe Yankurije, Katherine K. Thomas, Renee Heffron, and AIDS Care Psychological and Socio Medical Aspects of AIDS HIV, 2022
HIV Incidence Among Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women in the FACTS-001 Trial: Implications for HIV Prevention, Especially PrEP Use Helen Rees, Matthew Francis Chersich, Richard J. Munthali, William Brumskine, Thesla Palanee-Phillips, Busi Nkala, Khatija Ahmed, Modulakgotla Sebe, Zonke Mabude, Maphoshane Nchabeleng, Linda-Gail Bekker, Philip Kotze, Thembisile Mogodiri, Ishana Naidoo, Ravindre Panchia, Landon Myer, Carl Lombard, Gustavo F. Doncel, Glenda Gray, Sinead Delany-Moretlwe Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2021
Incorporating oral PrEP into standard prevention services for South African women: a nested interrupted time-series study Deborah Donnell, Ivana Beesham, Julia D Welch, Renee Heffron, Melanie Pleaner, Lara Kidoguchi, Thesla Palanee-Phillips, Khatija Ahmed, Deborah Baron, Elizabeth A Bukusi, Cheryl Louw, Timothy D Mastro, Jennifer Smit, Joanne R Batting, Mookho Malahleha, Veronique C Bailey, Mags Beksinska, Helen Rees, Jared M Baeten, Peter B Gichangi, Kate B Heller, Nomthandazo Mbandazayo, Charles S Morrison, Kavita Nanda, Caitlin W Scoville, Kathleen Shears, Petrus S Steyn, Douglas Taylor, Katherine K Thomas, James Kiarie, Jessica Justman, Zelda Nhlabatsi, Linda-Gail Bekker, Gonasagrie Nair, G Justus Hofmeyr, Mandisa Singata-Madliki, Raesibe Agnes Pearl Selepe, Sydney Sibiya, Margaret Phiri Kasaro, Jeffrey Stringer, Nelly R Mugo Lancet HIV, 2021
Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 vaccine against the B.1.351 variant Vivek Shinde, Sutika Bhikha, Zaheer Hoosain, Moherndran Archary, Qasim Bhorat, Lee Fairlie, Umesh Lalloo, Mduduzi S.L. Masilela, Dhayendre Moodley, Sherika Hanley, Leon Fouche, Cheryl Louw, Michele Tameris, Nishanta Singh, Ameena Goga, Keertan Dheda, Coert Grobbelaar, Gertruida Kruger, Nazira Carrim-Ganey, Vicky Baillie, Tulio de Oliveira, Anthonet Lombard Koen, Johan J. Lombaard, Rosie Mngqibisa, As’ad E. Bhorat, Gabriella Benadé, Natasha Lalloo, Annah Pitsi, Pieter-Louis Vollgraaff, Angelique Luabeya, Aliasgar Esmail, Friedrich G. Petrick, Aylin Oommen-Jose, Sharne Foulkes, Khatija Ahmed, Asha Thombrayil, Lou Fries, Shane Cloney-Clark, Mingzhu Zhu, Chijioke Bennett, Gary Albert, Emmanuel Faust, Joyce S. Plested, Andreana Robertson, Susan Neal, Iksung Cho, Greg M. Glenn, Filip Dubovsky, Shabir A. Madhi New England Journal of Medicine, 2021
Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant Shabir A. Madhi, Vicky Baillie, Clare L. Cutland, Merryn Voysey, Anthonet L. Koen, Lee Fairlie, Sherman D. Padayachee, Keertan Dheda, Shaun L. Barnabas, Qasim E. Bhorat, Carmen Briner, Gaurav Kwatra, Khatija Ahmed, Parvinder Aley, Sutika Bhikha, Jinal N. Bhiman, As’ad E. Bhorat, Jeanine du Plessis, Aliasgar Esmail, Marisa Groenewald, Elizea Horne, Shi-Hsia Hwa, Aylin Jose, Teresa Lambe, Matt Laubscher, Mookho Malahleha, Masebole Masenya, Mduduzi Masilela, Shakeel McKenzie, Kgaogelo Molapo, Andrew Moultrie, Suzette Oelofse, Faeezah Patel, Sureshnee Pillay, Sarah Rhead, Hylton Rodel, Lindie Rossouw, Carol Taoushanis, Houriiyah Tegally, Asha Thombrayil, Samuel van Eck, Constantinos K. Wibmer, Nicholas M. Durham, Elizabeth J. Kelly, Tonya L. Villafana, Sarah Gilbert, Andrew J. Pollard, Tulio de Oliveira, Penny L. Moore, Alex Sigal, Alane Izu New England Journal of Medicine, 2021
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccination during Pregnancy and Effects in Infants Shabir A. Madhi, Fernando P. Polack, Pedro A. Piedra, Flor M. Munoz, Adrian A. Trenholme, Eric A. F. Simões, Geeta K. Swamy, Sapeckshita Agrawal, Khatija Ahmed, Allison August, Abdullah H. Baqui, Anna Calvert, Janice Chen, Iksung Cho, Mark F. Cotton, Clare L. Cutland, Janet A. Englund, Amy Fix, Bernard Gonik, Laura Hammitt, Paul T. Heath, Joanne N. de Jesus, Christine E. Jones, Asma Khalil, David W. Kimberlin, Romina Libster, Conrado J. Llapur, Marilla Lucero, Gonzalo Pérez Marc, Helen S. Marshall, Masebole S. Masenya, Federico Martinón-Torres, Jennifer K. Meece, Terry M. Nolan, Ayman Osman, Kirsten P. Perrett, Joyce S. Plested, Peter C. Richmond, Matthew D. Snape, Julie H. Shakib, Vivek Shinde, Tanya Stoney, D. Nigel Thomas, Alan T. Tita, Michael W. Varner, Manu Vatish, Keith Vrbicky, Judy Wen, Khalequ Zaman, Heather J. Zar, Gregory M. Glenn, Louis F. Fries Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 2021
Age-Specific Risk Scores Do Not Improve HIV-1 Prediction Among Women in South Africa Kathryn Peebles, Thesla Palanee-Phillips, Jennifer E. Balkus, Ivana Beesham, Heeran Makkan, Jennifer Deese, Jennifer Smit, Renee Heffron, Charles S. Morrison, Neena M. Philip, Mookho Malahleha, Margaret Kasaro, Yuthika Naidoo, Tanya Nielson, Krishnaveni Reddy, Philip Kotze, Khatija Ahmed, Helen Rees, Jared M. Baeten, Ruanne V. Barnabas, and Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2020
Effects of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, Copper Intrauterine Devices, and Levonorgestrel Implants on Early HIV Disease Progression Charles S. Morrison, G. Justus Hofmeyr, Katherine K. Thomas, Helen Rees, Neena Philip, Thesla Palanee-Phillips, Kavita Nanda, Gonasagrie Nair, Maricianah Onono, Timothy D. Mastro, Maggie Lind, Renee Heffron, Vinodh Edward, Jen Deese, Mags Beksinska, Ivana Beesham, Jeffrey S.A. Stringer, Jared M. Baeten, Khatija Ahmed, James Kiarie, Nelly R. Mugo, Jessica Justman, Zelda Nhlabatsi, Elizabeth A. Bukusi, Cheryl Louw, Linda-Gail Bekker, Jennifer Smit, Mandisa Singata-Madliki, Sydney Sibiya, Margaret Phiri Kasaro, Deborah Baron, Deborah Donnell, Peter B Gichangi, Kate B Heller, Nomthandazo Mbandazayo, Melanie Pleaner, Caitlin W Scoville, Kathleen Shears, Petrus S. Steyn, Douglas Taylor, Julia D. Welch, and AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 2020
Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination during pregnancy and effects in infants Shabir A. Madhi, Fernando P. Polack, Pedro A. Piedra, Flor M. Munoz, Adrian A. Trenholme, Eric A.F. Simões, Geeta K. Swamy, Sapeckshita Agrawal, Khatija Ahmed, Allison August, Abdullah H. Baqui, Anna Calvert, Janice Chen, Iksung Cho, Mark F. Cotton, Clare L. Cutland, Janet A. Englund, Amy Fix, Bernard Gonik, Laura Hammitt, Paul T. Heath, Joanne N. de Jesus, Christine E. Jones, Asma Khalil, David W. Kimberlin, Romina Libster, Conrado J. Llapur, Marilla Lucero, Gonzalo Pérez Marc, Helen S. Marshall, Masebole S. Masenya, Federico Martinón-Torres, Jennifer K. Meece, Terry M. Nolan, Ayman Osman, Kirsten P. Perrett, Joyce S. Plested, Peter C. Richmond, Matthew D. Snape, Julie H. Shakib, Vivek Shinde, Tanya Stoney, D. Nigel Thomas, Alan T. Tita, Michael W. Varner, Manu Vatish, Keith Vrbicky, Judy Wen, Khalequ Zaman, Heather J. Zar, Gregory M. Glenn, Louis F. Fries New England Journal of Medicine, 2020
Integrating oral PrEP delivery among African women in a large HIV endpoint-driven clinical trial Ivana Beesham, Julia D Welch, Renee Heffron, Melanie Pleaner, Lara Kidoguchi, Thesla Palanee‐Phillips, Khatija Ahmed, Deborah Baron, Elizabeth A Bukusi, Cheryl Louw, Timothy D Mastro, Jennifer Smit, Joanne R Batting, Mookho Malahleha, Veronique C Bailey, Mags Beksinska, Deborah Donnell, Jared M Baeten, James Kiarie, Nelly R Mugo, Helen Rees, Jessica Justman, Zelda Nhlabatsi, Maricianah Onono, Linda‐Gail Bekker, Gonasagrie Nair, G Justus Hofmeyr, Mandisa Singata‐Madliki, Jennifer Smit, Sydney Sibiya, Jeffrey Stringer, Peter B Gichangi, Kate B Heller, Nomthandazo Mbandazayo, Charles S Morrison, Kavita Nanda, Caitlin W Scoville, Kathleen Shears, Petrus S Steyn, Douglas Taylor, Katherine K Thomas, Raesibe Agnes Pearl Selepe, Margaret Phiri Kasaro, and Journal of the International AIDS Society, 2020
HIV incidence among women using intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, a copper intrauterine device, or a levonorgestrel implant for contraception: a randomised, multicentre, open-label trial Khatija Ahmed, Jared M Baeten, Mags Beksinska, Linda-Gail Bekker, Elizabeth A Bukusi, Deborah Donnell, Peter B Gichangi, Kate B Heller, G Justus Hofmeyr, Jessica Justman, Margaret Phiri Kasaro, James Kiarie, Cheryl Louw, Timothy D Mastro, Charles S Morrison, Nelly R Mugo, Gonasagrie Nair, Kavita Nanda, Zelda Nhlabatsi, Maricianah Onono, Thesla Palanee-Phillips, Melanie Pleaner, Helen Rees, Mandisa Singata-Madliki, Caitlin W Scoville, Raesibe Agnes Pearl Selepe, Kathleen Shears, Sydney Sibiya, Jennifer Smit, Petrus S Steyn, Jeffrey Stringer, Douglas Taylor, Katherine K Thomas, Julia D Welch Lancet, 2019
Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women Lut Van Damme, Amy Corneli, Khatija Ahmed, Kawango Agot, Johan Lombaard, Saidi Kapiga, Mookho Malahleha, Fredrick Owino, Rachel Manongi, Jacob Onyango, Lucky Temu, Modie Constance Monedi, Paul Mak'Oketch, Mankalimeng Makanda, Ilse Reblin, Shumani Elsie Makatu, Lisa Saylor, Haddie Kiernan, Stella Kirkendale, Christina Wong, Robert Grant, Angela Kashuba, Kavita Nanda, Justin Mandala, Katrien Fransen, Jennifer Deese, Tania Crucitti, Timothy D. Mastro, Douglas Taylor New England Journal of Medicine, 2012
